Spatial variation of health risk of groundwater for drinking water supply in Mingshan County,Ya'an City,China

Rural drinking water safety is a growing concern in China. This study investigated the health risk of pollution of groundwater for the drinking water supply in Mingshan County, Ya＇an City, in Sichuan Province, China, using 46 samples from the years 1991 to 2010. Carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and total risks were assessed by the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency （U.S. EPA）. Thematic maps of the risks caused by single and multiple factors were generated from inverse distance weighting interpolation （IDW） and the geostatistical analysis functions of ArcGIS. The results show that the carcinogenic risks caused by chemicals in groundwater for drinking water supply are low, within the acceptable interval for risk management. However, non-carcinogenic risks are high and the number of sampling sites with risk values exceeding the standards amounted to 29. Non-carcinogenic risks of Cr6＋, nitrate, fluoride, and Fe at sites 43, 46, 50, 64, 67, and 74 were the sources that caused high total health risk. This study reveals the risk level of groundwater quality and orders of treatment of pollutants, and provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in this area.

Rural Resilience: A Comprehensive Study on Water Supply, Sanitation, Disease Patterns, and Hygiene Practices in Munshiganj, Bangladesh

This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance survey. Findings reveal that 30% of individuals rely on surface water (hand-tube wells, rivers, and ponds), prioritized as canal > river > pond, while 70% depend on groundwater (subterranean electric motor, deep tube-well). Drinking water is generally sufficient, with 95% reporting adequacy throughout the year. About 45% use hand tube-well water, 28% use deep tube-well water, and 11% use supply tap water for various purposes. Bathing trends include underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river, while for cooking, the order is underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river. Toilet water supply ranks as supply tap water > hand tube-well water > deep tube-well water. Although sanitation awareness is high, some lack knowledge of good hygiene practices. After defecating, handwashing methods include soap, ash, soil, or water. Children’s waste disposal varies, with some discarding it in open areas. Approximately 40% suffer from diseases like Diarrhoea due to unsafe water, primarily affecting children and elders. Training exists, but a significant portion lacks sanitation education. Dry skin or exposure to cold water may cause temporary irritation. Local government involvement in sanitation efforts is less active compared to non-governmental organizations. Results emphasize the need to enhance community awareness of safe water supplies and sanitation practices. .

Control of Water Supply in Pipe Networks Nonlinear Case

The paper deals with control of supply in pipe networks based on so-called Dynamic Virtual Distortion Method. Making use of the analytical network model of this installation and using presented below, the so-called Virtual Distortion Method （VDM）, the control of water supply can be performed. Minimization of supply pressure in inlets to the network, subject to inequality constraints imposed on outlet pressure （in chosen nodes） is discussed. Taking advantage of pre-computed influence vectors, the real-time control strategy can be realised with small computational effort and therefore, can be managed with use of hardware-based controllers. Non-linear constitutive relation （water flow vs. pressure head） has been assumed.

Emergency Plan for Water Supply in Consecutive Droughts and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Beijing

Beijing, the capital city of China, has suffered from acute water shortage, with only 300 m3/a of water resources available per capita. In addition, Beijing has experienced a prolonged period of consecutive droughts from 1999 to 2010. Water crisis has constrained the socio-economic development of Beijing. Meanwhile, the national "South-to-North Water Transfer"（STNWT） project, which is expected to provide some relief to the water crisis in Beijing, is still under development. In order to ensure the security of water supply in Beijing before the completion of the STNWT project, several measures have been implemented to cope with droughts, including pumping groundwater from emergency well fields,water saving, recycling of water, rain and flood water harvesting, and the diversion of water from neighboring rivers and groundwater basins. Groundwater from four emergency well fields contributes the most to the public and domestic water supplies in Beijing, supplying a total volume of 1.8×10;m;.The water crisis is supposed to be mitigated by the completion of the STNWT project. After the completion of this project, more sustainable management of water resources will be implemented,including the use of aquifers as groundwater reservoirs and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources.

Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in Boumerdes Region,Algeria

In Algeria,water is a critically limited resource.Rapid demographic,urban and economic development has significantly increased water demand,the particularly for drinking water supply and agriculture.Groundwater serves as the primary source of water in the Boumerdes Region,located in northern Algeria,Therefore evaluating groundwater quality for water supply and irrigation purposes is very crucial.In this study,49 groundwater samples were collected in 2021 and analyzed based on 17 physicochemical parameters.These results were processed using multivariate analysis and compared against the standards established by both the World Health Organization and Algerian Standards.The findings revealed that the concentrations of Sodium,Calcium,Magnesium,and Nitrate of some samples exceeded acceptable limits,indicating that physicochemical treatment is necessary before use for drinking water supply.For irrigation suitability,several indices were employed,including Sodium Adsorption Rate(SAR),Wilcox diagram,Magnesium Absorption Ratio(MAR),Residual Sodium Bicarbonate(RSB),Permeability Index(PI)and Stuyfzand Index.The results of these indices show that groundwater in the region generally meets irrigation standards with a low risk.However,the groundwater should still be managed carefully to prevent salinityrelated issues.This study highlights the current status of groundwater quality the Boumerdes region and offers important insights for the sustainable management of water resources in the area.

The Drainage Exchange of Stormwater Potential in Flat Area Problems

Groundwater as an alternative source still does not contribute to the water supply in area of Parit Raja because of the limitation of water availability in the ground. This lacking of groundwater could be caused by the circumstance that the top layer of soil is dominated by compacted clay around 2 meters in which its permeability is small, so the water is difficult to infiltrate the ground. The recharge well technique was designed based on the flat area problems, layer of real condition, flow water table and low infiltration rate. Resistivity soundings were made at existing wells to assess the subsurface layers. Beside that, the past records on floods event, sub surface and surface studies were collected around study area as a preliminary studies. It was presented that the study area promised good prospects to increase the capability of groundwater and contribute to the drainage system by reducing the volume of rainfall runoff using the recharge well technique.

Borehole Drying: A Review of the Situation in the Voltaian Hydrogeological System in Ghana

Groundwater development for potable water supply for rural people in Africa especially in Ghana has in-creased significantly over the past decades. The area underlain by the Paleozoic sedimentary formation (Voltaian System) of the country in particular, has experienced this tremendous change. Groundwater in the study area is normally exploited through boreholes fitted mostly with hand pumps. Though the boreholes exhibit variable yields, most of them have yields greater than 13.5 l/min. Research carried out in the area suggests that there is modern and enough recharge, yet borehole drying is a problem especially those with low or marginal yields. A thorough review of the groundwater exploitation in the area, aimed at explaining the circumstances that might lead to these phenomena on the field, has been conducted. The review shows that boreholes with drill yields of usually <20 l/min, especially those drilled in the wet season, constitute the highest percentage of the dried boreholes. Other construction material such as the filter media may also in-fluence the drying process.

Groundwater in Thailand

This article offers a brief description of the water resources situation of the Kingdom of Thailand, a country with a population of over 65 million people and a surface area of 513,120 km^2. The average annual rainfall is 1,430 mm and the total water resources are estimated at 215,000 Mm^3 （million of m^3）-year^-1. The hydric demand in the country is 70,000 Mm^3.year^-1, 6% of which is groundwater in origin. Over 70% of the water is used for agriculture. Thailand is the world＇s leading exporter of rice. The main problems faced by the Water Authority in Thailand are pollution, floods and droughts, depending on the geographical zone. From the hydrogeological point of view, the Central Plain is the main groundwater reservoir in the nation. Intensive extraction of groundwater over a long period of time has caused three main problems： a decline in groundwater levels, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion. These problems have been especially pressing in the area known as Greater Bangkok.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for an Indian Urban Habitat： A GIS Approach

Groundwater is an essential source of drinking water for many Indian urban habitats. Large numbers of people consume ground water instead of municipal tap water due to contamination of tap water. Groundwater is extracted from thousands of bore wells, and used for potable purpose without proper testing and treatment. This paper describes a groundwater quality monitoring strategy and database model developed for Gulbarga city, located in Karnataka, India. Sampling wells are selected one each in 55 wards of the city corporation having easy access for regular sampling. Various attributes of sampling wells including their spatial coordinates, location address and a photograph are registered for ready recognition on site. Water samples are collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Spatial coordinates and levels of sampling points are measured on site using a hand held GPS instrument. Gulbarga city map is digitized. A GIS database of the measured spatial and water quality data is developed using ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, and ground water quality maps are prepared which may serve as useful tools for developing policy, and regulatory mechanism for sustainable groundwater use.

Climate change and village adaptation impact on reliability of irrigation wells in China

This paper builds a water supply reliability econometric model to analyze climate changes and adaptation impact factors on water supply reliability of irrigation wells by using 100 villages' three-year(2010-2012) field survey data of five middle and eastern provinces of China.The results show that long-run climate change factors,adaptation measures,village-level organizations of irrigation management,as well as extreme climate factors affect the water supply reliability of irrigation wells significantly.Meanwhile,there are significant differences impacting different crops and provinces.This paper suggests that agriculture meteorological disaster monitoring and warning systems should be strengthened by increasing irrigation facilities construction and maintenance,promoting reform of agricultural irrigation water management system,and developing various forms of peasant cooperation organization in order to improve agricultural production capacity to adapt to climate change.

Exploration of Geotechnical Engineering Investigation under Complex Topographical and Geological Conditions

This paper will explore the geotechnical engineering investigation technology under the complex topographical and geological conditions,and introduce how to construct the water supply tube wells faster and better under the complex topographical and geological conditions by taking Inner Mongolia as an example,so as to provide reference for the relevant professionals.

扬州城市规划区地下水应急供水方案可行性研究

突发事件会引起大范围的地表水污染,对城市供水水源的安全形成挑战,严重威胁人民生命安全,危害生态环境和经济社会稳定。地下水与地表环境联系较弱,利用地下水作为应急水源是最安全的水资源保障措施。本研究以扬州城市规划区为例,确定了规划区应急需水量为17.2万m^(3)/d,应急时长为15d,主要开采的第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压含水层限采红线水位埋深分别为20m、30m,根据研究区应急供水需求制定了4种应急供水方案。方案1和2为水源地集中供水,方案3为分散式供水,方案4为分散与集中式联合供水。依据工作区水文地质条件和地下水位监测数据,基于HydroGeoSphere构建并校正了研究区三维地下水-地表水耦合数值模型,利用数值模型分析了不同供水方案应急抽水引起的地下水位降落趋势及其与地下水开采红线的关系。研究表明,分散与集中式联合供水方案可以明显减小工作区内的水位波动,减缓水源地的供水压力,降低地面沉降风险,对现有管网的利用也较为充分,可作为应急供水的首选方案。

五里堠井田煤层气井单相水流阶段合理降幅的确定

为了确定煤层气井单相水流阶段的合理降幅,最大化地保证煤层气井的水压传播距离,以五里堠井田煤层气井为研究对象,对研究区地下水势进行计算,拟合得出地下水势与平均日产水量的关系;以研究区地下水势平均值为界限,将研究区地下水势分为高地下水势和低地下水势,分析了高地下水势区、低地下水势区煤层气井产水特征差异。基于地下水势、地层供液指数、单相水流阶段压裂液量返排率的关系,建立了单相水流阶段合理降幅数学模型,研究区排采数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,根据研究区地下水势差异性,预测了相应的单相水流阶段合理降幅范围。研究结果表明:研究区地下水势与平均日产水量为正相关关系,不同水势区煤层气井产水特征差异明显,其中,高地下水势区煤层气井排采初期日产水量增长迅速,排采中后期日产水量衰减明显;低地下水势区煤层气井排采初期日产水量增长较慢,排采中后期日产水量无明显变化。单相水流阶段,随着地下水势的增加,地层供液指数、压裂液返排率也随之增大;不同地下水势区域,单相流阶段合理降幅范围不同。研究区东北部及中部,单相水流阶段合理降幅范围为0.018~0.024 MPa/d;研究区西北部、南部,单相水流阶段合理降幅范围为0.007~0.017 MPa/d。该研究成果为未投产区及相似地质条件下煤层气井单相水流阶段排采制度的制定提供了借鉴与指导。

地表水置换地下水对宋古超采区地下水位影响的数值模拟研究

【目的】探究东山供水工程实施后,地表水置换地下水对介休市宋古超采区地下水位的影响。【方法】采用SWAT-MODFLOW建立宋古超采区地表水文过程和地下水动力过程耦合模型,对东山供水不同保证率下的压采方案进行地下水位模拟预测。【结果】压采措施实施后,宋古超采区地下水位回升明显,地下水整体由采补平衡转变为正均衡;在最小供水保证率下,研究区地下水位也有明显回升,地下水超采中心地下水位回升速率约为0.73 m/a,地下水超采中心由宋古逐渐向介休城区移动;对于地下水位<670、680、690 m地下水超采面积,90%供水保证率下的地下水位回升面积变化率分别是50%供水保证率下地下水位回升的1.78倍、1.8倍、2倍。【结论】地表水置换地下水对于宋古超采区地下水位回升效果显著,在水资源丰富的情况下,地表水置换地下水可以适当促进地下水恢复。

OBE理念下给排水科学与工程专业实验教学体系探讨——以广东工业大学给排水科学与工程专业为例

给排水科学与工程专业实验教学是工程教育认证的重要环节,是高校本科教学体系的重要支撑,是培养学生分析问题、解决问题和提高动手能力的重要途径。构建完善的专业实验教学体系是给排水科学与工程专业基于OBE理念提升大学生专业知识和专业技能的关键途径,且有利于加强对大学生创新意识、创新能力、协助精神的培养。以近三年来广东工业大学给排水科学与工程专业的实验教学改革为例,探讨了地方院校基于OBE理念构建专业实验教学体系的措施。

基于热混合润滑的钢/橡胶接触表面水润滑增强调控

目的增强钢/橡胶摩擦副的润滑性能,为提高混合润滑状态下水润滑轴承的性能提供参考。方法建立水润滑条件下钢/橡胶摩擦副的热混合润滑模型,讨论热效应对润滑性能的影响,并在此基础上进一步研究表面粗糙度、水基润滑剂黏度和供水压力对水润滑增强调控的作用。结果与等温解相比,热效应使Stribeck曲线发生了右移,摩擦因数和载荷比增大,膜厚比降低。最高水膜温度随着转速的增加而升高,热效应对混合润滑性能的影响显著。减小摩擦副表面粗糙度,Stribeck曲线向左移动。在相同转速下,载荷比随着表面粗糙度的减小而降低,膜厚比反之。表面粗糙度越大,水膜温度越高,最高温度位于出口区,且钢的表面温度低于水膜和橡胶的表面温度。当水基润滑剂的黏度增大时,膜厚比增大,载荷比和最高水膜温度降低,Stribeck曲线发生左移。增加供水压力可以改善水膜压力分布,使水膜承载区增大、压力减小,粗糙峰接触压力和承载区减小,导致载荷比减小、膜厚比增加,Stribeck曲线向左偏移,水膜最高温度降低。当接触区由边界润滑向混合润滑过渡时,水膜最高温度出现拐点,且水膜最高温度拐点随着供水压力的增加而左移。结论热效应会降低摩擦副的混合润滑性能,因此在混合润滑中不能忽略。考虑热效应时,通过减小表面粗糙度,或增加水基润滑剂黏度和供水压力,均有利于增强钢/橡胶接触表面水润滑的混合润滑性能。

特长公路隧道消防供水分区方案及其数值模拟研究

消防水系统是保障隧道消防安全的重要组成部分。针对隧道高压高位消防水池给水系统管网压力大、配水方式不合理等问题,结合特长越岭公路隧道消防需水量大、给水管网复杂且连接成环的特点,提出了一种利用隧道排放地下水作为洞内消防分区供水方案,并通过EPANET软件建立了桐梓隧道全段高位消防水池供水模型及洞内横通道消防水池分区供水模型,计算了管网水压力,模拟了火灾工况。结果表明:1)桐梓隧道适宜分2区供水,在满足消防管网系统最小水压力下,分区供水和给水系统相互独立,能明显降低管网水压力,洞内消防水池加压泵供水优于重力供水;2)该方案既提高了消防管网可靠性,又充分利用了隧道地下排水,可为特长公路隧道消防供水设计和地下水综合利用提供参考。

湖南省煤炭铁水联运储配基地布局研究

针对湖南省煤炭运输现状和发展需求规划,为充分发挥浩吉铁路运力,有效提升湖南省能源保障能力,建立起降低湖南省煤炭物流成本提质增效途径,以实现煤炭应急储备和高效运转为功能目标,开展湖南省煤炭铁水联运储配基地布局研究。通过分析湖南省煤炭产供储销运体系、煤炭供需平衡关系和煤运通道建设情况,总结基地物流量影响因子,对不同运输方式进行运输成本测算,结合物流营运组织方式预测基地物流量。遵从基地功能最优、资源占用最少、环境影响最小、运营效益最好、长江岸线使用最科学的原则,对基地功能、规模、选址、建设方案进行论证,得出同时布局华容基地(配套洪山头煤炭码头)+岳阳基地(配套南洋洲煤炭码头)的建设推荐方案,为推进湖南省煤炭铁水联运储配基地建设提供决策依据。