Challenges to Online Criminal Litigation in the Context of Smart Justice and Responses——Focusing on the Protection of the Right to Defense

Online criminal litigation transcends the constraints of physical time and space and changes the logic and path of trial hearings for some criminal cases with the help of technology.However,the leapfrog shift from the“physical field”to the“virtual field”has brought great challenges to the effective exercise of the defendant's right to defense.Online criminal justice further highlights the imbalance in the relationship between prosecution and defense in the context of smart justice,and proposes a new topic for protecting the human rights of the prosecuted.The introduction of online criminal litigation in judicial practice is intended to achieve justice in a faster and more convenient way.However,the dissipation of the ritualized remote hearings tends to undermine the effectiveness of the defense and impair the defense's ability to cross-examine evidence,while the technically advantageous public authorities can aggravate the barrier to the defense's meeting and reading the case file.The root cause is that technological power instrumentalism overemphasizes pragmatism and the pursuit of truth under the position of authority,thus diluting humanistic care for the subject of litigation.In order to resolve the problem with the quality and effectiveness of the right to defense in remote hearings,it is necessary to transform online criminal litigation from a“practical technical tool”to a“convenient auxiliary method,”and appropriately weigh the limits of pursuing truth against human rights protection in special scenarios.Meanwhile,it is also feasible to provide technical care for the defense and strengthen its ability to cross-examine evidence.Moreover,a covert communication platform should be furnished for the defender's online meeting to actively strengthen the protection of the defendant's right to defense.

The Nomocracy Pursuit of ＂the Maritime Silk Road＂--On Legal Guarantee of State＇s Marine Rights and Interests

＂The Maritime Silk Road＂, part of China＇s maritime power strategy, will safeguard the realization of ＂Chinese Dream＂. ＂The Maritime Silk Road＂ needs desperately legal guarantee of State＇s marine rights and interest. The primary target of this paper is to put forward several suggestions on the legal guarantee of maritime rights protection based on analyzing the present situation of China legal system.

The Legal Guarantee of the Right to Education Perspective of Completing the Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects

As we review the historical process of completing the building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,the rule of law through the right to education,which has played a leading and guaranteeing role in this process,has not only made great achievements,but also set the direction and path for the development of the education system and unleashed education’s momentum in driving social development.The rule of law through the right to education has been established and developed during the great practice of reform and opening-up.After we achieve the goal of realizing all-round moderate prosperity,it is necessary to straighten out the internal mechanisms concerning its next-step development and codify educational laws in order to further promote human rights progress in China.

Important Guarantee for The Basic Rights of Citizens——China's State compensation system

A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and also get compensation if they are wronged. State compensation system It would be inevitable for government functionaries to cause damages to some citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the course of their management of the society. That is why China has established a State compensation system to compensate for the damages to citizens, legal persons and other organizations caused by government functionaries in exercising their power.

Strengthen the Confidence of Human Rights and Enhance the Guarantee of Nomocracy of Human Rights in an All-Round Way

Since the reform and opening up of China,the Communist Party of China has been committed to the continuous development of human rights theory and the protection of human rights through legal construction,in order to promote the development of China’s human rights cause.The principle of"respecting and protecting

The Protection of Right of Minors to Express Their Opinions in Family Litigations

The right of minors to express their opinions in family litigations refers to minors,who have a certain degree of mental capacity and assertiveness,having the right to express their opinions on the arrangements or decisions related to themselves when the courts handle familial litigation cases involving their interests,and to request the courts hear their opinions.In essence,the right of minors to express their opinions in family litigations belongs to the basic procedural rights of minors as well as judicial beneficiary rights.As for the protection of the right of minors to express their opinions in family litigations,recognizing the status of minors as independent subjects of rights is the logical premise,the procedural guarantee for the rights of the substantive parties involved is the direct cause,and ensuring the best interests of children is the fundamental reason.In order to protect the right of minors to express their opinions in family litigations,China should standardize the mechanisms for judges to hear the opinions of minors directly,improve the mechanisms for family investigators,and establish mechanisms for representing the interests of minors.

Human Rights Protection under the New Normal State of Economy

The new normal state of economy is not only the overall trend of China's current economic development stage, but also the strategic choice of China for the future economic development, the anticipation for the economic development and its outcome under the new strategy. It is of great strategic significance for the long-term development of China's human rights as a whole, yet it makes a short-term challenge to the realization of the rights of vulnerable groups. Under the new normal state of economy, it should be targeted to strengthen the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups, which is very important not only for the overall development of China's human rights causes, but also for China to cross over 'the middle-income trap' and to achieve sustainable development of economy.

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

How Fujian Prisons Guarantee Human Rights of Inmates

China has accelerated the reform of the prison system. How is the result of the reform? What about the living and studying conditions in the prison? How does the prison correct the inmates? What about the mental state of people serving prison terms? With these and other questions, we came to some prisons in Fujian Province and saw for ourselves. "Sunshine Project" We were told that all the prisons in the province introduced the open prison affairs

China's Employment Promotion Law Guarantees Right to Employment

China＇s legislature is soliciting comments and suggestions to the draft of Employment Promotion Law as an endeavor to democratize its process of legislation. Up to April 25 the National People＇s Congress had received over 11,000 items of comments and suggestions.

For a Legal Guarantee to Improve People’s Livelihood and Protect Human Rights——Thoughts on policy concerning Social Insurance Law (draft)

The People＇s Republic of China Social Insurance Law （draft） has undergone three readings at the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress. The Law, once promulgated, will be of great significance to implementation of the constitutional principle of ＂respecting and protecting human rights.＂ It will help regulate the various social insurance relationships and the rights and obligations of the parties involved.

Important Guarantee for Judicial Justice——Huang Jin on Improving Judicial Protection for Human Rights

The Decision on Certain Issues on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform, which was endorsed bythe Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC）, advocates improving judicial protection for human rights, making human rights protection one of the practical measures for implementing the principle of respecting and ensuring human rights, and making improvement of the judicial protection of human rights an important part of comprehensively deepening the reform. Prof. Huang Jin, president of the China University of Political Science and Law, was interviewed by the journal.

Oppose Religious Extremism and Guarantee Human Rights

For today＇s human rights protection, it is requisite to firmly oppose religious ex- tremism, no matter whether in China or worldwide. Religious extremism is a rather serious phenomenon in the political life of today＇s world. In the form of religion （including banners, words, symbols and costumes, etc）, it agitates for the extreme claims and fanatical behavior of certain groups and damages social stability, so that it can serve its villainous purposes.

Judicature Is a Reliable Guarantee for Human Rights

＂Respecting and ensuring human rights＂ has been included in the General Provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law in an amendment to the law after the term was written into the Constitution, and has been specified as an important task of the Criminal Procedure Law. As the final guarantee for the implementation of the principle of ＂respecting and ensuring human rights,＂ the People＇s Courts pay much attention to hu- man rights protection in the field of justice. During fair and effective ju- dicatory work for years, the People＇s Courts have constantly strengthened the judicial guarantee of human rights, gradually improved particular systems involving evidence, defense,

Adherence to the Law-Based Protection of Human Rights and Improvement of the Legal Guarantee Mechanism of Human Rights

XI Jinping,General Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC),made an important speech(Speech)on China’s path of advancement of human rights at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on February 25,2022.Adherence to law-based protection of human rights and improvement of the legal mechanism of protection of human rights are important requirements for firmly following China’s path of human rights development.To improve the law-based mechanism of guarantee of human rights,the principles of respecting the people’s principal position and removing systematic and institutional barriers should be adhered to.The Constitution should be comprehensively implemented to promote record and review of new laws presented by legislatures,and to safeguard its authority.Innovations of human rights theory should be accelerated,along with faster construction of a human rights academic system,of a human rights academic system,and of a human rights discourse system,for meeting China’s needs in the new era.A sound legal mechanism of guarantee for human rights can better guarantee people’s better life.Furthermore,China should actively participate in global human rights governance and make appropriate contributions.

Gingerly Stepping between the Law and Practice:Implications of the Real Rights Law of China 2007 on the Shipbuilding Refund Guarantee

The Real Rights Law of China(2007) is an important step made by China towards the legalization of commercial reality.The statute may have a few far-reaching effects in practice beyond the contemplation of legislators. This article studies the possible implications that the Real Rights Law may have on the search for alternatives to the shipbuilding refund guarantee.The search is essential for the survival and development of Chinese shipbuilding industry, which is struggling in the world’s second position.The study shows that the Real Rights Law may realise the long redundant ship construction mortgage by way of charge of semi-finished industrial products or ’floating assets.’ Moreover,the statute may perfect the title transfer of newbuilding in the ’Taizhou Model’,a popular private financing structure for ship construction in Chinese rural areas.In practice,the ship construction mortgage and ’Taizhou Model’ are the most effective alternatives to the shipbuilding refund guarantee.Of course,whether the possible implications of the Real Rights Law could benefit the practice depends on Chinese administrators’ recognition,comprehension and implementation of the statute,which is yet to be observed.

《民法典》动产与权利担保制度的商法属性解释论

《民法典》第388条对功能主义担保立法模式的引入,使动产和权利统一担保体系具有了较为鲜明的商法属性。但囿于民商合一的立法体例,其商事元素大多隐藏在民事规范之下,不得彰显。现行担保体系对商事担保的特殊性及商事交易实践需求不能及时作出回应,对商事交易实践造成影响。故而民商合一的立法体例需通过法律适用在实质上实现一般化一体规制,特殊化区分规制的立场。对此,商法视角的引入极为必要。商事担保以效益优先为价值理念,以功能主义为底层逻辑,在制度设计上具有更多的商事元素。利用区分原则,对担保体系中的民商事担保规范进行区分、整合,以形成担保体系“形式民商合一,实质统分结合”的体例。同时,商法思维的适用应兼顾商事规范的个性及民事规范的稳定,从而对动产和权利统一担保体系的商法属性作出回应,以期促进商事金融的发展创新。

数据知识产权质押融资完善对策研究

数据是一种新兴的生产要素和重要的创新资产,我国为激发其创新活力制定了一系列的政策和措施。作为一种创新的融资方式,数据知识产权质押融资以企业合法拥有并在数据知识产权登记系统或存证平台获得证书的数据作为质押物,对于释放数据要素的内在价值具有积极作用。2008年以来,中央及各地方政府陆续颁布知识产权融资相关法律法规、政策,鼓励民事主体参与知识产权质押融资活动,掀起知识产权质押融资实践热潮,丰富的实践样态为研究该制度提供了实证基础。通过梳理现有法律制度并结合实践样态,旨在厘清数据知识产权质押融资发展过程中存在的问题,进而提出相应的解决对策。

宅基地资格权回归集体成员权的实质与路径

“三权分置”背景下的宅基地资格权,是“两权分置”背景下宅基地使用权中身份性内容析出后权利化的结果,但实质上源自集体所有权及其塑造的集体对成员“户有所居”保障关系。将宅基地资格权定位为集体成员权,符合宅基地资格权探索的实践理性,是宅基地资格权向集体成员权的应然回归。宅基地资格权由集体成员组成的农户所拥有的宅基地分配请求权、宅基地使用权回复权、宅基地补助补偿权及衔接权能构成,其行使不得违背“限禁规则”。基于保障功能及其对应集体成员权实现的要求,宅基地资格权设定应当采取登记生效模式,并明确村级农村集体经济组织或村民委员会在宅基地管理中的权限,代表成员集体开展宅基地资格权认定与登记工作。将“自愿有偿”作为主体放弃宅基地资格权的强制要求,坚持宅基地资格权不得流转,并以“户有所居”保障功能实现为依据。通过相应的衔接规则,可以实现宅基地资格权与集体住房保障、国家住房保障、土地征收制度有序衔接。