Lie group analysis for the effect of temperature-dependent fluid viscosity and thermophoresis particle deposition on free convective heat and mass transfer under variable stream conditions

This paper examines a steady two-dimensional flow of incompressible fluid over a vertical stretching sheet. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as a linear function of temperature. A scaling group of transformations is applied to the governing equa- tions. The system remains invariant due to some relations among the transformation parameters. After finding three absolute invariants, a third-order ordinary differential equation corresponding to the momentum equation and two second-order ordinary differential equations corresponding to energy and diffusion equations are derived. The equations along with the boundary conditions are solved numerically. It is found that the decrease in the temperature-dependent fluid viscosity makes the velocity decrease with the increasing distance of the stretching sheet. At a particular point of the sheet, the fluid velocity decreases but the temperature increases with the decreasing viscosity. The impact of the thermophoresis particle deposition plays an important role in the concentration boundary layer. The obtained results are presented graphically and discussed.

Lie group analysis, numerical and non-traveling wave solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional diffusion–advection equation with variable coefficients

In this paper, the variable-coefficient diffusion-advection （DA） equation, which arises in modeling various physical phenomena, is studied by the Lie symmetry approach. The similarity reductions are derived by determining the complete sets of point symmetries of this equation, and then exact and numerical solutions are reported for the reduced second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Further, an extended （Gl/G）-expansion method is applied to the DA equation to construct some new non-traveling wave solutions.

Lie group analysis for thermophoretic and radiative augmentation of heat and mass transfer in a Brinkman-Darcy flow over a flat surface with heat generation

A boundary layer analysis is presented to investigate numerically the effects of radiation, thermophoresis and the dimensionless heat generation or absorption on hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a flat surface in a porous medium. The boundary layer equations are transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equations using scaling group of transformations and they are solved numerically by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique for some values of physical parameters. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in very good agreement. Many results are obtained and a representative set is displayed graphically to illustrate the influence of the various parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well as the local skin-friction coefficient, wall heat transfer, particle deposition rate and wall thermophoretic deposition velocity. The results show that the magnetic field induces acceleration of the flow, rather than deceleration （as in classical magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） boundary layer flow） but to reduce temperature and increase concentration of particles in boundary layer. Also, there is a strong dependency of the concentration in the boundary layer on both the Schmidt number and mass transfer parameter.

Exact solutions to drift-flux multiphase flow models through Lie group symmetry analysis

In the present paper, Lie group symmetry method is used to obtain some exact solutions for a hyperbolic system of partial differential equations （PDEs）, which governs an isothermal no-slip drift-flux model for multiphase flow problem. Those sym- metries are used for the governing system of equations to obtain infinitesimal transforma- tions, which consequently reduces the governing system of PDEs to a system of ODEs. Further, the solutions of the system of ODEs which in turn produces some exact solutions for the PDEs are presented. Finally, the evolutionary behavior of weak discontinuity is discussed.

Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Group A Streptococci Isolated from Children in Chaoyang District of Beijing, 2011:emm Types, Virulence Factor Genes and Erythromycin Resistant Genes

Group A streptococcus （GAS） causes a wide range of diseases in the human population. GAS diseases are more common in children than in adults, with clinical manifestations ranging from pharyngitis and impetigo to invasive infections and post streptococcal sequelae, such as acute rheumatic fever and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis[1]. GAS harbors a host of virulence factors that contribute to its complex pathogenicity and differences in the disease severity and frequency. M protein, one of the major virulence factors, is encoded by the emm gene induces a type of specific host immune response and confers antiphagocytic properties.

Groups Analysis and Localized Solutions of the(2+1)-Dimensional Ito Equation

By means of the modified Clarkson and Kruskal （CK） direct method and the variable separation approach, we investigate the （24-1）-dimensional Ito equation which was constructed by Ito in 1980. The full symmetry group with the Kac-Moody-Virasoro algebra structure and the variable separation solutions are obtained. By selecting appropriate arbitrary functions, some special soliton excitations are shown graphically. The results presented here would be beneficial for understanding the （2-t-1）-dimensional Ito equation better.

An Event Alarm System Based on Single and Group Human Behavior Analysis

Due to the increasing demand for security, the development of intelligent surveillance systems has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This study aims to develop a system that is able to identify whether or not the people need help in a public place. Different from previous work, our work considers not only the behaviors of the target person but also the interaction between him and nearby people. In the paper, we propose an event alarm system which can detect the human behaviors and recognize the happening event through integrating the results generated from the single and group behavior analysis. Several new effective features are proposed in the study. Besides, a mechanism capable of extracting one-to-one and multiple-to-one relations is also developed. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can correctly detect human behaviors and provide the alarm messages when emergency events occur.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of group independent components underpinning item responses to paranoid-depressive scale

BACKGROUND Our study expand upon a large body of evidence in the field of neuropsychiatric imaging with cognitive,affective and behavioral tasks,adapted for the functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(fMRI)experimental environment.There is sufficient evidence that common networks underpin activations in task-based fMRI across different mental disorders.AIM To investigate whether there exist specific neural circuits which underpin differ-ential item responses to depressive,paranoid and neutral items(DN)in patients respectively with schizophrenia(SCZ)and major depressive disorder(MDD).METHODS 60 patients were recruited with SCZ and MDD.All patients have been scanned on 3T magnetic resonance tomography platform with functional MRI paradigm,comprised of block design,including blocks with items from diagnostic paranoid(DP),depression specific(DS)and DN from general interest scale.We performed a two-sample t-test between the two groups-SCZ patients and depressive patients.Our purpose was to observe different brain networks which were activated during a specific condition of the task,respectively DS,DP,DN.RESULTS Several significant results are demonstrated in the comparison between SCZ and depressive groups while performing this task.We identified one component that is task-related and independent of condition(shared between all three conditions),composed by regions within the temporal(right superior and middle temporal gyri),frontal(left middle and inferior frontal gyri)and limbic/salience system(right anterior insula).Another com-ponent is related to both diagnostic specific conditions(DS and DP)e.g.It is shared between DEP and SCZ,and includes frontal motor/language and parietal areas.One specific component is modulated preferentially by to the DP condition,and is related mainly to prefrontal regions,whereas other two components are significantly modulated with the DS condition and include clusters within the default mode network such as posterior cingulate and precuneus,several occipital areas,including lingual and fusiform gyrus,as well as parahippocampal gyrus.Finally,component 12 appeared to be unique for the neutral condition.In addition,there have been determined circuits across components,which are either common,or distinct in the preferential processing of the sub-scales of the task.CONCLUSION This study has delivers further evidence in support of the model of trans-disciplinary cross-validation in psychiatry.

RAPD analysis on the four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl

In this study, we used RAPD to analyze four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, and the optimal RAPD reaction conditions were the optimal reaction mixture （25 μL total volume） that contained 2.0 μL 10×buffer, 0.45 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 2.0 mmol· L^-1 Mg^2＋, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.30 umol·L^-2 primer and 40 ng genomic DNA. Total 84 bands were amplified from 12 primers used, and the differential bands had 28 bands, which was 33% of total bands. In cluster group analysis, the four kinds of color-flowered were divided into two styles. One style is that the red color and red-white color were grouped together, then they grouped with purple color into one cluster, and the white color was another style.

Dynamical Soliton Wave Structures of One-Dimensional Lie Subalgebras via Group-Invariant Solutions of a Higher-Dimensional Soliton Equation with Various Applications in Ocean Physics and Mechatronics Engineering

Having realized various significant roles that higher-dimensional nonlinear partial differ-ential equations(NLPDEs)play in engineering,we analytically investigate in this paper,a higher-dimensional soliton equation,with applications particularly in ocean physics and mechatronics(electrical electronics and mechanical)engineering.Infinitesimal generators of Lie point symmetries of the equation are computed using Lie group analysis of differen-tial equations.In addition,we construct commutation as well as Lie adjoint representation tables for the nine-dimensional Lie algebra achieved.Further,a one-dimensional optimal system of Lie subalgebras is also presented for the soliton equation.This consequently enables us to generate abundant group-invariant solutions through the reduction of the understudy equation into various ordinary differential equations(ODEs).On solving the achieved nonlinear differential equations,we secure various solitonic solutions.In conse-quence,these solutions containing diverse mathematical functions furnish copious shapes of dynamical wave structures,ranging from periodic,kink and kink-shaped nanopteron,soliton(bright and dark)to breather waves with extensive wave collisions depicted.We physically interpreted the resulting soliton solutions by imploring graphical depictions in three dimensions,two dimensions and density plots.Moreover,the gained group-invariant solutions involved several arbitrary functions,thus exhibiting rich physical structures.We also implore the power series technique to solve part of the complicated differential equa-tions and give valid comments on their results.Later,we outline some applications of our results in ocean physics and mechatronics engineering.

A FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION FOR THE LAPLACE OPERATOR ON THE QUATERNIONIC HEISENBERG GROUP

In this paper, the author studies the Laplace operator on the quaternionic Heisenberg group, construct a fundamental solution for it and use this solution to prove the L-p-boundedness and the weak (1-1) boundedness of certain singular convolution operators on the quaternionic Heisenberg group.

Stability and stabilization of discrete T-S fuzzy time-delay system based on maximal overlapped-rules group

The problems of stability and stabilization for the discrete Takagi-Sugeno（T-S） fuzzy time-delay system are investigated.By constructing a discrete piecewise Lyapunov-Krasovskii function（PLKF） in each maximal overlapped-rules group（MORG）,a new sufficient stability condition for the open-loop discrete T-S fuzzy time-delay system is proposed and proved.Then the systematic design of the fuzzy controller is investigated via the parallel distributed compensation control scheme,and a new stabilization condition for the closed-loop discrete T-S fuzzy time-delay system is proposed.The above two sufficient conditions only require finding common matrices in each MORG.Compared with the common Lyapunov-Krasovskii function（CLKF） approach and the fuzzy Lyapunov-Krasovskii function（FLKF） approach,these proposed sufficient conditions can not only overcome the defect of finding common matrices in the whole feasible region but also largely reduce the number of linear matrix inequalities to be solved.Finally,simulation examples show that the proposed PLKF approach is effective.

ANALYSIS ON EPITOPES OF IGM WITH MONOCLONAL ANTI-ISOTYPIC AND ANTI-IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES AGAINST IgM FROM B-CLL

A double antibodies additivity ELISA test was employed to identify the epltopes which can be recognized by monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against IgM from B chronic lymphocyte leukemia (B-CLL). The computer grouping programme analysis showed that 4 and- isotypic MaAbs could be divided into two groups and 10 anti- idiotype McAbs could be divided into four groups. The result was consistent with that of the indirect sandwich ELISA and inhibition ELISA test. It suggested that there were at least 6 distinct IgM epitopes which can react specifically with 14 McAbs. Our study indicated that the combination of the additivity ELISA test and the computer grouping programme analysis is of help in studying the relationship of the structure and function of antigen.

Geochemical characteristics of Sr isotopes in the LS33 drill core from the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea, and their response to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau

Making full use of modern analytical and testing techniques to explore and establish new indexes or methods for extracting paleoseawater geochemical information from sediments will help to reconstruct the sedimentary paleoenvironment in different research areas.The connection between the subsidence of the South China Sea basin and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been a scientific concern in recent decades.To explore the information on the sedimentary paleoenvironment,provenance changes and uplift of Tibetan Plateau contained in core sediments(debris),we selected core samples from Well LS33 in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,and analyzed the contents of typical elements(Al,Th,and rare earth elements)that can indicate changes in provenance and the Sr isotopic compositions,which can reveal the geochemical characteristics of the paleoseawater depending on the type of material(authigenic carbonate and terrigenous detritus).The results show the following:(1)during the late Miocene,the Red River transported a large amount of detrital sediments from the ancient continental block(South China)to the Qiongdongnan Basin.(2)The authigenic carbonates accurately record changes in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the South China Sea since the Oligocene.These ratios reflect the semi-closed marginal sea environment of the South China Sea(relative to the ocean)and the sedimentary paleoenvironment evolution process of the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin from continental to transitional and then to bathyal.(3)Since the Neogene,the variations in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the authigenic carbonates have been consistent with the variations in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau and the sediment accumulation rate in the Qiongdongnan Basin.These consistent changes indicate the complex geological process of the change in the rock weathering intensity and terrigenous Sr flux caused by changes in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau,which influence the Sr isotope composition of seawater.

STUDIES ON THE INITIATION MECHANISM OF ORGANIC PEROXIDE AND N-METHACRYLOYLOXYETHYL-N-METHYL ANILINE IN METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION

The initiation mechanism of methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-methyl aniline (MEMA) binary system has been studied. The kinetics of polymerization of MMA and the ESR spectra of organic peroxide/MEMA system were determined. Based on the ESR study and the end-group analysis by UV spectra of the polymer formed, the initiation mechanism is proposed.

STUDIES ON ORGANIC PEROXIDE/N, NDI(2-α-METHYL-ACRYLOYLOXY PROPYL)-PARA-TOLUIDINE BINARY SYSTEMS

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by organic peroxide and polymerizable aromatic tertiary amine such as N, N-di (2-α-methylacryloyloxy propyl)-p-toluidine (MP)_2PT binary system has been studied. It was found that the (MP)_2PT promotes MMA polymerization, and the kinetics of MMA polymerization fits the radical polymerization rate equation. Based on the ESR studies and the end-group analysis the initiation mechanism is proposed.

STUDIES ON THE INITIATION MECHANISM OF CERIC ION AND ACETYLACETONE REDOX SYSTEM IN VINYL POLYMERIZATION

The initiation mechanism of acrylamide (AAM)polymerization using ceric ion/acetylacetone system as an initiator has been studied. The redox polymerization was revealed by the low value of overall activation energy of AAm polymerization. The structure of free radicals formed from above-mentioned initiation sytem were detected by radical trapping and ESR spectra techniques and the end groups of polymers obtained were determined by FT-IR spectra analysis method. Based on these results the initiation mechanism is proposed.

VINYL RADICAL POLYMERIZATION INITIATED WITH CERIC ION AND N-(SUBSTITUTED PHENYL) ACETAMIDE SYSTEMS

The polymerization of acrylamide (AAM)in H_2O/DMF or in H_2O/CH_3CN mixed solvent initiated with ceric ion (Ce^(4+) )/N-(substituted phenyl)-acetamide systems have been studied. The redox polymerization was revealed by the low value of overall activation energy (E_α) of AAM polymerization using ceric ion/N-(substituted phenyl) acetamide system as an initiator. The end group of polymer formed was detected by IR spectrum analysis method, it revealed the presence of N-(m-acetoxy-methylphenyl) acetamide (m-AAe) moiety end group in the polymer obtained with ceric ion/m-AAe initiation system.

Effects of slip condition on MHD stagnation-point flow over a power-law stretching sheet

The steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic stagnation flow towards a nonlinear stretching surface is studied. The no-slip condition on the solid boundary is replaced with a partial slip condition. A scaling group transformation is used to get the invariants. Using the invariants, a third-order ordinary differential equation corresponding to the momentum is obtained. An analytical solution is obtained in a series form using a homotopy analysis method. Reliability and efficiency of series solutions are shown by the good agreement with numerical results presented in the literature. The effects of the slip parameter, the magnetic field parameter, the velocity ratio parameter, the suction velocity parameter, and the power law exponent on the flow are investigated. The results show that the velocity and shear stress profiles are greatly influenced by these parameters.