Height growth, diameter-height relationships and branching architecture of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata in early regeneration stages in Anhui Province, eastern China: effects of light intensity and regeneration mode

To determine the growth strategies during early regeneration stages of two major coniferous species （Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of Anhui Province, eastern China, we examined height growth, diameter-height relationship and the relationship between main stem and lateral branch elongation in saplings, with a particular focus on the effects of light intensity and regeneration mode （seedlings versus sprouts）. When light intensity was sufficiently high, the extension growth of main stems was greater and more positively related to initial size for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata. The slenderness of the stem form increased in the following order： C. lanceolata seedlings 〈 P. massoniana seedlings 〈 C. lanceolata sprouts. P. massoniana became less slender with increasing light intensity. P. massoniana had shorter branches than C. lanceolata given the same main stem elongation. Growth allocation depended more strongly on light intensity for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata, with more growth allocated to the main stem under dark conditions. These results suggest that P. massoniana is a typical shade avoider; this species gives priority to extension growth of the main stem, especially when it is shaded. In contrast, C. lanceolata is a shade tolerator; this species allocates more biomass to radial growth of its main stems and to extension growth of branches. Based on these results, the ecological characteristics of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata and the roles of seedlings and sprouts are discussed in relation to stand dynamics of the mixed forests of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata in eastern China.

Market presence in China Strengthened Network Growth and Dual-Chinese-Hub Strategy

In the end of 2007, Air China Limited (hereinafter "Air China") and Shanghai Airlines, formally joined Star Alliance at a ceremony held in the new Terminal Three at Beijing Capital International Airport. With the addition of the two Chinese airlines, Star Alliance now has 19 member carriers operating 17,000 daily flights to 897 destinations in 160 countries.……

Surface modification by ligand growth strategy for dense copper bismuth film as photocathode to enhance hydrogen production activity

Hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting has been regarded as a promising way to utilize renewable and endless solar energy.However,semiconductor film grown on photoelectrode suffers from numerous challenges,leading to the poor PEC performance.Herein,a straightforward sol-gel method with the ligand-induced growth strategy was employed to obtain dense and homogeneous copper bismuthate photocathodes for PEC hydrogen evolution reaction.By various characterizations,it was found that the nucleation and surface growth of CuBi_(2)O_(4)layer induced by 2-methoxyethanol ligand(2-CuBi_(2)O_(4))demonstrated a decent crystallinity and coverage,as well as a large grain size and a low oxygen vacancy concentration,leading to the good ability of light absorption and carrier migration.Consequently,under simulated sunlight irradiation(AM1.5G,100 mW/cm^(2)),the 2-CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathode achieved an enhanced photocurrent density of−1.34 mA·cm^(−2)at 0.4 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and a promising applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 0.586%.This surface modification by ligand growth strategy will shed light on the future design of advanced photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting.

Depositional Architecture and Evolution of Late Permian Reefs in Ziyun County,Southern Guizhou, China

The uppermost Permian reef complex in Ziyun County, southern Guizhou occurs as a third-order depositional sequence developed in the platform marginal break zone during the Late Permian transgressive period This paper deals with the evolution of the third-order sequence and depositional arthitecture of the sequence stratigraphic units with the analysis of outcrop sequence stratigraphy and chemostratigraphy. Thirteen parasequences which belong to four system tracts are recognized. According to their genetic facies features,three growth strategies of reef accrete from the systems tracts during sea level changes are distinguished as keep-up reefs, give-up reefs and catch-up reefs. In combination with an absolute water depth analysis by chemostratigraphic method, we establish an entire sea level curve of the third-order sequence and discuss its evolution and depositional response.

Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.

Growth strategy and TFP growth:comparing China and four Asian tigers

This paper compares the total factor productivity(TFP)growth performance of the Chinese mainland and the Four Asian Tigers during their high-growth period and examines the effect of growth strategies pursued by these economies on TFP growth using a state-space model.Our research results show that TFP growth is quite limited in these economies,which is mainly attributed to their growth strategy.No significant productivity gains arise from the rapid growth of investments,trade openness,and an undervalued currency in these economies.The TFP growth is even found negatively related to trade openness for South Korea,the exchange rate undervaluation for Chinese Taiwan and Singapore,and the falling relative price of capital for the Chinese mainland,Singapore and South Korea.Government interventions encourage long-term TFP growth for the Chinese mainland and Taiwan,but hinder it in other economies.Higher inflation reduces TFP growth in Chinese Taiwan and Singapore.