Prevalence of Cesarean Section at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Guyana: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study

The International Healthcare Community recommends that countries do not exceed a 15% rate for cesarean section (CS). Our objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with CS at GPHC from July to September 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out and data were collected from 1296 mothers, who met the inclusion criteria, through face-to-face interviews after obtaining prior informed consent. We performed descriptive analyses both for the outcome and independent variables. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with CS with a p-value Results: The prevalence of CS at GPHC was 28.9% (95%CI: 26.5-31.5). Factors associated factors with CS were mothers aged 20 to 34 years (AOR: 1.56, 95%CI: 1.02 - 2.39, P = 0.039);mothers who received more than three minimum wages (AOR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.29 - 2.97, P = 0.002) and who attended prenatal care at both public and private health facilities (AOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.19 - 5.22, P = 0.022). Likewise, the highest Odds of CS were observed in mothers with gestational hypertension (AOR: 2.00, 95%CI: 1.35 - 2.96, P Conclusion: The prevalence of CS is higher than the ideal rate recommended by the International Healthcare Community. More studies are needed to understand the reasons for such high prevalence at GPHC.

Zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope constraints on Archean crustal evolution in Southeastern Guyana Shield

The southeastern Guyana Shield,northeast Amazonian Craton,in the north of Brazil,is part of a widespread orogenic belt developed during the Transamazonian orogenic cycle(2.26-1.95 Ga)that includes a large Archean continental landmass strongly reworked during the Transamazonian orogeny,named Amapa Block.It consists mainly of a high-grade metamorphic granulitic-migmatitic-gneiss complex,of Meso-to Neoarchean age and Rhyacian granitoids and supracrustal sequences.For the first time,coupled U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope data were obtained on zircon by LA-ICP-MS from five tectono-stratigraphic units of the Archean basement and one Paleoproterozoic intrusive rock,in order to investigate the main episodes of crustal growth and reworking.Whole-rock Sm-Nd isotope data were compared to the zircon Lu-Hf data.Three main magmatic episodes were defined by U-Pb zircon dating,two in the Mesoarchean(~3.19 Ga and 2.85 Ga)and one in the Neoarchean(~2.69-2.65 Ga).SubchondriticεHf(t)values obtained for almost all investigated units indicate that crustal reworking processes were predominant during the formation of rocks that today make up the Amapa Block.Hf-TDMC model ages,ranging from2.99 Ga to 3.97 Ga,indicate that at least two important periods of mantle extraction and continental crust formation occurred during the Archean in southeastern Guyana Shield,an older one in the Eoarchean(~4.0 Ga)and a younger one in the Mesoarchean(~3.0-3.1 Ga).The latter is recognized as an important period of crustal accretion worldwide.The recognition of an Eoarchean episode to the southeastern most part of the Guyana Shield is unprecedented and was not recorded by whole-rock Sm-Nd data,which were restricted to the Meso-Paleoarchean(2.83 Ga to 3.51 Ga).This finding reveals t hat continental crust generation in the Amazonian Craton began at least 500 Ma earlier than previously suggested by the SmNd systematics.

Restoration of Forested Lands under Bauxite Mining with Emphasis on Guyana during the First Two Decades of the XXI Century: A Review

Mining poses a major environmental threat to tropical forest ecosystems, given its role in long-term forest degradation. Like Suriname, Guyana presents one of the less disturbed forested lands in South America. The local economy is improving, thanks to the development of mining which is primarily focused on gold, diamond, and bauxite. This, however, has resulted in long-term degradation of important forest ecosystems and the pollution of water bodies, and these have given rise to increasing concentrations of sediments. Taking into consideration the afore-mentioned, this review synthesizes, for the first time, literature which describes knowledge-based restoration practices in forested fragmented landscapes at different bauxite mining areas. The principal objective of this endeavor is to learn from case studies that have been carried out in the Neotropics especially in South America, with a view to applying best practices to the Guyana context. It has been found that mining presents a serious challenge for physical, chemical, and biological restoration. Comprehensive knowledge of the ecology of the landscape—structure and configuration, soil type, physical, chemical and biological properties, dispersal mode, and the identification and quantification/inventory of plant communities is critically important pinpointed for planning restoration programmes. The process of recovering some of the ecological functions of the pristine forest, through natural regeneration, is vital to supporting biodiversity in overburden dumps and to mitigating environmental impacts. One of these many functions, functional connectivity, can be enhanced to optimize the restoration of forest cover leading to an increase in local biodiversity. Bearing in mind the afore-stated, this review synthesizes passive and active restoration through reforestation with local and exotic species, ecological management of colonization, nucleation practices, and the use of Landscape Ecology models. These have been identified as the most appropriate to follow, given that a spatially driven design can provide much needed knowledge of the restoration/reclamation plan for Bauxite Mine Lands. Ecologically sound designs are a catalyst for devising mechanisms which can (help to) reduce environmental impacts. These designs can also help to boost the velocity at which ecological processes operate, in order to increase the resilience of ecosystems and the connectivity between forest patches and continuous pristine forests.

少断裂深水油气成藏模式与有利区优选——以圭亚那盆地上白垩统为例

为明确少断裂深水油气运移机理与成藏富集模式,以圭亚那盆地上白垩统为对象,利用地震、测井、钻井及烃源岩测试分析等资料,研究盆地上白垩统石油地质特征,明确研究区成藏模式,划分勘探有利区。结果表明:烃源岩为土伦阶—康尼亚克阶沉积的巨厚黑色页岩,TOC质量分数为4%~7%,有机质类型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主;储层为坎潘阶—马斯特里赫特阶水道、堤岸、朵叶亚相砂岩;主要盖层为古近纪早期沉积的泥岩与物性较差的巨厚粉砂岩。盆地陆坡区发育砂体叠置—断层斜向型运移体系,形成“源—储紧邻、断—砂匹配、水道聚集”的成藏模式;深水区发育砂体叠置—裂缝垂向型运移体系,形成“源—储分离、缝—砂匹配、高点聚集”的成藏模式。盆地中心深水区烃源岩发育与水道发育叠合区为勘探首选目标,北部堤岸发育与烃源岩发育叠合区或未与烃源岩重合的水道发育地区为勘探的第二选择。该结果对相似地质条件的盆地勘探具有指导意义。

Building capabilities in natural resource-dependent economies:An innovation systems analysis of the TVET program in Guyana

This paper examines Guyana's technical and vocational education and training(TVET)system in relation to diversifying the country's economy away from natural resource exports.The innovation systems approach is used to examine the effectiveness of TVET as a means of building capabilities in Guyana's key industries,gold and sugar,providing a snapshot of the state of the system in early,2016.Ten interviewees across several areas of expertise were consulted in Georgetown,Guyana.The analysis of primary and secondary research finds TVET's effectiveness to be limited by a lack of labor market information and funding,energy costs,a“brain drain”,and insufficient information communication technology skills and infrastructure.Recommended remedies include increasing the frequency of labor market surveys,attracting the Guyanese diaspora back to share knowledge,reducing the cost of energy by taking advantage of domestic renewable energy potential,and setting up a Sovereign Wealth Fund.

Interview with Bayney Karran, Guyana’s ambassador to China

VOF:Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Guyana on June 27,1972,the bilateral relationship has developed smoothly with frequent high-level exchanges and close coordination in international affairs.The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,which concluded in Beijing on Oct 24,2017,marked the beginning of a new era for China.After the congress,China’s

国际大油公司深水油气勘探实践及启示——以圭亚那斯塔布鲁克区块为例

近年来,国际大油公司持续在深水领域取得勘探突破。其中埃克森美孚公司领导的勘探联合体在圭亚那的斯塔布鲁克区块获得31个深水油气田发现,使圭亚那成为南美地区石油行业的重要国家之一,同时也带动了周边海域的勘探热潮。圭亚那盆地横跨圭亚那和苏里南海域,埃克森美孚公司在圭亚那盆地的油气勘探主要经历了3个阶段,分别是1957—1982年超前布局圭亚那盆地苏里南海域;1999—2015年再进圭亚那盆地并长期坚守圭亚那海域;2015年至今地质认识和地震技术助推获得一系列勘探发现。国际大油公司,尤其是埃克森美孚公司领导的勘探联合体在圭亚那的勘探实践表明,开展区域地质综合研究并结合新资料坚定勘探信心,通过引进合作伙伴共担风险、共享收益,是风险勘探的典型做法,可为中国油公司实现从“走出去”迈向“走上去”开展海外油气勘探业务提供借鉴和参考。

“一带一路”视野下圭亚那针灸现况与发展思路

本文简述圭亚那医疗现况、挑战及未来发展思路。目前多学科协作模式的针灸科特色疼痛门诊是圭亚那针灸的特色和亮点,然而针灸执业手段相对单一、部分圭亚那患者健康意识较薄弱,在分析圭亚那针灸现况基础上,提出因地制宜、因人而异的海外发展思路。同时,针灸在对外交流中,可借鉴西方干针等相关前沿研究,融汇新知,从而创新发展;因材施教,多措施并举,不拘一格培育圭亚那的针灸人才;深化学科间合作,注重授人以渔;丰富中医干预方法,结合导引功法练习,进一步提升疗效。在未来对外传播中,积极介绍中医药文化和实证案例,提高中医知晓度、认同感和影响力;适时成立中国中医中心,满足当地民众对高质量医疗服务的需求,助力“一带一路”新的时代内涵。

圭亚那针灸病种分析及实践创新

介绍圭亚那针灸病种现况,剖析典型病案,阐释实践创新之路。近5年数据表明脊柱脊髓和四肢关节病是主要病种,脊柱脊髓类疾病中腰痛占比71.8%,明显高于颈椎病的28.2%,四肢关节疾病中膝关节骨性关节炎(KOA)比例最高,占比45.6%。重症KOA病案,提出研判膝外因素,关注腰臀部足少阳经筋“筋挛”“聚结”等病灶点,采用芒针雀啄恢刺臀中肌激痛点,减轻KOA疼痛,改善异常步态。顽固性偏头痛病案,从颈论治,采用项针透刺枕下激痛点结合微调上颈椎,降低偏头痛发作频率,减轻头痛程度。久病偏瘫病案,采用林氏头皮针配合运动想象训练,激发大脑相应功能区神经元活性,实现偏瘫功能质的提升。圭亚那实践提示立足临床,针对性解决病症难题,可助力海外拓展针灸更上一层楼。

The Environmental Risks Posed by the Oil and Gas Development and Its Potential Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems and the Coastal Community’s Well-Being

Guyana is an oil-producing country with oil and gas exploration and production operations approximately 190 km offshore. The coastal communities selected as the study areas in Region 1 and Region 2 are adjacent to the coast and 5 to 10 km inshore. In the event of oil spills, Shell Beach Protected Areas and the other selected communities will be negatively impacted, particularly the mangrove ecosystems and the community’s well-being. The research aims to investigate the potential environmental risks posed by oil and gas exploration and production activities. It followed a qualitative approach and employed semi-structured interviews with the Toshaos of the coastal communities. The data analysis strategy was thematic analysis using the Nvivo software. The major themes included community assets, the importance of mangrove ecosystems, and the impacts of mangrove ecosystem damage through oil spills. Oil spill pollution will negatively impact mangrove ecosystems and the coastal community well-being in Region 1 and Region 2. The major results include damage to cultural artefacts, saltwater intrusion of major creeks, reduced fish catch levels, and agriculture products, which are the main economic activities in the selected communities. Consuming contaminated agriculture and marine products will lead to adverse health problems. Mangrove ecosystems provide considerable benefits to coastal community residents, including shields against river bank erosion, natural habitats for wildlife and source of income, shared traditions, social values, recreational facilities, and tourist attractions. These benefits contribute to the overall coastal community’s well-being. The mangrove forests must be protected and conserved to avoid environmental damage.

圭亚那海上油气合作机遇及建议

圭亚那已成为全球海上油气勘探开发的热点,圭亚那政府正在对海上区块进行第一次许可招标。文章重点介绍了圭国主要招标要求、财税条款、企业社会责任、环境保护条款以及稳定性条款。建议中国石油企业紧盯圭亚那热点区块,通过多种方式加大圭亚那海上区块的获取力度,加强与国际石油公司的合作,并逐步从非作业者转为作业者。

温度胁迫对苜蓿和柱花草光合作用及N还原的影响

Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) and Guyana stylosanthes(Stylosanthes guianensis(Aubl.) Sw.) are two important forage legumes with high feeding quality.Alfalfa is cold-tolerant,but heat-sensitive,while Guyana stylosanthes is heat-tolerant,but cold-sensitive.In order to explore the adaptation mechanisms to temperature stress,the physiological responses of sugars metabolism,photosynthesis,and nitrogen reduction of these two forage legumes under low and high temperature stresses were comparatively studied by this paper.The seedlings of alfalfa(M.sativa cv.Longdong) and Guyana stylosanthes(S.guianensis cv.CIANT 184) were grown in glasshouse with temperature 20 to 30℃ under natural light condition.Six to seven-week seedlings of these two legumes were divided into three groups and transferred to growth chambers with three temperature treatments,respectively.The first group was subjected to temperature at 5 to 6℃ as cold treatment,the second group at 35 to 36℃ as heat treatment,and the third group at 25℃ as control.After a given time of treatment, the physiological indices were measured and the experimental results were summarized in the following sections.1 Sugars metabolism in response to temperature stressCompared to seedlings under room temperature,significant decrease of relative water content and increase of MDA content and ion leakage in alfalfa leaves occurred after 2 days of heat stress,while no significant changes were detected for those under cold stress for 5 days.The results indicate that alfalfa was easily injured by heat stress but tolerant to cold stress.On the contrary,Guyana stylosanthes maintained relatively high relative water content,low ion leakage,and low MDA content after 5 days of heat stress,while the MDA content and ion leakage were significantly increased under cold stress,indicating that Guyana stylosanthes was tolerant to heat stress,but sensitive to cold stress.The contents of total soluble sugars and sucrose and the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase(SS) were enhanced in both legumes after cold or heat stress treatments in comparison to control,but more enhancements were detected under cold stress than heat stress.Cold stress had a more influence on sugars accumulation than heat stress.Starch contents decreased in both legumes after cold or heat stress with highest content under control and lowest under cold stress.2 Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic rates in response to temperature stressPhotosynthetic rates in both legume forages decreased after heat or cold stress, but the responses were different between the two legumes.The photosynthetic rate of alfalfa decreased more under heat stress than cold stress,while it decreased more under cold stress than heat stress in Guyana stylosanthes.The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters(Fv/Fm,ФPSⅡ and qP) in alfalfa decreased greatly after heat stress,but decreased slightly under cold stress.In contrast,these parameters decreased greatly under cold stress and were not affected under heat stress in Guyana stylosanthes.The results indicate that photosystemⅡ activity in alfalfa was more sensitive to heat stress than Guyana stylosanthes,while that in Guyana stylosanthes was more sensitive to cold stress than alfalfa.ATP synthase activity and ATP content in chloroplasts of alfalfa were greatly decreased under heat stress,while those were little affected under cold stress.ATP content was also decreased in Guyana stylosanthes under cold stress,but it was not affected under heat stress.RuBPcase and FBPase activities in both legumes decreased under both heat and cold stress with lower activities in alfalfa and higher activities in Guyana stylosanthes under heat stress than cold stress,respectively.3 N assimilation in response to temperature stressActivities of nitrate reductase(NR),nitrite reductase(NiR),glutamine synthase(GS),and glutamate synthetase(GOGAT) were greatly decreased in leaves of alfalfa under heat stress,while they were little affected under cold stress.On the contrary,they were greatly decreased in Guyana stylosanthes under cold stress but little affected under heat stress.Temperature stresses induced the accumulation of NO-3-N and NH+4-N in leaves of both legumes,and higher levels were accumulated under heat stress in comparison to cold stress.The decreased activities of NR and NiR caused by temperature stresses resulted in the accumulation of NO3——N and NH4+-N in leaves. In summary,alfalfa exhibited tolerant to cold stress but sensitive to heat stress,while Guyana stylosanthes was tolerant to heat but sensitive to cold stress.Temperature stresses resulted in the injury of photosyntem Ⅱ and therefore inhibited photophosphorylation,which led to the limits of ATP supply in leaves,decreased photosynthesis,and N assimilation.

圭亚那儿童恶性疟疾54例临床分析

目的:探讨婴幼儿恶性疟疾的临床表现和治疗方法。方法:选择2010年6月-2012年6月南美洲圭亚那林登医院恶性疟疾患儿54例,对该组病例进行临床资料总结和使用复方蒿甲醚治疗的效果讨论。结果:经过使用复方蒿甲醚治疗,54例患儿全部康复,均未留有后遗症。结论:复方蒿甲醚抗疟效果迅速、高效,且具有使用方便和疗程短等优点,值得推广。

圭亚那矿业投资环境及安全性分析

圭亚那找矿潜力巨大,拥有丰富的铝土矿、金矿等资源且大多开发利用程度较低。圭亚那的矿业管理体制具有拉美国家共同的特点,能源与其它矿产适用不同的法律,具有矿产资源民族主义的特点。本文阐述了圭亚那矿产资源特征,介绍了矿业管理体制、涉矿税费、矿业投资及矿业用地政策,总结圭亚那矿业投资安全性及合作建议,为国内企业实施＂走出去＂战略提供重要的决策支持。

圭亚那中国矿工荚膜组织胞浆菌病暴发疫情的流行病学调查分析

目的调查分析圭亚那中国锰矿开采工人荚膜组织胞浆菌病暴发疫情的流行病学特征及原因,为今后荚膜组织胞浆菌病暴发疫情处置提供经验参考。方法收集该暴发疫情全部病例,分析暴发原因,并提出有针对性的防控措施。结果该起荚膜组织胞浆菌病暴发疫情总病例数为15例,罹患率为38.46%(15/39);年龄23~56岁,全部为男性;在15例病例中,死亡2例,重症4例,轻症9例。结论此次暴发荚膜组织胞浆菌病,疾病发生和严重程度与环境暴露强度和剂量依赖性有关。对于当地居民和旅行者去到类似环境时应进行有效的宣教和沟通,做好呼吸道防护是预防和控制疾病的有效措施。

圭亚那艾滋病防治督导与评估系统建设及其启示

圭亚那是拉丁美洲受艾滋病影响最严重的国家之一,在艾滋病防治督导与评估方面做了大量的工作。对圭亚那艾滋病防治督导与评估工作的特点、取得的成效及其存在的问题进行分析,探讨其成功经验,对完善我国艾滋病防治督导与评估系统提供借鉴。

大西洋被动陆缘盆地深水区油气藏形成机理与勘探实践

大西洋两岸被动大陆边缘盆地深水区是近十年全球油气勘探的重点地区,该盆地具有三层结构,下为裂陷期湖相沉积,中为过渡期局限海沉积,上为漂移期深水沉积。以区域油气地质研究为基础,结合典型油气藏解剖分析,重点对白垩世以后漂移期形成的海相上构造层的油气成藏主控因素与形成机理进行了深入研究。研究认为中白垩世以后漂移期海相地层中发育优质烃源岩,但分布不均,海底深水扇砂岩是主要储层,地层岩性圈闭是重要的储油气场所,烃源岩与运移是油气成藏的主控因素。提出大西洋两岸被动陆缘盆地漂移期构造层主要发育3类成藏模式:自生自储—层内砂体输导成藏、下生上储—层间断裂输导成藏和下生上储—层间超压微断裂输导成藏。研究认识指导了中国海油海外战略选区和新区块评价工作,及时规避了在西南非海岸盆地和利比里亚盆地的勘探风险,成功优选出圭亚那盆地等优质勘探潜力区,并与国际公司合作获得圭亚那Liza油田等多个重大发现,为海外增储上产奠定了丰富的储量基础。

紫金矿业成功竞购圭亚那金田的经验与启示

中国矿业企业“走出去”已经成为其自身壮大发展的一种必然选择。近年来,众多中国矿业企业向外发展并积极参与了全球矿业的并购市场。然而,矿业投资的机遇和风险并存,并购道路也并非一帆风顺。因此,矿业企业在实施“走出去”战略的过程中,分析典型案例并借鉴成功经验显得尤为必要。紫金矿业集团股份有限公司竞购圭亚那金田有限公司是2020年矿业界一次经典的并购案例,紫金矿业集团股份有限公司通过本次并购,以较低的代价,获得一个年产黄金4 t以上,金资源量达到185 t的海外大型矿山,取得了在圭亚那的立足点,叩开了圭亚那矿业市场的大门。本文复盘这起竞购,认为紫金矿业集团股份有限公司取得成功的经验在于坚定执行公司发展战略,依据自身管理和技术优势准确发现和评价出优质项目,竞购过程中运用合理的操作方式和快速决策机制锁定项目,并购后高效整合实现投产。这些经验对于我国致力于跨国并购的大型矿业企业来说具有重要的借鉴意义。

圭亚那群众足球发展现状及其对我国足球的启示

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