Clogging caused by coupled grain migration and compaction effect during groundwater recharge for unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in groundwater-source heat pump

In unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs,presence of numerous movable grains and a complex grain size composition necessitates a clear understanding of the physical clogging process for effective groundwater recharge in groundwater-source heat pump systems.To investigate this,a series of seepage experiments was conducted under in situ stress conditions using unconsolidated sandstone samples with varying grain compositions.The clogging phenomenon arises from the combined effects of grain migration and compaction,wherein the migration of both original and secondary crushed fine-grain particles blocks the seepage channels.Notably,grain composition influences the migration and transport properties of the grains.For samples composed of smaller grains,the apparent permeability demonstrates a transition from stability to decrease.In contrast,samples with larger grains experience a skip at the stability stage and directly enter the decrease stage,with a minor exception of a slight increase observed.Furthermore,a unique failure mode characterized by diameter shrinkage in the upper part of the sample is observed due to the combined effects of grain migration and in situ stress-induced compaction.These testing results contribute to a better understanding of the clogging mechanism caused by the coupled effects of grain migration and compaction during groundwater recharge in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs used in groundwater-source heat pump systems.

Performance analysis of U-vertical direct-expansion ground-source heat pump

The performance of a direct-expansion ground-source heat pump（DX GSHP）system is theoretically analyzed.Compared with the conventional ground-source heat pump（GSHP）,the DX GSHP has a lower condensing temperature in the cooling mode and a higher evaporating temperature in the heating mode,and the ground heat exchanger（GHE）in the DX GSHP has a low thermal resistance.Therefore,the coefficient of performance（COP）of the DX GSHP is higher than that of the GSHP.In addition,the system performance of the DX GSHP system is higher than that of the conventional GSHP system because there are no secondary solution loops and water circulating pumps in the DX GSHP system.The experimental energy performance of the DX GSHP system is also investigated based on the actual operational data.The tested DX GSHP system is installed in Xiangtan,China.The U-vertical GHE of the DX GSHP is buried in a water well.The length and the outside nominal diameter of the GHE are 42 m and 12.7 mm,respectively.The experimental results show that the maximum（COP）and the average COP of the DX GSHP system in the heating mode are 5.95 and 4.72,respectively.

Thermal comfort assessment and energy consumption analysis of ground-source heat pump system combined with radiant heating/cooling

A new ground source heat pump system combined with radiant heating/cooling is proposed, and the principles and the advantages of the system are analyzed. A demonstration of the system is applied to a rebuilt building： Xijindu exhibition hall, which is located in Zhenjiang city in China. Numerical studies on the thermal comfort and energy consumption of the system are carded out by using TRNSYS software. The results indicate that the system with the radiant floor method or the radiant ceiling method shows good thermal comfort without mechanical ventilation in winter. However, the system with either of the methods should add mechanical ventilation to ensure good comfort in summer. At the same level of thermal comfort, it can also be found that the annual energy consumption of the radiant ceiling system is less than that of the radiant floor system.

Experimental Investigation on System with Combination of Ground-Source Heat Pump and Solar Collector

This paper presents the heating performance and energy distribution of a system with the combination of ground-source heat pump and solar collector or a solar-assisted ground-source heat pump system (SAGSHPS) by calculation and experiment.The results show that the average absolute error is less than 0.6 ℃ and the relative error is less than 5% under the pulse load when the analytical solution to the 2-D solid cylindrical source model is used for the SAGSHPS.The coefficient of performance (COP) of the SAGSHPS is 2.95-4.70.The average fluid temperature in the borehole heat exchanger can increase by 3 ℃ with the assistance of solar collector,which will improve the COP of the heat pump by approximately 10% from the experimental data.The energy contributions to the total heating load of soil,electricity and solar are 56.30%,36.87% and 6.83%,respectively.

Variation characteristics of aquifer parameters induced by groundwater source heat pump operation under variable flow

The variation characteristics of aquifer parameters,induced by groundwater source heat pump(GWSHP) operation under variable flow,were theoretically analyzed through a case study,in which the characteristics of building air conditioning load were considered.The results,compared with the constant flow operation,indicate that the influence on the variations of porosity,hydraulic conductivity and confined water head is decreased by 48%,51% and 71%,respectively,under variable flow operation.The security of variable flow operation is superior to that of constant flow.It is also concluded that the climate region and function of the buildings are primary factors which affect the suitability of variable flow operation in GWSHP.

Research on Performance of Ground-Source Heat Pump Double U Underground Pipe Heat Exchange

This paper uses FLUENT software building the three-dimensional unsteady state model of ground source heat pump single U and double U underground pipe to study on heat exchange of underground pipe system in the condition of unsteady state long-term continuous running, analyzes the change of soil temperature filed around underground pipe and performance of underground pipe heat exchange between single U and double U pipe system. The results show that double U pipe system is better than single U system, which can improve unit depth heat exchange efficiency, reduce the number of wells and reduce the initial investment.

Using Grey Relational Analysis to Evaluate Different Influencing Factors on Aquifer Parameters Variations with Groundwater Source Heat Pump Operation

The influence of particle migration induced by groundwater source heat pump( GWSHP) operation on aquifer parameters was theoretically analyzed. Then the sensitivity analysis of different influencing factors,which influenced aquifer parameters with GWSHP operation,was evaluated by using grey relational analysis method through a case study. The present study indicated that the erosion parameter, hydraulic conductivity and initial concentration were critical influencing factors which affected the aquifer parameters and the suitability of GWSHP. It also indicated that the discharge of single well should be controlled and the diameter of single well should be selected appropriately in order to decrease particle migration.

Arrangement Strategy of Ground Heat Exchanger with Groundwater

The orientation strategy of side pipe and the heat transfer performance of six ground heat exchangers(GHEs) were optimized by numerical simulation,with soil being treated as a porous medium.An experiment on the heat transfer of four GHEs was carried out in 2010.Results indicate that the velocity field is disturbed by GHEs.The optimal orientation strategy of side pipe is that the upward pipe is located upstream and the downward pipe downstream.The space between GHEs should be appropriately adjusted,depending on the direction and flow velocity.Groups of GHEs should be installed perpendicular to the mainstream in a single row,but if the acreage does not meet the requirements,GHEs should be installed in staggered multiple rows.Fewer GHEs parallel to the mainstream strengthen the heat transfer.Moreover,numerical results agree well with the test data,with the maximum relative error being less than 7.7%.

大型地埋管群地源热泵三维传热-渗流耦合模拟

为确定地下水渗流对大尺度、多分支埋管集群地源热泵系统换热区温度场和换热特性的影响,基于上海天文馆880个地埋管地源热泵场地,建立考虑地下水渗流和地质分层的三维传热-渗流耦合模型,并利用现场热响应试验对模型进行验证。结果表明:渗流作用引起管群内和支管群之间沿地下水流动方向发生温度干扰,89.5~120.3 m埋深范围内的温度干扰现象相对明显;地下水渗流有利于提高管群的换热总量,缩小夏季和冬季工况的换热量差距;换热量增加百分比随水力梯度的增加而增大,两者呈对数函数关系,当水力梯度大于0.005时,换热量增加百分比趋于平稳。

水位波动下砂层中颗粒运移及沉积特性试验研究

受大型水利工程调控及季节性降水影响,江河湖沿岸地下水位呈现出周期性变化规律,水位波动是地下水回灌等工程中影响砂层中颗粒运移及沉积特性的重要因素。通过砂层迁移-沉积试验系统开展了颗粒迁移-沉积特性试验,并采用浊度-浓度关系、穿透曲线、颗粒粒径、沉积量、流出液颗粒粒径分布、孔隙水压力及细观观测等方式实现了从宏观到细观、从定性到定量分析颗粒的迁移-沉积规律。结果表明:在相同的波动幅度下,随着水位的不断升高,悬浮颗粒横向上扩散的趋势愈加显著且渗透力作用逐渐增强,颗粒更容易沉积在多孔介质表面或孔隙通道角落中;在不同波动幅度下,注入小粒径颗粒时,随着波动幅度增加流出液浓度及峰值增大,大粒径颗粒与小粒径颗粒呈现相反规律;在相同尺寸的多孔介质中,悬浮颗粒粒径越大相对浓度峰值越低,大颗粒在孔隙中更容易由于筛滤作用发生沉积,从而造成多孔介质孔隙率和渗透性降低。

水源热泵系统对安阳市区浅层地下水环境的影响研究

水源热泵系统的开发利用与地下水环境息息相关。为了给研究区水源热泵项目的进一步开发和利用提供参考,从地下水动力场、地下水温度场、地下水化学场3个方面探讨了水源热泵系统对地下水环境的影响。其中,地下水水位逐年升高且降落漏斗范围缩小,水源热泵系统对研究区地下水动力场没有影响;地下水温度整体稳定,局部地热单供暖区水温有下降趋势,回灌水温差对研究区地下水温度场有局部影响;该系统导致地下水蒸发作用强烈,Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)含量不断增大,水化学类型由HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg转变为HCO_(3)·Cl·(SO_(4))-Ca·Mg。研究表明,定期监测地下水指标与合理设置地热开采量,可显著降低水源热泵系统对地下水环境的不利影响,促进水源热泵系统的推广应用和可持续发展。

含水层厚度对地下水源热泵抽灌井设计间距的影响

通过建立地下含水层水—热耦合数学模型,模拟分析不同含水层厚度下抽水井的温度变化,结合温度变化曲线,讨论了地下水源热泵抽灌井设计间距问题。结果表明,保持抽灌井间距不变,含水层厚度的增加可以减弱热贯通的影响;同一含水层厚度,可能在某一范围内改变抽灌井间距,热贯通程度变化不大;随着含水层厚度的增加,抽灌井设计间距总体呈现递减的趋势。

地下水源热泵系统水源侧运行分析及改进

地下水源热泵系统在实际工程中运行良好,可以有效降低建筑空调、供暖系统碳排放量。为掌握地下水源热泵在实际中的运行状况,选取某公共建筑地下水源热泵项目为研究对象,介绍了该项目历史运行情况,重点分析了水源侧在实际应用中出现压力升高、循环水低流量、地下水回灌不畅问题时如何解决,指出了问题产生的原因并提出了相应的改进措施。结果表明,在既有条件下,换季期间要注重水源侧维护保养,水源侧合适的流量、压力、回灌率是系统正常运行的前提,同时要定期监测地下水温、水质,确保系统高效运行。研究结果对从事此方面工作的人员具有一定的参考价值。

Heat flow balance and control strategies for a large GSHP

The possibility of underground imbalance between heat emission and absorption has a negative impact on the performance of ground-source heat pump systems （GSHPs）. Numerical and experimental researches were made in a residential building, which is supplied with a GSHP system and a ceiling radiation system combined with a replacement fresh air system. EnergyPlus simulations were used to estimate heating and cooling loads, and to assess the heat generated from the water pump, the fan and the heat pump unit. Then, Fluent simulations were used to compare three different control strategies of handling the underground heat exchange. These simulations were strongly based on an experimentally verified model. It is obtained that a ratio between cooling and heating loads is 5.08 ： 1 in a case study in Nanjing. Moreover, the control strategy based on the starting time is more efficient and reliable than the temperature and temperature difference strategies to control the underground heat exchange.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer performance of vertical U-tube with different borehole fill materials

Heat exchange performance of vertical U-tube heat exchanger was studied with two different borehole fill materials and CFD software. Borehole surface temperature and water temperature distribution were simulated on the condition of continuous operation for 8 h in winter with inlet water temperature being 10℃. The results show that there is no obvious difference on heat exchanger performance between the two different borehole fill materials.

Techno-economic analysis of single U-tube and double U-tube heat exchangers in Chongqing area

On the basis of practical projects in Chongqing,the thermal performance of heat exchangers (single U-tube type and double U-tube type) of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in the hot summer was obtained and analyzed. The data obtained from test could match with the result deduced from theoretical calculation. From the test results,the cooling capacity of double U-tube is 1.6 times that of single U-tube. Taking cost per depth per watt Clq as the evaluation standard,Clq of single U-tube is 4.69 RMB$/W,and Clq of double U-tube is 3.14 RMB$/W. The double U-tube heat exchangers usage should be prioritized.

地下水源热泵抽灌井优化布置及参数灵敏度

为了确定地下水源热泵的最佳布井方式,探明含水层温度场变化特征以及水文地质参数灵敏性,以石家庄地下水源热泵适宜区肖家营—东兆通为研究区,基于热储层的地热地质条件和热物性参数,利用FEFLOW软件构建了三维水-热耦合数值模拟模型。在2000 m^(3)/d的抽灌量下对不同井间距、不同布井模式-含水层温度场变化进行模拟,探讨发生热突破的可能性,并探讨温度场关于热导率、渗透系数、孔隙率等参数的灵敏度。研究结果表明:1)在单抽双灌模式下,方案C(两眼回灌井连线与地下水流向垂直,一眼回灌井位于抽水井正下游,另一眼回灌井位于沿地下水流向45°方向,即两回灌井与抽水井组成等腰直角三角形,抽水井正下游的回灌井为直角顶点)的布井方案对含水层温度场影响最小,为最优方案;2)单抽双灌模式下,抽灌量为2000 m^(3)/d时,方案C抽灌井间距设置在40~50 m较为合理;3)抽灌过程中,温度场对于渗透系数的改变灵敏度较高,而对孔隙率以及热导率的改变灵敏度较低。

渗流作用下的中深层地埋管换热器传热分析

考虑地下水渗流的影响,基于移动线热源模型提出一种中深层地埋管换热器半解析模型。基于Fluent软件建立数值模型,并对已知进口流体温度和已知总热输入功率两种边界条件下的数值模型、半解析模型和忽略渗流的半解析模型进行对比。结果发现,两种边界条件下的半解析模型在前期均具有较大误差,而在中后期均与数值模型吻合得较好,其精度高于忽略渗流的半解析模型,尤其是在地下水渗流速度较大的时候。结果表明所提出的半解析模型可用于分析渗流作用下的中深层地埋管传热。

沿海地区地下水水质特征及其对地下水源热泵系统潜在性危害

沿海地区地下水化学条件复杂,为查明地下水水质对地下水源热泵系统(GWHP)的危害,对危害机理进行了研究。通过对江苏省盐城地区潜水和第Ⅰ承压水的水化学分析,确定主要离子来源以及成因作用,重点分析了Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、Fe^(2+)的危害性,最终利用水文地球化学软件PHREEQC计算饱和指数Is,分析了地下水越流混合作用、地下水回灌叠加对地下水源热泵的潜在危害。结果表明:盐城地区地下水TDS(溶解性总固体)质量浓度高,硬度高,Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、Fe^(2+)、HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)是主要质量浓度异常的离子;潜水ρ(TDS)为180.42~4 497.00 mg/L,ρ(Na^(+))、ρ(Mg^(2+))、ρ(Ca^(2+))分别为278.16、72.91、72.74 mg/L,ρ(HCO_(3)^(-))、ρ(Cl-)分别为487.33、298.76 mg/L;第Ⅰ承压水ρ(TDS)为508.50~17 182.00 mg/L,ρ(Na^(+))、ρ(Ca^(2+))、ρ(Fe^(2+))分别为1 595.06、564.57、4.50 mg/L,ρ(Cl-)为4 560.06 mg/L。地下水运移过程受到溶滤作用、古海水入侵作用等多种水岩反应的影响。地下水源热泵长期运行主要会呈现Fe(OH)_(3)结垢、CaCO_(3)与CaMg(CO_(3))_(2)沉淀结垢等问题。

基于自适应BPNN-GIS耦合的地下水源热泵适宜性分区研究

基于石家庄市的地质条件构建了地下水源热泵适宜性评价指标体系。利用自适应Back Propagation(BP)神经网络与(GIS)耦合的方法进行地下水源热泵适宜性分区评价,同时与模糊层次分析法评价结果进行对比。结果表明,两者适宜性分区除了面积略有差异,适宜性分布情况基本相同,BP神经网络与模糊层次分析法适宜区评价结果面积占比仅相差3.80%,较适宜区面积占比相差8.06%,不适宜区面积占比相差11.86%。采用自适应BPNN-GIS的评价方法解决了传统人工手动调参以及主观赋权的弊端,同时评价效率更高、精度更高,更能反映研究区单点适宜性程度。