Pipeline thickness estimation using the dispersion of higher-order SH guided waves

Thickness measurement plays an important role in the monitoring of pipeline corrosion damage. However, the requirement for prior knowledge of the shear wave velocity in the pipeline material for popular ultrasonic thickness measurement limits its widespread application. This paper proposes a method that utilizes cylindrical shear horizontal(SH) guided waves to estimate pipeline thickness without prior knowledge of shear wave velocity. The inversion formulas are derived from the dispersion of higher-order modes with the high-frequency approximation. The waveform of the example problems is simulated using the real-axis integral method. The data points on the dispersion curves are processed in the frequency domain using the wave-number method. These extracted data are then substituted into the derived formulas. The results verify that employing higher-order SH guided waves for the evaluation of thickness and shear wave velocity yields less than1% error. This method can be applied to both metallic and non-metallic pipelines, thus opening new possibilities for health monitoring of pipeline structures.

Generation and Analyzes of Guided WAVES in Planar Structures

Guided wave in plate propagates like shear waves and Lamb waves. Both kinds are very dispersive waves. Generation and analysis of dispersion curves is very important. Those are used to predict and describe the relation between frequency, thickness with phase velocity, group velocity and wave mode. For a stainless steel plate with thickness 5.89 mm we built dispersion curves for shear and Lamb waves. A method based on peak frequency shifts of the shear waves along with the thickness was applied. In line with dispersion curves of shear waves phase velocity was seen that mode of waves translate in some points, have experiment performance much better than other points.

Guided wave propagation in multilayered piezoelectric structures

A general formulation of the method of the reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM) based on the state space formalism and plane wave expansion technique is presented for the analysis of guided waves in multilayered piezoelectric structures. Each layer of the structure is made of an arbitrarily anisotropic piezoelectric material. Since the state equation of each layer is derived from the three-dimensional theory of linear piezoelectricity, all wave modes are included in the formulation. Within the framework of the MRRM, the phase relation is properly established by excluding exponentially growing functions, while the scattering relation is also appropriately set up by avoiding matrix inversion operation. Consequently, the present MRRM is unconditionally numerically stable and free from computational limitations to the total number of layers, the thickness of individual layers, and the frequency range. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the good performance of the proposed formulation for the analysis of the dispersion characteristic of waves in layered piezoelectric structures.

GUIDED CIRCUMFERENTIAL WAVES IN DOUBLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

A model of guided circumferential waves propagating in double-walled carbon nanotubes is built by the theory of wave propagation in continuum mechanics, while the van der Waals force between the inner and outer nanotube has been taken into account in the model. The dispersion curves of the guided circumferential wave propagation are studied, and some dispersion characteristics are illustrated by comparing with those of single-walled carbon nanotubes. It is found that in double-walled carbon nanotubes, the guided circumferential waves will propagate in more dispersive ways. More interactions between neighboring wave modes may take place. In particular, it has been found that a couple of wave modes may disappear at a certain frequency and that, while a couple of wave modes disappear, another new couple of wave modes are excited at the same wave number.

正交匹配追踪优化稀疏频散Radon变换多模式导波分离方法

原始频散Radon变换(DRT)方法中的有限孔径效应以及算子非正交性影响了DRT导波信号参数提取的精度,因此提出了一种稀疏频散Radon变换方法以实现更精确的导波混叠模式分离和参数估计。该方法基于导波信号的参数域稀疏性,引入正交匹配追踪算法构造代价函数,经多次迭代在频散Radon域中获得稀疏能量谱,可精确分离阵列导波信号中的混叠模式并去噪。对不同信噪比下各模式仿真信号,稀疏DRT方法的信号重建误差较原始频散Radon变换方法下降51.1%。仿真和实验验证了所提算法在导波模式参数提取和混合模式分离方面的可靠性。

采用矩阵束方法的复合材料圆管周向导波频散数据获取

基于矩阵束算法,提出了一种从弧形阵列采集数据中获取复合材料圆管多模态周向导波频散数据的方法。首先根据留数定理,给出了频率域导波响应信号的多模态周向导波叠加公式,构建了阵列导波信号的Hankel矩阵;然后通过求解Hankel矩阵的广义特征值获取了导波的频散数据,给出了综合利用正向和反向接收弧形阵列处理结果降低频散数据中噪声的方法;最后,设计了碳纤维复合材料圆管中周向传播导波信号的测量实验,利用矩阵束方法获取了圆管周向导波的频散数据,并与采用半解析有限元方法模拟的理论频散曲线进行了对比分析。理论频散曲线与实验数据吻合良好,表明该方法具有很强的鲁棒性,即使采用空气耦合换能器作为发射接收阵列,也可以有效地从弧形阵列波形信号中获取周向导波的频散数据。

基于超声导波的螺栓轴向应力测量方法

风电叶片是风力发电机的核心部件,叶片螺栓不仅是承受复杂应力的零件,也是承受最高负载的零件。为避免螺栓断裂造成危险隐患和经济损失,设计了一种基于超声导波的在役螺栓轴向应力测量系统,可实现对多种型号螺栓轴向应力的精确测量。首先,通过数值计算得到超声导波群速度频散曲线,基于胡克定律和声弹性效应建立了螺栓轴向应力与超声导波声时的线性数学模型,并在COMSOL软件中通过仿真验证了单纵波换能器实现超声导波应力测量的有效性。然后,针对超声导波回波信号模态混叠以及实际测量中噪声对超声导波声时测量结果的干扰,利用基于回波补偿的降噪算法实现了对实际测量信号的降噪处理,并采用经验小波变换算法对超声导波回波信号进行了模态分解,利用互相关法得到超声导波模态的精确声时。最后,通过实验测试完成了18种型号的螺栓在30%~90%屈服强度内的轴向应力的精确测量,相对测量误差小于2%。研究结果有助于改进螺栓装配工艺以及规范工人操作流程。

On the eigenvalues and eigendisplacement of the critical mode in horizontally layered media

Wave propagation in horizontally layered media is a classical problem in seismic-wave theory.In semi-infinite space,a nondispersive Rayleigh wave mode exists,and the eigendisplacement decays exponentially with depth.In a layered model with increasing layer velocity,the phase velocity of the Rayleigh wave varies between the S-wave velocity of the bottom half-space and that of the classical Rayleigh wave propagated in a supposed half-space formed by the parameters of the top layer.If the phase velocity is the same as the P-or S-wave velocity of the layer,which is called the critical mode or critical phase velocity of surface waves,the general solution of the wave equation is not a homogeneous(expressed by trigonometric functions)or inhomogeneous(expressed by exponential functions)plane wave,but one whose amplitude changes linearly with depth(expressed by a linear function).Theories based on a general solution containing only trigonometric or exponential functions do not apply to the critical mode,owing to the singularity at the critical phase velocity.In this study,based on the classical framework of generalized reflection and transmission coefficients,the propagation of surface waves in horizontally layered media was studied by introducing a solution for the linear function at the critical phase velocity.Therefore,the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the critical mode can be calculated by solving a singular problem.The eigendisplacement characteristics associated with the critical phase velocity were investigated for different layered models.In contrast to the normal mode,the eigendisplacement associated with the critical phase velocity exhibits different characteristics.If the phase velocity is equal to the S-wave velocity in the bottom half-space,the eigendisplacement remains constant with increasing depth.

高压断路器储能蜗卷弹簧超声导波检测技术应用研究

储能蜗卷弹簧是高压断路器操动机构的核心部件,在工作中容易产生疲劳裂纹或损伤,对其超声导波检测是确保电网安全稳定运行的重要措施。文中通过研究断路器储能蜗卷弹簧超声导波传播机理,开展断路器储能蜗卷弹簧超声导波检测的影响因素分析,同时设计开发了一套断路器储能蜗卷弹簧无损检测的超声导波检测仪器,并经现场实际检测验证,解决了断路器储能蜗卷弹簧在不解体情况下检测难题,为今后储能蜗卷弹簧入网检测提供新的技术手段。

钢绞线导波传播特性研究

导波作为一种有效的无损检测方法,在钢绞线检测中具有广阔的应用前景。钢绞线的特殊螺旋结构,使得导波在钢绞线中的传播性质尚未完全了解。该文研究了导波在七丝钢绞线中频散性质。利用FrenetSerret方法建立了螺旋坐标系,在此基础上对传统半解析有限元方法进行了改进,得到了适用于螺旋结构的波导特征方程。计算了单根高强直钢丝的频散曲线,分析了导波的频散特性,研究了导波在七丝钢绞线中传播的频散特性,得到的频散曲线“陷频”现象中心频率与实验结果一致,并且钢绞线和直钢丝的频散曲线具有很大差异。通过钢绞线超声导波应力测试实验验证了该文所提出的螺旋半解析有限元法的正确性和有效性。结果表明,实验结果与理论群速度吻合良好,并且钢绞线的轴向应力与钢绞线中导波群速度近似线性关系。

Spatial-temporal characterization of the San Andreas Fault by fault-zone trapped waves at seismic experiment site,Parkfield,California

In this article,we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault(SAF)at Parkfield,using the fault-zone trapped wave(FZTW)since the middle 1980s.Parkfield,California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s,and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting.More than ten types of field experiments(including seismic,geophysical,geochemical,geodetic and so on)have been carried out at this experimental site since then.In the fall of 2003,a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth(SAFOD)site;the main-hole(MH)passed a~200-m-wide low-velocity zone(LVZ)with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of~3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level(Hickman et al.,2005;Zoback,2007;Lockner et al.,2011).Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004,which were located within the LVZ of the fault at~3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF.On September 282004,a M6 earthquake occurred~15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield.The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake.This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF,California,will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models,the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.

Distribution Free Waves in Viscoelastic Wedge with an Arbitrary Angle Tops

In work questions of distribution of waves in a viscoelastic wedge with any corner of top is considered. The elastic cylinder with a radial crack is a wedge corner. The regional task for system of the differential equations in private derivatives is decided by means of a method of straight lines that allows using a method of orthogonal prorace.

Stability of Nonlinear Te Surface Waves along the Boundary of Left-Handed Material

This paper is concerned with the stability characteristics of nonlinear surface waves propagating along a left-handed substrate (LHM) and a non-linear dielectric cover. These characteristics have been simulated numerically by using the perturbation method. The growth rate of perturbation is computed by solving the dispersion equation of perturbation. I found that the stability of nonlinear surface waves is affected by the frequency dependence of the electric permittivity εh and magnetic permeability μh of the LHM. The spatial evolution of the steady state field amplitude is determined by using computer simulation method. The calculations show that with increasing the effective refractive index nx at fixed saturation parameter μp, the field distribution is sharpened and concentrated in the nonlinear medium. The waves are stable of forward and backward behavior. At higher values of nx, attenuated backward waves are observed.

超声导波频散曲线反演皮质骨参数的研究

皮质骨参数的变化可以反映骨质的健康状况,因此文章提出了一种频散能量匹配算法来反演皮质骨参数。首先,通过频散特性方程计算出预定义参数下的频散曲线数据库;其次,利用时域有限差分算法建立皮质骨声场模型,将仿真的时域信号通过功率谱估计得到频散能量信息,并与数据库进行匹配,通过分析匹配结果的能量从而得到皮质骨的厚度、纵波速度和横波速度。仿真结果显示:与理论值相比,厚度的平均相对误差为3.8%,纵波速度与横波速度的平均相对误差分别为0.6%、0.9%。对三组离体牛胫骨皮质骨进行反演,离体实验结果显示:与真实值相比,厚度相对误差为4.9%,且实验频散曲线与反演得到的理论频散曲线吻合。因此文中所提出的反演算法可以有效获取皮质骨的厚度,横波速度和纵波速度,从而为评价骨质的健康状况提供可靠的依据。

基于超声导波的方钻杆检测方法研究

针对传统超声在检测长达十余米的方钻杆时效率极端低下的问题,提出基于超声导波的方钻杆检测方法。首先,利用半解析有限元方法,求解方钻杆结构的频散方程并绘制频散曲线,选择群速度值最大、曲线比较平坦、频率范围为70 kHz~130 kHz的L(0,2)作为方钻杆的检测模态;其次,优化选取中心频率为100 kHz的L(0,2)模态作为激励信号,以尺寸为25 mm×5 mm×0.5 mm的环形压电晶片阵列作为传感器,提高L(0,2)模态在100 kHz的信噪比;最后,基于仿真和实验方法,采用L(0,2)模态导波对方钻杆进行了检测。结果表明,L(0,2)超声导波能够有效检测整根方钻杆面上和棱上的圆孔及槽型缺陷,提高了检测效率,为方钻杆的检测提供了一种新的思路和方法。

薄壁结构损伤识别的超声导波多模态融合成像方法

针对稀疏阵列损伤定位精度低和分辨率不高的问题,基于超声导波频散和多模态效应,提出了一种适用于薄壁结构损伤识别的相控阵超声导波多模态融合成像方法。首先,利用频散预补偿机制构造超声导波频散预补偿激励信号,消除超声导波响应信号的频散效应,校正相位失真,实现超声导波合成波阵面动态聚焦;其次,通过Chirp线性调频信号激励技术,提取A0模态和S0模态占优的窄带高频超声导波响应信号作为检测波形,利用相控阵全聚焦方法构造单模态超声导波全聚焦成像;最后,利用不同模态超声导波频散特性差异显著的特点,融合A0模态和S0模态相控阵超声导波全聚焦成像结果,实现超声导波多模态融合成像。实验结果表明:所提超声导波多模态融合成像方法不需要基准信号,能够实现铝板结构单损伤、多损伤高精度定位和高分辨率成像,最大定位误差仅为7.2 mm;相比于单模态聚焦成像,多模态融合成像结果可以有效提高损伤成像的分辨率和信噪比,抑制旁瓣,避免产生伪像。所提方法可为薄壁结构多损伤检测提供有效途径。

多层圆柱体锚固结构中超声导波频散特征的研究

超声导波无损检测技术因其高效和快捷的优点成为检测锚杆锚固质量的有效方法。但锚固锚杆结构中超声导波的多模态性、频散性与能量泄露导致完整的锚杆底端反射信号的获得具有不确定性。应用弹性动力学理论并采用全局矩阵法建立超声导波在多层圆柱体锚固结构中的频散方程的通用表达式,然后通过非线性外推法和二分法两步算法求解频散方程的精确解,解决了频散曲线的分类和相交等难题,获得了具有自主知识产权的求解多层圆柱体锚固结构频散曲线的程序。利用该程序计算了不同锚固锚杆结构的频散曲线,并与商用软件Disperse计算的结果吻合较好。同时用本程序计算了实验室有限锚固结构中的频散曲线,验证了低频导波在有限与无限结构中的巨大差异,而这一结构特征的频散特性Disperse并未给出相关算例。

基于超声导波反演参数定征皮质骨骨质状况研究

骨质疏松发生时,人体皮质骨层的孔隙度将增大。为研究皮质骨参数(厚度、横波速度、纵波速度)与骨质疏松症的关系,文章利用有限元方法对不同孔隙度(0∶3%∶27%)的单层皮质骨进行仿真,以3个周期的高斯包络正弦波作为激励,将采集到的超声导波信号先后经过二维傅里叶变换和Burg算法处理后得到频散数据,与基于FloquetBloch理论建立的理论频散曲线数据库进行匹配反演,得到皮质骨厚度、横波速度、纵波速度参数。结果显示皮质骨厚度反演准确,皮质骨孔隙度与横波速度和纵波速度呈负相关,横波速度敏感度为19.0%,纵波速度敏感度为5.5%。横波速度敏感度更高,临床诊断潜力更大。并对6组牛胫骨进行了离体实验,结果显示,反演得到的皮质骨厚度与其实际测量值的平均相对误差为4.0%,且实验频散曲线与理论频散曲线相吻合,验证了文中算法在真实皮质骨参数反演上的可行性和准确性。文中的研究在骨质疏松超声检测中具有应用潜力。

基于级数法的热弹各向异性层合板兰姆波频散特性分析

基于勒让德级数法,联立Green-Nagdhi热弹性理论,建立了含温度场各向异性层合板的超声导波频散特性理论模型,揭示温度场环境下多层复合材料中超声导波的传播过程.同时,构建了温度场环境下多层各向同性与各向异性层合板的声学频域仿真模型,以提取特定温度下层合板超声导波的频散曲线.通过对比仿真数据与理论计算的结果,验证了所提理论方法的有效性.随后,以不同铺层方向单向纤维材料组成的层合板为例,分析了相同温度条件下中间层纤维角度对各向异性层合板超声导波频散曲线的影响规律,并细节分析了特定频率处A0模态的位移及应力波结构的分布特征.此外,着重考虑温度场变化对碳纤维复合材料层合板中超声导波频散特性的影响机理,指出导波基础模态的偏移规律,并详细列举了不同频率与温度下的基础模态相速度值.最后,利用不同温度工况下的相速度差值,提取多层各向异性层合板相速度温度敏感度变化曲线,探究不同频率下对称和反对称模态的相速度温度敏感度,为多层复合材料力学性能的超声无损检测与评估提供了理论基础.

超声导波在管中传播的理论分析与试验研究

采用分布式PZT传感器在管中激励和接收超声导波。根据在管状波导中传播的超声波具有频散现象及多模态特征,选择具有单一频率的特定信号激励超声波,使其频散最小;同时采用分布式传感器抑制不同模态的波型。其试验结果与理论预测相吻合。