Determination of groundwater potential distribution in Kulfo-Hare watershed through integration of GIS, remote sensing, and AHP in Southern Ethiopia

Identification of groundwater potential areas(GPA)is important in regions facing surface water scarcity,as it assists in effective planning and utilization of groundwater for various purposes.This study employs the methods of remote sensing(RS),geographic information system(GIS)model,and analytical hierarchy process(AHP),multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA)to locate and map the prospective groundwater areas in the Kulfo-Hare watershed.Seven significant groundwater influencing factors were selected for the determination of groundwater potential in the area:Geology,land use/land cover(LULC),soil,rainfall,slope,drainage density,and lineament density.By applying a five-class classification scheme(very low,low,moderate,high,and very high),the GIS models were used to define the distribution of groundwater potential areas in terms of area coverage(km^(2)),percentage and mapping.The results show that the groundwater potential(GWP)distribution in the research region is as follows:9.7%(6035.9 ha)classified as very high GWP,29.6%(18606 ha)classified as high,24.5%(15245 ha)classified as moderate,18.1%(11431 ha)as low and 18.1%(11492 ha)very low GWP,on the basis of the weighted overlay evaluation.Although a few regions are identifies as extremely low GWP,most of the study area is characterized by very high to moderate GWP.These findings provide valuable insight for sustainable groundwater planning by the government bodies,decision-makers,and private sectors.

Multi-Criteria Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Insight into Groundwater Potential of the Fissured Aquifers in the Liptako Socle (Southwestern Niger)

In the basement of southwestern Niger, weathering and fractured zones concentrate most of the groundwater. This study focuses on fractured media and aims to identify areas of productivity in this aquifer to improve the region’s water coverage. The cartographic approach developed made it possible to establish synthetic maps based on multi-criteria analysis. The hydrogeological parameters selected include fracturing data, drainage system, slope and piezometric level as well as shallow and deep lithology. The choice of these criteria is based on their physical meaning but also on the availability of data. The integration of all the criteria in a GIS allowed to generate maps of recharge and potential productivity of fractured aquifers in the area. The validation of these thematic maps with independent data confirms their utility as reference standards for accessibility for future resource exploitation. Like any spatialization tool, potential recharge maps will provide valuable information about areas where infiltration is more important, and help control and manage risk zoning. The upward evacuation effect is even more prominent along the lineaments, faults or fractures: thus, to avoid possible pollution and to locate the future hydraulic structures, the analysis of the potential recharge zones remains necessary. The potential productivity index map, in addition to the very punctual sites identified by the fracturing study, made it possible to define areas of high potential productivity.

Carrying Capacity and Utilization Potential Analysis of Groundwater Resources in Semiarid District in Heilongjiang Province

Irrigation water became the limiting factor to the persistent improvement of grain production. Based on the data from Gannan County, a semiarid area in the west of Heilongjiang Province, the present situation of the development and utilization of water resources and the suitable water saving irrigation mode were analyzed by using SPA model, which was significant to the efficient and rational utilization of water resources and the improvement of agriculture productivity. The result showed that the model could be applied well to the assessment of development and utilization of water resources and the multi-project optimal selection. Through calculation, it could be found that the utilization of water resources in Gannan County was still in the primary stage, and the integration technology of the optimized water saving irrigation should be combined to support the sustainable development of agriculture in the semiarid area.

Holistic approach of GIS based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA) and WetSpass models to evaluate groundwater potential in Gelana watershed of Ethiopia

Appropriate quantification and identification of the groundwater distribution in a hydrological basin may provide necessary information for effective management,planning and development of groundwater resources.Groundwater potential assessment and delineation in a highly heterogeneous environment with limited Spatiotemporal data derived from Gelana watershed of Abaya Chamo lake basin is performed,using integrated multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA),water and energy transfer between soil and plant and atmosphere under quasi-steady state(WetSpass)models.The outputs of the WetSpass model reveal a favorable structure of water balance in the basin studied,mainly using surface runoff.The simulated total flow and groundwater recharge are validated using river measurements and estimated baseflow at two gauging stations located in the study area,which yields a good agreement.The WetSpass model effectively integrates a water balance assessment in a geographical information system(GIS)environment.The WetSpass model is shown to be computationally reputable for such a remote complex setting as the African rift,with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and 0.99 for total flow and baseflow at a significant level of p-value<0.05,respectively.The simulated annual water budget reveals that 77.22%of annual precipitation loses through evapotranspiration,of which 16.54%is lost via surface runoff while 6.24%is recharged to the groundwater.The calibrated groundwater recharge from the WetSpass model is then considered when determining the controlling factors of groundwater occurrence and formation,together with other multi-thematic layers such as lithology,geomorphology,lineament density and drainage density.The selected five thematic layers through MCDA are incorporated by employing the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)method to identify the relative dominance in groundwater potential zoning.The weighted factors in the AHP are procedurally aggregated,based on weighted linear combinations to provide the groundwater potential index.Based on the potential indexes,the area then is demarcated into low,moderate,and high groundwater potential zones(GWPZ).The identified GWPZs are finally examined using the existing groundwater inventory data(static water level and springs)in the region.About 70.7%of groundwater inventory points are coinciding with the delineated GWPZs.The weighting comparison shows that lithology,geomorphology,and groundwater recharge appear to be the dominant factors influence on the resources potential.The assessment of groundwater potential index values identify 45.88%as high,39.38%moderate,and 14.73%as low groundwater potential zones.WetSpass model analysis is more preferable in the area like Gelana watershed when the topography is rugged,inaccessible and having limited gauging stations.

Potentially harmful metals,and health risk evaluation in groundwater of Mardan,Pakistan:Application of geostatistical approach and geographic information system

This study investigates the values of pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),elevation,oxidative reduction potential(ORP),temperature,and depth,while the concentrations of Br,and potentially harmful metals(PHMs)such as Cr,Ni,Cd,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co,Zn,and Fe in the groundwater samples.Moreover,geographic information system(GIS),XLSTAT,and IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software were used for spatial distribution modeling,principal component analysis(PCA),cluster analysis(CA),and Quantile-Quantile(Q-Q)plotting to determine groundwater pollution sources,similarity index,and normal distribution reference line for the selected parameters.The mean values of pH,TDS,elevation,ORP,temperature,depth,and Br were 7.2,322 mg/L,364 m,188 mV,29.6℃,70 m,0.20 mg/L,and PHMs like Cr,Ni,Cd,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co,Zn,and Fe were 0.38,0.26,0.08,0.27,0.36,0.22,0.04,0.43 and 0.86 mg/L,respectively.PHMs including Cr(89%),Cd(43%),Mn(23%),Pb(79%),Co(20%),and Fe(91%)exceeded the guideline values set by the world health organization(WHO).The significant R^(2)values of PCA for selected parameters were also determined(0.62,0.67,0.78,0.73,0.60,0.87,-0.50,0.69,0.70,0.74,-0.50,0.70,0.67,0.79,0.59,and-0.55,respectively).PCA revealed three geochemical processes such as geogenic,anthropogenic,and reducing conditions.The mineral phases of Cd(OH)_(2),Fe(OH)_(3),FeOOH,Mn_(3)O_(4),Fe_(2)O_(3),MnOOH,Pb(OH)_(2),Mn(OH)_(2),MnO_(2),and Zn(OH)_(2)(-3.7,3.75,9.7,-5.8,8.9,-3.6,2.2,-4.6,-7.7,-0.9,and 0.003,respectively)showed super-saturation and under-saturation conditions.Health risk assessment(HRA)values for PHMs were also calculated and the values of hazard quotient(HQ),and hazard indices(HI)for the entire study area were increased in the following order:Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Mn>Zn>Cr.Relatively higher HQ and HI values of Ni,Cd,Pb,and Cu were greater than one showing unsuitability of groundwater for domestic,agriculture,and drinking purposes.The long-term ingestion of groundwater could also cause severe health concerns such as kidney,brain dysfunction,liver,stomach problems,and even cancer.

Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the drought-prone areas of south Madagascar using geospatial techniques

The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought.Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population.Chronic droughts lead to annual emergency appeals to save the lives of acute malnourished children.UNICEF’s response consisting in providing potable drinking water through the drilling of boreholes has been challenged by the complex hydrogeology,the low yield of boreholes and high-level salinity of water,the lack of reliable groundwater data and the weak capacity of the drilling sector.These constraints result in a high rate of drilling failure.To improve drilling success and provide more potable drinking water to local communities,it is vital to undertake reliable groundwater investigation.UNICEF Madagascar and the European Union delegation in Madagascar collaborated on the use of satellite imagery to improve sector knowledge and access to safe and clean water for local communities in southern Madagascar.The methodology relies on produce thematic layers of groundwater potential areas.Later,these thematic layers were overlaid with ground-based hydrogeological data to map the groundwater potential zones(GWP) and identify the most suitable sites for borehole siting and drilling.Findings of this study are very encouraging,and the integrated approach used has proven its applicability in mapping groundwater potential areas in the eight drought-affected areas of south Madagascar.The groundwater potential zone map is being used by UNICEF and partners to plan water supply projects and identify the best sites for positioning new boreholes and reduce the likelihood of drilling failure.Additionally,the project developed a database of groundwater resources,which will improve knowledge of the regional hydrogeological context and strengthen the capacity of the water sector.Lessons learnt from this study show that an integration of the groundwater potential zone map with demographics and water demand information will help identifying priority areas for detailed studies.Moreover,a capacity building activity is required for knowledge/technology transfer to the Ministry of Energy,Water and Hydrocarbons(MEEH),allowing the possibility of scaling-up this integrated approach to the rest of Madagascar.Finally,strengthening the capacity of the MEEH and refining this approach as suggested above will certainly help in the pursuit to improve equitable access to safe and clean water for households located in the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar,allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.

Mapping of Potential Groundwater Recharge Zones in the Kolleru Lake Catchment, India, by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Water scarcity is the major problem in India where the population has been tremendously increasing, which results in invading natural resources, thus affects on hydrological processes. Because of this, significant surface water bodies have been disappearing continuously. Therefore, more pressure on groundwater resources is a consequence of that. The integration of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS), which helps in groundwater research for the investigation of potential groundwater availability, is essential to assess, monitor, and conserve groundwater resources. This analysis reports on the mapping of various potential groundwater resources in the Kolleru Lake catchment, India, by using remote sensing and GIS techniques. For this, a survey of India toposheets and IRC-1C satellite imageries was used to prepare thematic layers of geomorphology, drainage density, lineament, slope, land-use, soil, rainfall, and NDVI converted into raster format in ArcGIS. The raster maps of these thematic layers were assigned to a weight-based factor depending on the catchment characteristics and its topographic influence. The results demonstrated that about 7% of the area is under excellent groundwater potential recharge. Good, moderate, and lower potential conditions are 42%, 38%, and 13%, respectively. The results indicated that the management of groundwater potential zones should be targeted on the middle-catchment region. Further, the results were validated with the borehole data obtained from the Government of Andhra Pradesh-Groundwater Department. These results are useful for better both planning and groundwater management sources in the Kolleru Lake catchment.

Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones across Katrol Hill Fault, Kachchh, Western India: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The present study focuses on the use of remote sensing and geographical information system tools for morphometric and geomorphic analysis of major river basins across the Katrol Hill Fault, which makes drainage divide. It aims to find groundwater potential for the management and planning of groundwater resources. The study area consists of 6 major watersheds of major river systems namely Bhurud, Khari, and Pat flowing north of the major divide, while Rukmawati, Nagavanti, and Bhukhi are southerly flowing rivers. Based on linear, areal, and geomorphic aspects, a watershed with excellent groundwater potential was found. The highest order in the area is the 5th order stream. Appropriate drainage network characteristics, elongated shape, and permeable lithological formation with low relief among all the watersheds made WS3 be excellent potential for groundwater. The statistical analysis, where Cp value was computed, showed the potential groundwater zone to be in WS3 followed by WS2 and WS5. These results were even verified with field data, collected from well-inventory and that too favored WS3 as an excellent groundwater potential.

Groundwater Exploration Using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Central Nigeria

There exists a growing demand for potable water resources to fill the abysmally insufficient water needs for domestic and industrial especially in the Basement Complex terrains of Nigeria. This situation is attributable to its complex hydrogeologic character. The present challenge has worsened due to the non-incorporation of integrated methods in groundwater exploration campaigns. To effectively combat the challenge of unacceptable failure rates in drilled water well development, there is a need for innovative scientific principles and quantitative assessment of groundwater resources to enhance sustainable and proper utilisation of these resources. Hence, it is the objective of this research to exploit the potential application of remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques and freely open datasets in mapping groundwater potential zones. Seven thematic maps have been produced based on factors that are deemed to influence and deemed to have significant control on the occurrence and movement of groundwater. These factors are geology, lineament density, slope, drainage density, rainfall, land-use/land cover, and soil class. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign normalised weights to the thematic maps based on the various relative contributions to groundwater occurrence and movement. These thematic maps were then processed in a GIS environment using the Weighted Overlay tool which implements the MCDA. The resulting Groundwater Potential Zones (GPZ) of the area gave rise to Five classes viz: Very good, Good, Moderate, Poor and Very Poor representing 19%, 8%, 14%, 47% and 13% respectively. It is recommended that the GPZ map should be used as a reconnaissance tool for selecting prospective sites for detailed groundwater resource exploitation.

An Integrated Approach to Groundwater Exploration Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

In this study, an integrated approach was implemented using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing technique for locating promising areas for groundwater exploration. This method is based evaluating a set of hydrological, geological and topographical parameters that influence the natural occurrence of groundwater. As a result, a ground water potential map (GPM) was generated by modeling these parameters. Groundwater potential map results were classified into three classes that describe the potentiality of each cell in the study area for groundwater exploration. These classes are;high, moderate and low groundwater potential area. It was found that about 7% of the study was classified as high potential areas which were found to be concentrated in the western part of the study area. About 79% of the study was classified as moderate potential for groundwater exploration. The rest of the study area (14%) was classified as low potential areas and concentrated in northeast and southeast part of the study area. These results were verified against existing well data and field observations. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to study the effect of each parameter on the overall groundwater map using the effective weight and variation index. It was found that the slope parameter was the most effective among the five used parameters in the model.

石川河河谷区地下水人工补给潜力与补给方式

为实现石川河地下水位的有效回升进而维持采补平衡,需在该区实施地下水人工补给工程,并确定合理的补给位置及有效的补给方式。选取地下水埋深、坡度、含水层厚度、含水层渗透系数、与环境敏感区距离和给水度6个指标,运用空间分析技术对人工补给地下水地点适宜性进行评价;在此基础上建立三维地质模型分析典型人工补给潜力区的地层结构,探索可行的地下水人工补给方式。结果表明:适宜进行人工补给的高潜力和较高潜力区域主要分布在研究区中部及东南部,面积达48.01 km^(2),占研究区总面积的32.0%。建议:在石川河河道中上游高潜力和较高潜力区域的北部修建地表入渗池或渗坑;在河道中上游高潜力和较高潜力区域南部和河道中下游的较高潜力区域布设反滤回灌井群;可沿石川河河道中上游高潜力与较高潜力区域之间布置一条长约4.5 km的渗渠,利用河道进行入渗补给。研究结果可为地下水库的修建提供参考。

利用空间层次叠置方法分析江油市地下水潜力

地下水潜力分析可用于识别和保护地下水资源,降低水源开采的成本。传统的地下水潜力分析方法技术成熟、算法简单,但存在开采周期较长、预测准确率不高等问题。本文提出了一种地下水潜力空间层次叠置分析法(SHOM)。该方法首先利用空间分析法提取水文地质数据,并基于地下水汇流机理选取多种评价因子;然后利用层次分析法确定各因子的权重,以代替传统平均赋权或主观定权过程;最后建立地理单元进行空间叠置分析,完成地下水潜力评价。以四川省江油市作为研究区域,基于提出的SHOM分析方法,利用高程、坡度、离河距离、TWI、地形耐用指数(TRI)等12个水文地质特征,构建地下水潜力模型并进行区域地下水潜力评估;结果表明,江油市具有低、中、高地下水潜力的区域占比分别为12.97%、61.38%、25.65%,并与72个地下水井位进行验证,准确率为91.67%。

Assessment of recharge capacity potential of groundwater using comparative multi-criteria decision analysis approaches

Groundwater resources have always been some of the most valuable resources of human settlements.Climate changes and ever-increasing water demands registered in the last century have led to diminishing levels of groundwater reserves,as well as reduced recharging potential.Therefore,in order to use groundwater aquifers in a sustainable manner,it is required to identify areas with higher replenishing potential.The current study addresses the issue of generating a map for identifying differently ranked groundwater recharging potential values,in the aquifers of the Moldavian Plain region,Romania.For the purpose of conducting the analysis,maps were created through GIS based multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)and Catastrophe Theory(CT),with seven relevant,thematic,spatial layers:precipitation distribution,lithological strata,soil texture,declivity,drainage density,land use and the distribution of groundwater level tendencies.The results of the two methods of analysis are similar.Prediction differences are of maximum 3%,in the case of extreme classes(very bad and very good)and in the case of middle classes the deviation is not greater than 0.4%.Following the validation of the results generated by the two methods that were applied,it was observed that the predictions offered by CT are more accurate.This aspect can be based on the fact that the main factors that contribute to the prediction are different.This type of workflow emphasizes the necessity of implementing appropriate groundwater management plans for mitigating reservoir scarcity/depletion,and recommending sustainable solutions for future groundwater exploitation practices.

基于采补平衡的河套灌区井渠结合模式及节水潜力

确定合理的渠井结合比以保证地下水采补平衡,是发展井渠结合灌溉、保证灌区节水和可持续发展的重点和难点。根据井渠结合区的地下水可开采量与井渠结合井灌区的灌溉用水量之间的平衡关系,建立地下水补给均衡模型。该模型考虑各级渠道输水、田间灌溉和降雨入渗对地下水的补给,地下水开采量则根据井灌区灌溉用水量确定,建立地下水补给与地下水开采量之间的均衡方程,通过求解该均衡方程,得到井渠结合区渠井结合比的合理范围在2.3~3.4之间。同时,通过局部敏感性分析方法,分析了该模型涉及参数中对渠井结合比影响程度较大的5个参数,敏感性从大到小依次为:地下水可开采系数、土地利用系数、渠道输水补给地下水系数、田间灌溉补给地下水系数、降雨补给地下水系数。进一步根据渠井结合比,计算了灌区实施井渠结合灌溉的节水潜力,结果表明,井渠结合全部实施后,灌区的节水潜力在3.4~4.6亿m^3,节水效果显著。

节点剖分法在城区地下水计算中的应用研究

城区渗流场中地下阻水结构物众多,由于结构物角点为奇异点,而且结构物的尺寸跟整个渗流场的尺寸相比起来非常小,这导致现有的计算方法难以对城区渗流场进行模拟分析。针对城区渗流场的这些特点,通过引进流体力学的复势、偶极子、绕流等理论,采用剖分节点并在节点上施加流量,从而形成等阻水效果的方法对结构物进行等效模拟。首先研究单个结构体元素绕流的模拟问题,然后研究渗流场的迭代计算问题。在这些理论的基础上,开发相应的有限元计算程序并通过算例进行验证。

隧道排水诱发地下水位下降对地表植被影响的TSPAC分析方法

山岭隧道建设可能会改变周边地下水渗流场,严重时会疏干地下水,威胁地表植被生存。针对现有研究难以定量分析隧道排水对地表植被影响的问题,提出以土壤水基质势作为植被生存状态指标,建立隧道-土壤-植被-大气连续体(tunnelsoil-plant-atmosphere continuum,TSPAC)分析模型。通过Richards方程描述植被根系区的土壤水分运移,将大气、地下水渗流模型作为上下边界输入方程,计算植被根系区基质势分布,据此衡量植被凋萎过程并判断其生存状态。将该分析方法应用于大别山区明堂山隧道工程,分析隧道建设对地表植被的影响,结果表明:(1)植被根系区土壤水基质势对地下水位和大气变化的响应存在滞后性和非均匀性,植被凋萎是渐进、动态的过程;(2)大气条件在该区域对植被生存起控制性作用;(3)隧道建设引起的地下水位变化对周边地表植被影响较小,且对不同植被类型影响程度不一。TSPAC分析方法的创新性在于:提出了物理概念明确、易于工程使用的植被生态危险状态判断指标与依据,在SPAC分析模型基础上引入隧道地下水渗流模型,将隧道排水的工程因素与环境因素相结合,分析隧道排水—地下水位下降—地表植被影响的整体过程,并在实际工程中进行应用,可为隧道建设的环境保护提供一种新思路。

菏泽黄泛平原地区浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用潜力分析

对菏泽黄泛平原地区浅层地下水资源潜力进行了分析,采用地下水开采潜力指数法来分析开采程度的强弱,判定其开采潜力。全区浅层地下水尚处于正均衡状态,属有开采潜力区。为保持区内地下水资源的可持续利用,将全区按照科学合理的采、补、控、改等原则分为增源区、增采区、节水区和咸水改造利用区分区。

基于GIS与证据权模型的明光市地下水潜力分析

文章以安徽省明光市为研究区,选取高程、坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、地形湿度指数(topographic wetness index,TWI)、河网密度、公路缓冲区、断裂缓冲区、水系缓冲区和岩性特征为地下水潜力分析(groundwater potential analysis,GWPA)评价因子;基于现场调查数据,运用多重共线性分析方法优化评价因子,利用训练数据集构建证据权(weights-of-evidence,WoE)模型;在ArcGIS软件中通过空间叠加方法完成对研究区GWPA,将研究区内地下水潜力分为低、中、较高、高4类。结果表明:该方法具有较好的精度,方法简单易操作;研究区中、高潜力区占比分别为34.76%、22.98%,模型的接受者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积值为0.7835;评价结果与验证数据集特征相符合,可为区域水资源管理提供参考。

基于GIS的地下水水源地补给潜力探讨

本文提出了一种基于GIS的补给潜力分析方法。在实例研究中,通过对地形、地表物质组成、包气带岩性、植被覆盖等因子建立的专题图层的叠加分析,确定了地下水的补给潜力分区,结合研究区含水层分布特征,综合确定了水源地的靶区和开采潜力区。研究表明,利用GIS确定研究区降雨入渗补给量是一种高效、直观、可行的方法。

河北省潜在蒸散量变化特征及主导因子辨析

潜在蒸散量(ET 0)是地球表面水循环研究及水资源规划管理中重要因素,明确其变化规律及特征对区域水资源利用及农业生产布局有重要意义。根据河北省及周边地区1960-2018年24个典型气象站点逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith模型、偏相关分析、敏感性分析、M-K检验法及空间插值法分析了河北省潜在蒸散量(ET 0)时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)59a来河北省ET 0平均值为1 077.13 mm,平均下降幅度为-2.31 mm/10a,整体呈由西向东、由南向北减少趋势。(2)偏相关分析与敏感性分析表明,RH(平均相对湿度)、WS(风速)和SH(日照时数)对年均ET 0变化影响程度较大;WS、SH与年均ET 0变化趋势一致,而RH与年均ET 0变化趋势相反;RH、HT(日最高气温)、SH是影响ET 0变化的敏感因子,而AT(平均气温)及LT(日最低气温)则为相对不敏感因子。(3)河北省年平均ET 0变化的主导因子为SH,其次为WS;主导因子随季节变化有所差异。春季SH主要影响偏北部地区,WS集中影响中部及偏东部;夏季SH大致影响河北省全境;秋季河北省偏北部地区主要受RH影响,中东部及偏南部地区主要受WS影响;冬季河北省大部分地区受SH影响。研究成果可为河北省水资源的优化配置及农业发展提供一定理论支撑。