Bariatric surgeries have emerged as highly effective treatments for obesity associated type-2 diabetes mellitus.Evidently,the desired therapeutic endpoints such as rates of weight loss,lower levels of glycated hemoglo...Bariatric surgeries have emerged as highly effective treatments for obesity associated type-2 diabetes mellitus.Evidently,the desired therapeutic endpoints such as rates of weight loss,lower levels of glycated hemoglobin and remission of diabetes are achieved more rapidly and last longer following bariatric surgery,as opposed to drug therapies alone.In light of these findings,it has been suspected that in addition to causing weight loss dependent glucose intolerance,bariatric surgery induces other physiological changes that contribute to the alleviation of diabetes.However,the putative post-surgical neuro-hormonal pathways that underpin the therapeutic benefits of bariatric surgery remain undefined.In a recent report,Ryan and colleagues shed new light on the potential mechanisms that determine the salutary effects of bariatric surgery in mice.The authors demonstrated that the improved glucose tolerance and weight loss in mice after vertical sleeve gastrectomy(VSG) surgery were likely to be caused by post-surgical changes in circulating bile acids and farnesoid-X receptor(FXR) signaling,both of which were also mechanistically linked to changes in the microbial ecology of the gut.The authors arrived at this conclusion from a comparison of genome-wide,metabolic consequences of VSG surgery in obese wild type(WT) and FXR knockout mice.Gene expression in the distal small intestines of WT and FXR knockout mice revealed that the pathways regulating bile acid composition,nutrient metabolism and anti-oxidant defense were differentially altered by VSG surgery in WT and FXR-/-mice.Based on these data Ryan et al,hypothesized that bile acid homeostasis and FXR signaling were mechanistically linked to the gut microbiota that played a role in modulating post-surgical changes in total body mass and glucose tolerance.The authors' data provide a plausible explanation for putative weight loss-independent benefits of bariatric surgery and its relationship with metabolism of bile acids.展开更多
A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years.It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influe...A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years.It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus(AIV).Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled,our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans,as well as the underlying mechanisms,is still improving.The“One Health”approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza,which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health.Therefore,monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment,animals,and humans.This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms.With the presented suggestions,we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the“One Health”approach.展开更多
文摘Bariatric surgeries have emerged as highly effective treatments for obesity associated type-2 diabetes mellitus.Evidently,the desired therapeutic endpoints such as rates of weight loss,lower levels of glycated hemoglobin and remission of diabetes are achieved more rapidly and last longer following bariatric surgery,as opposed to drug therapies alone.In light of these findings,it has been suspected that in addition to causing weight loss dependent glucose intolerance,bariatric surgery induces other physiological changes that contribute to the alleviation of diabetes.However,the putative post-surgical neuro-hormonal pathways that underpin the therapeutic benefits of bariatric surgery remain undefined.In a recent report,Ryan and colleagues shed new light on the potential mechanisms that determine the salutary effects of bariatric surgery in mice.The authors demonstrated that the improved glucose tolerance and weight loss in mice after vertical sleeve gastrectomy(VSG) surgery were likely to be caused by post-surgical changes in circulating bile acids and farnesoid-X receptor(FXR) signaling,both of which were also mechanistically linked to changes in the microbial ecology of the gut.The authors arrived at this conclusion from a comparison of genome-wide,metabolic consequences of VSG surgery in obese wild type(WT) and FXR knockout mice.Gene expression in the distal small intestines of WT and FXR knockout mice revealed that the pathways regulating bile acid composition,nutrient metabolism and anti-oxidant defense were differentially altered by VSG surgery in WT and FXR-/-mice.Based on these data Ryan et al,hypothesized that bile acid homeostasis and FXR signaling were mechanistically linked to the gut microbiota that played a role in modulating post-surgical changes in total body mass and glucose tolerance.The authors' data provide a plausible explanation for putative weight loss-independent benefits of bariatric surgery and its relationship with metabolism of bile acids.
基金supported by grants from the Central Universities,Lanzhou University,China(lzujbky-2021-ey07)the scientific research project of Lanzhou City(2022-RC-42).
文摘A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years.It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus(AIV).Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled,our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans,as well as the underlying mechanisms,is still improving.The“One Health”approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza,which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health.Therefore,monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment,animals,and humans.This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms.With the presented suggestions,we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the“One Health”approach.