The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue（GALT） are essential components of whole body immune defense,protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens,while allowing tolerance to commensal bacteria...The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue（GALT） are essential components of whole body immune defense,protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens,while allowing tolerance to commensal bacteria and dietary antigens.The requirement for protein to support the immune system is well established.Less is known regarding the immune modifying properties of individual amino acids,particularly on the GALT.Both oral and parenteral feeding studies have established convincing evidence that not only the total protein intake,but the availability of specific dietary amino acids（in particular glutamine,glutamate,and arginine,and perhaps methionine,cysteine and threonine） are essential to optimizing the immune functions of the intestine and the proximal resident immune cells.These amino acids each have unique properties that include,maintaining the integrity,growth and function of the intestine,as well as normalizing inflammatory cytokine secretion and improving T-lymphocyte numbers,specific T cell functions,and the secretion of IgA by lamina propria cells.Our understanding of this area has come from studies that have supplemented single amino acids to a mixed protein diet and measuring the effect on specific immune parameters.Future studies should be designed using amino acid mixtures that target a number of specific functions of GALT in order to optimize immune function in domestic animals and humans during critical periods of development and various disease states.展开更多
AIM To present a comprehensive review of the etiology, clinical features, macroscopic and pathological findings, and clinical significance of Gut-associated lymphoid tissue or "dome" carcinoma of the colon.M...AIM To present a comprehensive review of the etiology, clinical features, macroscopic and pathological findings, and clinical significance of Gut-associated lymphoid tissue or "dome" carcinoma of the colon.METHODS The English language medical literature on gut-or gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue(GALT) or "dome" carcinoma of the colon was searched and appraised.RESULTS GALT/dome-type carcinomas of the colon are thought to arise from the M-cells of the lymphoglandular complex of the intestine. They are typically asymptomatic and have a characteristic endoscopic plaque-or "dome"-like appearance. Although the histology of GALT/dome-type carcinomas displays some variability, they are characterized by submucosal localization, a prominent lymphoid infiltrate with germinal center formation, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, absence of desmoplasia, and dilated glands lined by columnar epithelial cells with bland nuclear features and cytoplasmic eosinophilia. None of the patients reported in the literature with follow-up have developed metastatic disease or local recurrence.CONCLUSION Increased awareness amongst histopathologists of this variant of colorectal adenocarcinoma is likely to lead to the recognition of more cases.展开更多
The colorectal mucosa includes two quantitatively, structurally and functionally dissimilar areas: one, built with columnar and goblet cells, covers the vast majority of the mucosa, and the other consists of scattered...The colorectal mucosa includes two quantitatively, structurally and functionally dissimilar areas: one, built with columnar and goblet cells, covers the vast majority of the mucosa, and the other consists of scattered minute gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The overwhelming majority of colorectal carcinomas evolve in GALT-free mucosal areas and very rarely in GALT aggregates. Remarkably, the colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) displays a high number of newly formed GALT-aggregates. The patient here described is a 68-year-old female with a history of UC since 1984. At surveillance colonoscopy in 2012, one of two detected polyps was a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. Beneath this adenoma, a well-circumscribed GALT sheltering a carcinoma was found. Serial sections revealed no connection between the villous adenomaand the GALT-carcinoma. The GALT-carcinoma here reported seems to have evolved in a newly formed, UC- dependent, GALT complex. This notion is substantiated by the fact that 27% or 4 out of the 15 cases of GALT- carcinomas in the colon reported in the literature (including the present case) evolved in patients with UC.展开更多
The relationship between IgA nephropathy(IgAN)and Crohn’s disease was reported.IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure,an...The relationship between IgA nephropathy(IgAN)and Crohn’s disease was reported.IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure,and up to 50%of cases progressed to end-stage renal disease within 25 years after IgAN diagnosis.However,specific and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking.In this review,we discuss the possibility of the mechanism involved in IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease based on the findings of basic and clinical studies.Although the etiology of IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease is not permanent and various factors are thought to be involved,the stabilization of the disease condition of Crohn’s disease is believed to help treat IgAN.展开更多
The occurrence of massive CD4+ T cell depletion is one of the most prominent characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during acute phase, resulting in unrestorable destruction to the im...The occurrence of massive CD4+ T cell depletion is one of the most prominent characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during acute phase, resulting in unrestorable destruction to the immune system. The infected host undergoes an asymptomatic period lasting several years with low viral load and ostensibly healthy status, which is presumably due to virus-specific adaptive immune responses. In the absence of therapy, an overwhelming majority of cases develop to AIDS within 8-10 years of latent infection. In this review, we discuss the roles in AIDS pathogenesis played by massive CD4+ T lymphocytes depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) during acute infection and abnormal immune activation emerging in the later part of chronic phase.展开更多
基金supported by CJ Field’s funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC)
文摘The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue（GALT） are essential components of whole body immune defense,protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens,while allowing tolerance to commensal bacteria and dietary antigens.The requirement for protein to support the immune system is well established.Less is known regarding the immune modifying properties of individual amino acids,particularly on the GALT.Both oral and parenteral feeding studies have established convincing evidence that not only the total protein intake,but the availability of specific dietary amino acids（in particular glutamine,glutamate,and arginine,and perhaps methionine,cysteine and threonine） are essential to optimizing the immune functions of the intestine and the proximal resident immune cells.These amino acids each have unique properties that include,maintaining the integrity,growth and function of the intestine,as well as normalizing inflammatory cytokine secretion and improving T-lymphocyte numbers,specific T cell functions,and the secretion of IgA by lamina propria cells.Our understanding of this area has come from studies that have supplemented single amino acids to a mixed protein diet and measuring the effect on specific immune parameters.Future studies should be designed using amino acid mixtures that target a number of specific functions of GALT in order to optimize immune function in domestic animals and humans during critical periods of development and various disease states.
文摘AIM To present a comprehensive review of the etiology, clinical features, macroscopic and pathological findings, and clinical significance of Gut-associated lymphoid tissue or "dome" carcinoma of the colon.METHODS The English language medical literature on gut-or gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue(GALT) or "dome" carcinoma of the colon was searched and appraised.RESULTS GALT/dome-type carcinomas of the colon are thought to arise from the M-cells of the lymphoglandular complex of the intestine. They are typically asymptomatic and have a characteristic endoscopic plaque-or "dome"-like appearance. Although the histology of GALT/dome-type carcinomas displays some variability, they are characterized by submucosal localization, a prominent lymphoid infiltrate with germinal center formation, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, absence of desmoplasia, and dilated glands lined by columnar epithelial cells with bland nuclear features and cytoplasmic eosinophilia. None of the patients reported in the literature with follow-up have developed metastatic disease or local recurrence.CONCLUSION Increased awareness amongst histopathologists of this variant of colorectal adenocarcinoma is likely to lead to the recognition of more cases.
文摘The colorectal mucosa includes two quantitatively, structurally and functionally dissimilar areas: one, built with columnar and goblet cells, covers the vast majority of the mucosa, and the other consists of scattered minute gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The overwhelming majority of colorectal carcinomas evolve in GALT-free mucosal areas and very rarely in GALT aggregates. Remarkably, the colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) displays a high number of newly formed GALT-aggregates. The patient here described is a 68-year-old female with a history of UC since 1984. At surveillance colonoscopy in 2012, one of two detected polyps was a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. Beneath this adenoma, a well-circumscribed GALT sheltering a carcinoma was found. Serial sections revealed no connection between the villous adenomaand the GALT-carcinoma. The GALT-carcinoma here reported seems to have evolved in a newly formed, UC- dependent, GALT complex. This notion is substantiated by the fact that 27% or 4 out of the 15 cases of GALT- carcinomas in the colon reported in the literature (including the present case) evolved in patients with UC.
文摘The relationship between IgA nephropathy(IgAN)and Crohn’s disease was reported.IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure,and up to 50%of cases progressed to end-stage renal disease within 25 years after IgAN diagnosis.However,specific and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking.In this review,we discuss the possibility of the mechanism involved in IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease based on the findings of basic and clinical studies.Although the etiology of IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease is not permanent and various factors are thought to be involved,the stabilization of the disease condition of Crohn’s disease is believed to help treat IgAN.
文摘The occurrence of massive CD4+ T cell depletion is one of the most prominent characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during acute phase, resulting in unrestorable destruction to the immune system. The infected host undergoes an asymptomatic period lasting several years with low viral load and ostensibly healthy status, which is presumably due to virus-specific adaptive immune responses. In the absence of therapy, an overwhelming majority of cases develop to AIDS within 8-10 years of latent infection. In this review, we discuss the roles in AIDS pathogenesis played by massive CD4+ T lymphocytes depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) during acute infection and abnormal immune activation emerging in the later part of chronic phase.
