Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Plant Growth Habit in Peanuts Using the USDA Public Data

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production is valued at $1.28 billion annually in the USA. Plant growth habit can be used to determine plant population density and cultivation practices a given farmer uses. Erect plants are generally more compact and can be more densely planted unlike plants with more prostrate growth. The objectives of this study were to analyze publicly available datasets to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with plant growth habit in peanuts and to conduct genomic selection. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify SNPs for growth habit type among 775 USDA peanut accessions. A total of 13,306 SNPs were used to conduct GWAS using five statistical models. The models used were single-marker regression, generalized linear model (PCA), generalized linear model (Q), mixed linear model (PCA), and mixed linear model (Q) and a total of 181, 1, 108, 1, and 10 SNPs were found associated with growth habit respectively. Based on this dataset, results showed that genomic selection can achieve up to 61% accuracy, depending on the training population size being used for the prediction. SNP AX-176821681 was found in all models. Gene ontology for this location shows an annotated gene, Araip.0F3YM, found 2485 bp upstream of this SNP and encodes for a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying molecular markers linked to plant growth habit type in peanuts. This finding suggests that a molecular marker can be developed to identify specific plant growth habits in peanuts, enabling early generation selection by peanut breeders.

Growth Habit of the Basic Oxysulfate Magnesium Whisker

The growth habit of the basic magnesium oxysulfate whisker was investigated based on the theoreticalmodelof anion coordination polyhedron growth units.It is found that typicalbasic magnesium oxysulfate whisker growth is consistent with anion tetrahedralcoordination incorporation rules.The growth units of basic magnesium oxysulfate whiskers are [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） and HSO_4^-.[Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） is the favorable growth unit and whisker growth is in the direction of the [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） combination.A plurality of [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） s combine and become a larger dimensionalgrowth unit in a one-dimensionaldirection.Then HSO_4^- and larger dimensionalgrowth units connect as basic magnesium sulfate whiskers,according to the structuralcharacteristics of the basic magnesium sulfate whisker,which can guide the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide whisker.

Diversity of Growth Habits and Their Association with VRN Allele of 81 American Wheat Lines

Eighty-one wheat accessions including 50 southern regional performance nursery （SRPN） lines and 31 northern regional performance nursery （NRPN） lines from the United States were tested to evaluate the growth habit by chilling treatments and to estimate the VRN allele variation with 19 pairs of published VRN primers. Two spring wheat accessions and 44 semi-spring wheat accessions were confirmed based on their chilling days＇ requirement and polymorphism was found at VRN loci. The Vrn-A1 allele had the highest frequency in the RPN accessions and VA1-CAPs markers identified growth habit of RPN lines. No polymorphism was found at the VRN3 loci and some polymorphism at the region of promoter and the first intron of VRN1 was not always consistent to growth habit in the wheat RPN accessions. The existence of variation in VRN alleles suggested that singly using the dominant Vrn allele is possible to extend the diversity of wheat accessions and improve their adaption to different environments in autumn-sowing region. This information will be useful for the cultivars exploitation and wheat breeding program.

Studies on the Growth Habits and Characteristics of Two Polyploid Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice with Powerful Heterosis

Based on a series of polyploid indica-japonica hybrid plant lines obtained from a new breeding strategy of using double predominance of wide cross and polyploidization to breed super flee, two polyploid indica-japonica hybrids, PSR073 and PSR120 were studied in their growth periods to show the powerful heterosis in a larger scale and to study the characteristics of polyploid indica-japonica hybrids more elaborately. The leaf age, tiller growth, flowering habits, and agronomic traits of them were observed to analyze their growth habits and characteristics. The results showed that the.agronomic traits of PSR073 and PSR120, such as the plant height, panicle length, grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight, all acquired obvious predominance of polyploidy, and that the seed setting rate was more than 83%. No significant difference was observed between the two tetraploids and common diploids in the leaf age, tiller growth, and flowering habits. It was concluded that the characteristics of the two powerful heterosis polyploid hybrids were different from those of the polyploid rice reported earlier. Wide cross and polyploidization had no negative effects on their growth habits and characteristics; on the contrary these had powerful heterosis. This had provided theoretic and practical evidences for their application to agricultural production.

Regulation of soybean stem growth habit:A ten-year progress report

Stem growth habit dictates plant architecture and influences flowering and podding(seed setting),making it an essential morphological and breeding agronomic trait of soybean(Glycine max).Stem growth habit in soybean is affected by photoperiod and environment and is determined by genetic variation at major genes.Classical genetic analysis identified two critical loci,designated Determinacy 1(Dt1)and Determinacy 2(Dt2).Dt1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)and specifies an indeterminate stem growth habit,whereas Dt2 specifies a semi-determinate growth habit.MADS-box proteins,including Dt2,SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1(GmSOC1)and MADS-box genes downregulated by E1(GmMDE),repress Dt1 expression.Photoreceptors encoded by the E3 and E4 loci regulate the expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T(GmFT)orthologs via circadian clock genes and E1,and GmFTs compete with Dt1 to regulate stem growth habit.Study of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of stem growth habit in soybean has focused on the repression of Dt1 expression.Here we provide an overview of progress made in elucidating the genetic and molecular bases of stem growth habit in soybean,with emphasis on the molecular components responsible for integrating photoperiodic flowering and stem growth habit.

Coordination polyhedron growth mechanism model and growth habit of crystals

A new growth mechanism model, coordination polyhedron growth mechanism model, is introduced from the angle of the coordination of anion and cation to each other at the interface. It is pointed out that the force driving the growth unit to enter the crystal lattice is the electrostatic attraction force between ions, whose relative size can be approximately measured by the electrostatic bond strength (EBS) that reaches a nearest neighbor anion (or cation) in the parent phase from a cation (or anion) at the interface. The growth habits of NaCl, ZnS, CaF2 and Csl crystals are discussed, and a new growth habit rule is proposed as follows. When the growth rate of a crystal is determined by the step generation rate, the growth habit of this crystal is related to the coordination number of the ion with the smallest coordination rate at the interface of various crystal faces. The smaller the coordination number of the ion at the interface, the faster the growth rate of corresponding crystal face. When the growth of a crystal depends on the step movement rate, the growth habit of this crystal is related to the density of the ion with the smallest coordination rate at the interface of various crystal faces. The smaller the densities of the ion at the interface is, the faster the growth rate of corresponding crystal face will be.

Growth and feeding habits of invasive Pseudorasbora parva in the Chabalang Wetland(Lhasa,China) and its trophic impacts on native fish

In recent years, fish invasion has become one of the main reasons for the decline of native fish stocks. Pseudorasbora parva is considered one of the major invasive species worldwide. The present study investigated the fish resources of the Chabalang Wetland (Lhasa, Tibet) during diff erent seasons in 2009 and 2013. Four hundred and twelve individuals were subsampled to estimate age, growth, and feeding habit of P . parva . Furthermore, food relationships between P . parva and the native Schizothoracinae fish were also examined. The results revealed a significant shift in species composition and community structure characterized by the disappearance of native fish and outbreak of non-native fish. The percentage of nonnative P . parva in the fish collections significantly increased from 33.64% in 2009 to 64.08% in 2013. The standard length (SL) ranged from 22.00 to 78.71 mm, and their age was 1–5 a. The von Bertalanff y function was used to model the observed length-at-age data as L t =112.19(1–e^-0.1495 ( t +0.8012)) for females and as L t =123.12 (1–e^-0.1500 ( t +0.7132)) for males. The results indicated that P . parva in Tibet has lower growth and mortality rates compared with that from the native ranges. Ninety-seven prey taxa belonging to 9 prey categories were identified in the gut of 38 P . parva . P . parva can be considered a generalized and opportunistic predator, competing with the native fish, especially Schizothorax o’connori , Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi , and Ptychobarbus dipogon , for Bacillariophyta and Chironomid larvae. This is an important reason for the decline in native fish population.

Effects of impurities on growth habit of KDP crystal

The effects of metaphosphate, boric acid and quaternary ammonium cations with different concentration on the growth habit of KDP crystal are reported. The results are analyzed and discussed, which show that the effects of different impurities on the growth habit of KDP are not the same. It is due to the different adsorption mechanism of the impurities.

Growth habit of polar crystals

Using coordination polyhedron rule, growth habit of polar crystals such as ZnO, ZnS and SiO2 is investigated. It shows that the growth rates in the positive and negative polar axis directions are different. The theoretical growth habit of ZnO crystal is hexagonal prism and the growth rates of its various faces are: V{0001} 】V{0111} 】 V{0110} 】 V{0111} 】 V{0001}. The growth habit of ZnScrystal is tetrahedron and its growth rates of different crystal faces are: V(111}】V{001}】V(001}=V{100} = V{010}】V{111}. The growth rate relationship between positive and negative polar axis directionsof SiO2 crystal is V{1120} 】 V{1120}. These results are in agreement with the growth habits observedunder hydrothermal conditions. The different growth rates between positive and negative polar axis directions cannot be explained by PBC theory.

X-ray Multiple Diffraction Topographic Imaging Technique For Growth History Study of Habit Modifying Impurity Doped Crystals

A novel crystal characterization instrument has been built up in which a combination of X-ray multiple diffraction and X-ray topography is applied to enabling the cross-correlation between micro-crystallographic symmetry and its spatial dependence in relation to lattice defects. This facility is used to examine, in a self-consistent manner, growth sector-dependant changes to both the crystallographic structure and the lattice defects associated with the action of habit-modifying additives in a number of representative crystal growth systems. In addition, the new instrument can be used to probe micro-crystallographic aspects(such as distortion to crystal symmetry) and relate these in a spatially resolved manner to the crystal defect structure in crystals doped with known habit modifiers.

Characterization of Growth and Light Utilization for Rice Genotypes with Different Tiller Angles

Tiller angle is very important for plant architecture and canopy structure in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Physiological and ecological characteristics of three rice genotypes with different tiller angle habits were compared in the paper. DI508, a genotype with changing tiller angle during the growth, has semi-erect tillers at early tillering stage, similar to genotype M09, and had erect tillers at late stage, similar to genotype 9308. In terms of dry biomass per plant, DI508 was consistently higher than those of M09 and 9308 throughout the growth. It was also a distinct difference of leaf area per plant that DI508 was larger than two others. From booting stage, DI508 and 9308 maintained higher photosynthetic ability of the topmost three leaves, while M09 showed rapid decline in photosynthesis during grain filling. It may be concluded that the genotype DI508 with dynamic tiller angle habit has a comprehensive advantage of fast growth and high weed competition at early stage and slow decline in photosynthesis at late stage.

Vegetative Habitus and Fruit Production of Self-rooted Cherry Cultivar ＇Hedelfingen＇ Wild Type and Somaclonal Grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ Rootstock

The study considers the morphological and physiological behaviour of self-rooted sweet cherry CV （Cultivar） ＇Hedelfinger＇ wild type （H） and somaclonal （HS） grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ rootstock. The somaclonal showed reduced vegetative vigour without any variation of the natural tree＇s architecture. The rootstock ＇Gisela 6＇ caused change in genotype habitus inducing a spreading shape, while ＇Colt＇ increased trunk diameter and height. Fruit quality and size were not affected by genotype nor rootstock. ＇Gisela 6＇, from these preliminary data, had proved the most suitable rootstock for both genotypes since it reduced the tree size and vigor and induced early bearing and the production of a greater number of fruiting spurs.

3个甜樱桃品种在不同砧木上的生长结果表现

【目的】对9个不同砧穗组合甜樱桃植株的生长结果情况进行调查,明确西北山地条件下各种砧木对不同甜樱桃品种生长结果的影响,为西北地区甜樱桃种植砧穗组合的选择提供理论依据与参考。【方法】以红灯、美早、萨米脱3个甜樱桃品种与中国樱桃、ZY-1、吉塞拉6号3种砧木不同砧穗组合植株为试材,调查研究各砧穗组合的生长及结果情况,了解其生长结果习性。【结果】红灯、美早、萨米脱3个甜樱桃品种与矮化砧木吉塞拉6号组合可以明显降低的树体的高度,吉塞拉6号为砧木的组合较其他组合的花束状果枝比例明显增多,且其坐果率及产量较其他组合显著增多;以吉塞拉6号为砧木的甜樱桃品种生长结果表现优良。【结论】在实际生产中,为促进树体早结果、早丰产、早收益,生长势较强的品种可选择搭配矮化或半矮化砧木,生长势中庸偏弱的品种应尽量避免选用矮化砧木,以免在树体进入盛果期后树体早衰而缩短结果年限。

幼儿膳食营养存在的问题与对策研究

3~6岁的幼儿正当生长发育的重要时期,每天需要从膳食中获取必要的营养物质,才能满足其身体发育需要。均衡的膳食营养是保障幼儿健康的核心因素之一,幼儿膳食长期营养不良会导致其缺乏某些必要营养和热量供应,不但影响幼儿的正常身体发育,还会引起许多幼儿疾病。合理的膳食营养是保证幼儿身体健康的基本前提,因此,需要科学地安排幼儿每日所需膳食营养的摄入。本文阐述现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养的重要性,分析现阶段我国幼儿膳食营养存在的问题,并提出改善我国幼儿膳食营养的应对策略。

小麦幼苗生长习性相关性状的全基因组关联分析

小麦幼苗生长习性是小麦苗期重要的农艺性状,为了挖掘控制小麦幼苗生长习性相关性状的基因位点,本研究以210个遗传变异丰富的小麦品种(系)组成的自然群体为试验材料,分别于2021—2023年种植于河北省唐山市,利用高通量测序技术对小麦幼苗生长习性进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,共有11个与小麦幼苗生长习性显著关联的SNP位点(区段),分布于1B、2A、3B、5A(3)、5B(2)、6D、7B、7D染色体上,其中,在多个环境中被检测到的位点(区段)有3个,分别位于染色体5A(512.39 Mb)、5B(605.61~605.63 Mb)、7B(610.85 Mb)处。

多花黄精根茎萌发新芽及生长习性研究

为探索黄精根茎萌发新芽及生长习性,研究黄精育苗技术,以多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema为试验材料,通过1~3年生完整的1节根茎和3年生1节根茎切成不同大小的根茎种块的育苗试验,研究切块的根茎生长习性。结果显示:切块根茎的新芽是从根茎表皮的皱纹处生发的,而且是先萌发新芽,后在新芽的基部长出新根,母根茎不长新根;带芽的母根茎,在下种当年的4月上旬开始出土,无芽的在下种的次年才能出土。1~3年生的根茎种块对发芽率和根长度没有影响,对株高生长的影响随着根茎年龄增长而增加。根茎种块的发芽率、高生长、根长度均随着切块数量增多而减少;将3年生1节根茎切成8块来繁育多花黄精苗木,可比用不切的能多培育出4.43倍的苗木。由此可见,多花黄精可以选择3年生的根茎切成种块进行苗木繁育。

临床护士参与微习惯训练营体验的研究

目的:探索临床护士参与微习惯训练营后的真实体验与需求,为协助其建立健康行为及完善训练营模式提供参考依据。方法:采用目的抽样法,选取2022年6月—12月上海市某三级甲等医院不同科室参与微习惯训练营的12名临床护士进行半结构式深度访谈,数据采用NVivo14软件辅助编码及归类、Colaizzi7步分析法分析。结果:对临床护士“微习惯训练”的真实体验共提炼出3个主题,即负性情绪缓解与适应能力变化的心理体验;工作能力提升与自信心建立的成长体验;对微习惯训练营安排的需求及建议。结论:微习惯训练营作为一个认识自我的契机,通过强化自我效能感改善参与者的心理弹性;通过构建平台引领参与者共同成长;“习惯的养成”并非易事,建议管理者在未来开展微习惯训练营时应多注重内在动力的挖掘并提供更全面的外在支持。

扦插月季生长发育特征及适应性研究

本研究调查分析了12个引进的扦插月季品种在湘西北地区的植株生长发育状况、开花习性和病虫害侵染等情况。结果表明,品种H、E、F和J的分枝较多、茎秆粗壮,其根系发育较好;开花习性以品种B、J和D较好;病虫害防治方面,品种G、B和J的抗病虫能力较强。综合来看,品种J、B和H的植株生长和开花习性较好,适应性较强,可在该地区推广种植,并根据其开花特性进行合理配置,为园林或绿地栽培月季新品种提供参考。

负离子配位多面体生长基元在晶体生长中的应用

It has been pointed out by the theoretic model of anion coordination polyhedra of growth units that the crystal form is dominated by the stability of combination of anion coordination polyhedra on the growth interface.The face has the fastest growth rate and disappears easily if the vertex of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.The face has the slowest growth rate and appears easily if the plane of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.The growth rate is in median for the face that the edge of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.A few of problems are discussed in the paper on the basis of this theory. (1)Several examples of the morphology of allomorph and homoeomorphism are given in the paper.There are three allomorphs of TiO 2 rutile,brookite and anatase.The morphology of these allomorphs are totally different because the stability of combination of octahedral [Ti O 6] 8- vary with the orientation and linked edges of coordination polyhedra.Another example is the homoeomorphism of cassiterite SnO 2.The orientation and combination of octahedral [Sn O 6] 8- in cassiterite are similar to that of octahedral [Ti O 6] 8- in rutile,so that cassiterite and rutile have similar morphology even for their form of twin and twin face.The combination of octahedral [Al O 6] 9- ,[Fe O 6] 9- and [Ti O 6] 8- respectively is similar at the orientation and linked form of coordination polyhedra in three crystals of corundum,hematite and ilmenite,so the same faces appear in these three crystals,resulted in similar morphology.

园林花卉苗木繁殖培育及栽培管理技术探讨

园林花卉苗木是园林工程建设中的关键要素,能够装点园林景观,也可改善区域生态环境,要想保证园林工程中花卉苗木的健康生长,充分发挥其在园林绿化方面的功能作用,则应根据园林花卉苗木的生长习性,研究繁殖培育及栽培管理技术内容和相关要点,对于不同的花卉苗木,采用针对性强的繁殖技术和栽培方式,保证园林花卉苗木健康生长。