Origin of dolomites in the Permian dolomitic reservoirs of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin, NW China

Origin of authigenic dolomites in the dolomitic reservoir of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin is unclear.Occurrence and genetic evolution of the authigenic dolomites in dolomitic rock reservoir of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag were analyzed by polarized and fluorescence thin sections,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron microprobe(EMP),C,O and Sr isotopes analysis,and other techniques.(1)Dolomites were mainly precipitated in three stages:penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage(early stage of the Middle Permian),middle burial stage(middle stage of the Middle Permian),and middle-deep burial stage,with the former two stages in dominance.(2)Dolomitization fluid was high-salinity brine originating from alkaline lake.In the penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage,Mg^(2+)was mainly supplied by alkaline-lake fluid and devitrification of volcanic glass.In the middle burial stage,Mg^(2+)mainly came from the transformation of clay minerals,devitrification of volcanic glass and dissolution of aluminosilicates such as feldspar.(3)Regular changes of Mg,Mn,Fe,Sr,Si and other elements during the growth of dolomite were mainly related to the alkaline-lake fluid,and to different influences of devitrification and diagenetic alteration of volcanic materials during the burial.(4)In the penecontemporaneous stage,induced by alkaline-lake microorganisms,the micritic-microcrystalline dolomites were formed by primary precipitation,replacement of aragonite and high-Mg calcite,and other processes;in the shallow burial stage,the silt-sized dolomites were formed by continuous growth of micritic-microcrystalline dolomite and replacement of calcites,tuffs and other substances;in the middle burial stage,the dolomites,mainly silt-and fine-sized,were formed by replacement of volcanic materials.The research results are referential for investigating the formation mechanism and distribution patterns of tight dolomitic reservoirs in the Mahu Sag and other similar oil and gas bearing areas.

Geochemical characteristics and diagenetic systems of dolomite reservoirs of the Changxing Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin, China

In order to discuss the relationship between dolomite reservoirs and diagenetic systems of the Changxing Formation, we studied carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotopes, iron, manganese and strontium trace elements and the Mg/Ca （mol%） ratio, dolomite order degree, and determined that burial dolomitization is the key to controlling the distribution of high quality dolomite reservoir in the Changxing Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin. The dolomite of the Changxing Formation is divided into four diagenetic systems： （1） penecontemporaneous stage syngenetic brine diagenetic system, （2） early diagenetic stage strata seal brine diagenetic system, （3） middle-late diagenetic stage mixed hot brine diagenetic system and （4） tectonic uplift stage mixed hydrothermal fluid diagenetic system. New understanding of the controlling factors and distribution of dolomite reservoir development is discussed. Reef shoal facies belts controlled regional reservoir distribution and the scale of development. Burial dolomitization of a strata seal brine diagenetic system is the foundation of reservoir development, mainly developing pore reservoir. Burial dolomitization of mixed hot brine diagenetic system expanded the reservoir distribution and improved the reservoir quality, mainly developing pore-vug reservoir. Fracturing and dissolution of a mixed hydrothermal fluid diagenetic system is the key to improving the reservoir quality, mainly developing pore-vug-crack complex reservoirs.

A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics

Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ^(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.

Geochemical characteristics and diagenetic fluids of dolomite reservoirs in the Huanglong Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

Based on a comprehensive study of texture,diagenetic behavior and evolution of dolomite in the Huanglong Formation,trace （e.g.,Fe,Mn and Sr） and rare earth element （REE） geochemistry,andisotopic characteristics （e.g.,C,O and Sr）,four types of diagenetic fluids are identified in the Huanglong Formation dolomite reservoirs of the Eastern Sichuan Basin,China：1）：marine-derived pore waters in the marine diagenetic environment,2） sabkha compaction brine conserved in the early shallowburied diagenetic environment,3） strongly-oxidizing low-temperature meteoric water in the seepagesubsurface flow diagenetic environment,and 4） strongly reducing deeply seated mixed hot brine in the middle and deep burial diagenetic environment.The fluids developed hereditarily from one environment to another,which resulted in its respective characteristics.Fluid characteristics play an important role in the development of dolomite reservoirs：1） dolomitization by marine-derived pore water in the quasisyngenetic stage did not form an effective reservoir; 2） early diagenetic burial dolomitization by the sabkha compaction brine formed the basis for reservoir development; 3） meteoric water karstification in the paleo-epidiagenetic stage expanded both the distribution and the size of the reservoirs,and improved the reservoir quality; 4） deep-burial dissolution and tectonic fracturing in the reburial diagenetic stage further improved reservoir porosity and permeability.

Dolomitization and the causes of dolomitization dolomite reservoir

This paper utilizes multi-methods,such as core observation,slice identification,isotope analysis,trace element analysis,fluid inclusion technique and so on,to study the causes of the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag and the origins of the dolomite reservoir.The study results show that the forming environment of dolomite in the Nanpu Sag is a fresh-water lake environment,and the dolomite is the product of dolomitization which is caused by volcanic thermal fluids in the Early Dongying period.With the development of intergranular pores in the dolomitization process,a lot of dissolved pores/vugs and fractures were formed by denudation in the later periods because of the influence of thermal fluids including the associated fluids of volcanic activities and the expelled hydrocarbon fluids of the source rocks.On the whole,these secondary dissolution spaces greatly enhance the reservoir ability of the dolomite,and there are enough reservoir spaces in the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag.

Characteristics and main control factors of Ordovician shoal dolomite gas reservoir in Gucheng area,Tarim Basin,NW China

Based on seismic, drilling data and experimental analysis, the characteristics and main controlling factors of shoal dolomite gas reservoir in the third member of Ordovician Yingshan Formation of Gucheng area, Tarim basin were examined.The study shows that the dolomite gas reservoir in Gucheng area is lithologic gas reservoir controlled by shoal and fault jointly,and its formation is mainly attributed to the following factors:(1) The continuously developing paleotectonic structure has been in the direction of gas migration and accumulation;(2) The large area of medium-high energy grain bank deposited in gentle slope environment is the material basis for the formation of dolomite reservoir;(3) Atmospheric water leaching and dolomitization and fluid dissolution in fault zone are the key factors for the formation of high-quality dolomite reservoir;(4)The natural gas comes from cracking of the ancient oil reservoir and hydrocarbon generation of dispersed organic matter in source rocks, and the NNE-trending strike-slip fault is the dominant channel for vertical migration of natural gas;(5) Limestone cap rocks in the first and second members of Yingshan Formation provide direct sealing for the formation of gas reservoir there. On the basis of comprehensive analysis, it is pointed out that the Gucheng area has three grain shoal zones in the third member of Yingshan Formation in nearly S-N direction, which together with seven strike-slip fault zones in NNE direction control the development of shoal dolomite gas reservoir.

Dolomite genesis and reservoir-cap rock assemblage in carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system

Regarding to the problem on the reservoir-cap rock assemblage evaluation in the carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system,this study examined the dolomite and reservoirs genesis and the characteristics of reservoir-cap rock assemblage.Based on the literature research of the global carbonate reservoirs and the case study on four profiles of carbonate-evaporite succession,together with geological and experimental work,three aspects of understandings are achieved.(1)Lithology of carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system is mainly composed of microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone,microbial dolomite,gypsum dolomite and gypsum salt rock deposited sequentially under the climatic conditions from humid to arid,and vice versa,and an abrupt climate change event would lead to the lack of one or more rock types.(2)There developed two kinds of dolomite(precipitation and metasomatism)and three kinds of reservoirs in the carbonate-evaporite system;and the carbon dioxide and organic acid generated during early microorganism degradation and late microbial dolomite pyrolysis process,and early dolomitization are the main factors affecting the development of microbial dolomite reservoirs with good quality.(3)In theory,there are 14 types of reservoir-cap rock assemblages of six categories in the carbonate-evaporite system,but oil and gas discoveries are mainly in four types of reservoir-cap rock assemblages,namely"microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone–microbial dolomite–gypsum dolomite–gypsum salt rock","microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone–gypsum salt rock","microbial dolomite–gypsum dolomite–gypsum salt rock"and"gypsum dolomite–microbial dolomite–tight carbonate or clastic rock".These four kinds of reservoir-cap rock assemblages should be related with the climate change rules in the geologic history,and have good exploration prospects.

Dolomitization evolution and its effects on hydrocarbon reservoir formation from penecontemporaneous to deep burial environment

Aiming at the scientific problem that only part of dolomite acts as dolomite reservoir,this paper takes the multiple dolomite-bearing formations in the Tarim and Ordos basins,NW China and Sichuan Basin,SW China as the study object,by means of mineral petrological analysis and geochemical methods including carbonate clumped isotope,U-Pb isotopic dating,etc.,to rebuild the dolomitization pathway and evaluate its effects on reservoir formation.On the basis of detailed rock thin section observation,five dolomitic structural components are identified,including original fabric-retained dolomite(microbial and/or micrite structure),buried metasomatic dolomite I(subhedral-euhedral fine,medium and coarse crystalline structure),buried metasomatic dolomite II(allotriomorphic-subhedral fine,medium and coarse crystalline structure),buried precipitation dolomite and coarse crystalline saddle dolomite.Among them,the first three exist in the form of rocks,the latter two occur as dolomite minerals filling in pores and fractures.The corresponding petrological and geochemical identification templates for them are established.Based on the identification of the five dolomitic structural components,six dolomitization pathways for three types of reservoirs(preserved dolomite,reworked dolomite and limestone buried dolomitization)are distinguished.The initial porosity of the original rock before dolomitization and the dolomitization pathway are the main factors controlling the development of dolomite reservoirs.The preserved dolomite and reworked dolomite types have the most favorable dolomitization pathway for reservoir formation,and are large scale and controlled by sedimentary facies in development and distribution,making them the first choices for oil and gas exploration in deep carbonate formations.

Dolomitization of the Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the central Ordos Basin,China:fluid origins and dolomites evolution

The Middle Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin comprises pervasively dolomitized shallow marine limestone and is a major reservoir rich in natural gas resources.Four types of dolomite matrix and cement were identified based on petrographic textures:(very)finely crystalline,non-planar to planar-s matrix dolomite(Md1);finely to medium crystalline,planar-s to planar-e matrix dolomite(Md2);microbialites comprising dolomite microcrystals(Md3);and finely to coarsely crystalline dolomite cement(Cd).The Md1 and Md2 dolomites were controlled by alternating lagoon-shoal facies and haveδ13C values(−1.89 to+1.45‰VPDB for Md1,−1.35 to+0.42‰VPDB for Md2)that fall within or are slightly higher than the coeval seawater,suggesting the dolomitizing fluid of evaporated seawater.Md2 dolomite was then subjected to penecontemporaneous karstification by meteoric water and burial recrystallization by sealed brines during diagenesis,as indicated by its relatively lowerδ18O values(−8.89 to−5.73‰VPDB)and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.708920–0.710199).Md3 dolomite comprises thrombolite and stromatolite and is interpreted to form by a combination of initial microbial mediation and later replacive dolomitization related to evaporated seawater.Cd dolomite was associated with early-formed karst system in the Md2 host dolomite.The lowestδ18O values(−11.78 to−10.18‰VPDB)and 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.708688–0.708725)and fluid inclusion data(Th:123–175°C)indicate involvement of hydrothermal fluid from which the Cd dolomite precipitated during deep burial.These results reveal the multi-stage dolomitization history of the Majiagou Formation and provide new constraints on fluid origins and dolomites evolution during deep burial in old superimposed basins,such as the Ordos Basin and elsewhere.

Diagenetic evolution and effects on reservoir development of the Dengying and Longwangmiao formations,Central Sichuan Basin,Southwestern China

The deeply buried Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation and Upper Ediacaran Dengying Formation from the Sichuan Basin,China,have a total natural gas reserve up to 3×10^(12)m^(3).The complex diagenetic evolution and their impacts on the present-day reservoir quality have not been systematically elucidated,hampering the current exploration.Crucially,the integration and comparation diagenetic study on these two formations,which may be able to shed new lights on reservoir formation mechanism,are yet to be systemically evaluated.By compiling geochemistry data,including carbonate U-Pb ages and petrophysics data,coupled with new petrology,trace elements,and strontium isotope data,of various types of diagenetic carbonates,this study aims to decipher the potential links between diagenesis and reservoir development of both formations.Intriguingly,similar diagenetic sequence,which contains five distinctive dolomite phases,is established in both formations.The matrix dolomite(D1)and early dolomite cement(D2)were likely formed by reflux dolomitization,as inferred by their nearly syn-depositional U-Pb ages and elevatedδ^(18)O caused by seawater evaporation.The subsequent moderate burial dolomite cement(D3)was most plausibly the product of burial compaction as indicated by its lighterδ^(18)O and slightly younger U-Pb ages compared with D1 and D2.Whereas deep burial dolomite cements(D4 and D5)yield markedly depletedδ^(18)O,elevated ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr,along with much younger U-Pb ages and higher precipitation temperatures,suggesting that they were likely linked to hydrothermal fluids.Despite the wide occurrence of meteoric and organic acids leaching and thermochemical sulfate reduction,they may have only played a subsidiary role on these reservoirs development.Instead,superior reservoir quality is tightly linked to tectonics as inferred by higher reservoir quality closely related to the well-developed fractures and faults filled with abundant hydrothermal minerals.Notably,good reservoirs in both formations are mainly attributed to high permeability caused by tectonics.Hence,this new contribution emphasizes the crucial role of tectonics on spatially explicit reservoir prediction of deep to ultra-deep(up to>8000 m)carbonates in the Sichuan Basin,as well as other sedimentary basin analogues in China.

深层古老碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩组合油气成藏特征

通过分析塔里木、四川和鄂尔多斯三大海相盆地埃迪卡拉系—奥陶系,并对比参考东西伯利亚、阿曼和澳大利亚Officer三大国外盆地新元古界—寒武系的地层特征,将碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩组合划分成碳酸盐岩类和膏盐岩类互为夹层型、碳酸盐岩类和膏盐岩类互层型以及碳酸盐岩类、膏盐岩类和碎屑岩类共生型3种类型,明确了碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩组合的概念及内涵。结果表明:(1)碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩组合的油气通常来源于泥页岩和泥质碳酸盐岩两类烃源岩,咸化环境膏盐岩可促进烃源岩生烃。(2)主要发育膏云坪型、颗粒滩和微生物丘型两大类白云岩储集层,准同生期或表生期的大气淡水淋滤是储集层规模发育的主要控制因素,后期埋藏溶蚀作用对储集层有调整和改造作用。(3)碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩组合油气成藏模式可划分为盐下成藏模式、盐上成藏模式和盐间成藏模式3大类8小类模式。塔里木盆地塔中隆起北坡、麦盖提斜坡和玛扎塔格前缘隆起带寒武系、四川盆地东部—南部地区寒武系和鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐间马家沟组四段等为未来的有利勘探领域。

塔北地区鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云岩成因及控储意义

为确定塔北地区中—下奥陶统鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云岩成因,通过岩心及岩石薄片观察,利用阴极发光、X射线衍射有序度、碳氧稳定同位素、锶同位素和稀土元素组成及配分模式分析,并将岩石学与地球化学特征结合,开展了塔北地区鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云石化作用研究。粉—微晶白云石和粉—细晶他形脏白云石由同生期高盐度海水白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自地表低温蒸发条件下的高盐度海水;粉—细晶自形白云石由早成岩期浅埋藏白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自奥陶纪海水,流体温度因埋藏加深而升高;鞍形白云石由早成岩期热液白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自奥陶纪海水,且有后期深部岩浆热液加入。同生期高盐度海水白云石化作用不产生储集空间,但由于区域局限,蒸发强烈,可伴随石膏沉淀,石膏溶蚀后形成储集空间;早成岩期浅埋藏白云石化作用可形成自形白云石,促进晶间孔的发育,成岩后期溶蚀流体易进入,溶蚀形成晶间溶孔和溶蚀孔隙;早成岩期热液白云石化作用不利于储集空间的形成。

川东地区茅口组储层特征及主控因素

为阐明川东地区茅口组储层特征,厘清储层发育的主控因素,基于野外露头、钻井岩心以及大量测井资料,开展了川东地区茅口组储层特征研究。结果表明:1)亮晶颗粒灰岩、颗粒云岩与细—中晶白云岩为川东地区茅口组主要储集岩;2)溶洞与裂缝在石灰岩和白云岩中均有发育,孔隙主要分布于细—中晶白云岩中;3)茅口组储层主要分布于茅二a,b亚段,平面上受到颗粒滩及断裂带的控制;4)颗粒岩为茅口组储层提供了物质基础,是形成储层的最重要因素,断裂系统决定了储层的最终分布,表生期岩溶以及白云石化作用形成了大量储集空间,是改善储层质量的关键。研究认为,邻水—丰都一带沿15#基底断裂分布的茅二a,b亚段地层中的颗粒滩可以作为重点勘探开发目标。

四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组二段储层特征及其控制因素

蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组天然气勘探取得重大突破,单井产量屡创新高,显示了蓬莱气区灯二段良好的规模资源潜力。但目前该区沉积、储层特征及其主控因素仍未明确,优质储层预测存在极大困难,严重阻碍了下步勘探部署和储量升级。在此背景下,为进一步深化蓬莱气区沉积储层特征研究并揭示优质储层主控因素,利用最新的岩电、地震及分析测试资料,对蓬莱气区灯二段开展新一轮沉积储层研究。结果表明:灯二段储集岩性为丘滩相凝块、砂屑云岩,储集空间包括孔隙、溶洞及裂缝三大类,储层展布纵向上差异大,平面上连续性较强。优质储层发育受沉积相带、岩溶作用及成岩作用的共同控制,其中,沉积相带是灯二段优质储层形成的基础;岩溶作用决定了储层储集性能;后期成岩作用是影响灯二段优质储层形成的重要因素。灯二段整体含气性良好,发育多个大型岩性圈闭,研究认为岩溶改造下的丘滩相岩性圈闭体是下步勘探的有利目标区带,亦是盆地天然气万亿方资源增储上产新阵地。该研究为明确蓬莱气区灯二段沉积、储层特征及其主控因素提供了基础材料与研究实例,以期为后续勘探开发工作提供借鉴。

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段优质白云岩储层发育特征及成因机制

鄂尔多斯盆地米探1井在奥陶系马家沟组四段(以下简称马四段)白云岩获得天然气勘探新发现,展示出马四段良好的天然气勘探前景,但马四段白云岩储层发育特征及其分布规律不清,制约了该层系下一步的天然气勘探部署。为此,基于岩心、薄片、工业CT、U-Pb定年、物性分析及地球化学特征等资料,系统研究了马四段白云岩储层发育特征及成因机制,并预测了该盆地白云岩储层分布和天然气有利勘探区带。研究结果表明:(1)马四段主要发育丘滩相白云岩储层和斑状白云岩储层,其中丘滩相白云岩储层岩性为砂砾屑白云岩、细—中晶白云岩、粉—细晶白云岩和叠层石白云岩,斑状白云岩储层岩性为斑状粉—细晶白云岩、斑状粉晶白云岩和斑状灰质白云岩。(2)丘滩相白云岩储层储集空间主要为晶间(溶)孔,含少量溶蚀孔洞、残余粒间孔和微裂缝,平均孔隙度为5.06%;斑状白云岩储层储集空间以晶间孔为主,含少量晶间溶孔和微裂缝,平均孔隙度为2.46%。(3)丘滩相白云岩储层发育主要受微生物丘和颗粒滩控制,并经历了准同生白云石化作用和埋藏白云石化作用的改造,斑状白云岩储层发育主要受生物扰动作用、准同生白云石化作用和埋藏白云石化作用控制。(4)构造古地理格局和海平面升降变化共同控制了丘滩体发育、生物扰动作用程度和白云石化流体的形成。结论认为,马四段优质白云岩储层主要沿中央古隆起和神木—志丹低隆起规模分布,其中神木—志丹低隆起马四段白云岩储层位于岩性相变带上,其储盖配置关系好,是天然气富集区,预测有利区储层面积18 000 km^(2)。

白云岩成因模式及其对碳酸盐岩优质储层发育的影响

白云岩储层在全球油气勘探与开发中占有重要地位。白云岩作为一种钙镁碳酸盐矿物,无论在海相、陆相等沉积环境,还是同生、成岩、浅埋藏和深埋藏等成岩过程中均有出现,但在现代海洋沉积中却很少发育。因此,白云岩的成因一直是国内外碳酸盐岩储层研究的难点和热点。研究结果表明:①白云岩的成因可以分为原生和次生两种,巨厚的白云岩地层多由含Mg2+的成岩流体在特定的流体动力学条件下渗透并改造前期石灰岩地层而形成;②依据白云岩形成的环境、流体动力学条件和成岩流体中离子的浓度,将白云岩的成因归纳为7种模式:蒸发泵模式、渗透回流模式、混合水模式、海水模式、埋藏模式、热液成因模式和生物成因模式;③白云石化过程对储集空间的发育产生影响,理论模式下,Mg2+的离子半径小于Ca2+,石灰岩转变为白云岩孔隙度通常会增加,但在成岩环境、新生成白云石含量和晶体结构等复杂因素的影响下,白云岩的储集空间并不一定优于石灰岩,通常白云石化过程会提升储层颗粒的抗压能力及渗透率;④优质白云岩储层成因机理表明,原始沉积环境是基础,白云石化是必要条件,白云石化之外的成岩改造是关键因素。

四川盆地蓬莱—中江地区震旦系灯影组二段成藏特征

通过钻井、岩心、测录井及地震资料的综合分析,系统研究了四川盆地蓬莱—中江地区震旦系灯影组二段气藏的成藏特征。研究结果表明:(1)四川盆地灯影组沉积期,随着海水侵入,古陆多被淹没或侵蚀夷平,盆地逐渐演变为碳酸盐岩台地。灯二上亚段沉积期,川中北斜坡蓬莱—中江地区以发育台地边缘滩相和台地边缘丘相为特色,并可细分为滩核、滩缘、滩间海、丘核、丘缘、丘间海6种亚相,是储层发育的有利相带。(2)研究区灯二上亚段储层以藻云岩、藻砂屑云岩为主要储集岩,发育残余粒间孔+粒间溶孔型、粒内溶孔+藻格架孔型、裂缝型与孔洞型4种类型的储层,储层厚度分布特征与沉积相分布特征较吻合,位于台地边缘丘滩核的储层累积厚度大。(3)研究区灯二上亚段气藏的天然气主要来源于筇竹寺组烃源岩,烃源岩厚度大、有机碳含量及热演化程度高,气藏具备较好的烃源条件和封盖条件,具有“上生下储上盖”和“旁生侧储上盖”2种较好的生-储-盖配置关系。(4)研究区油气充注主要发生于三叠纪—白垩纪,为多期“准连续”型,灯二上亚段气藏主要经历了奥陶纪—志留纪古油气藏聚集阶段、志留纪—石炭纪古油藏破坏阶段、二叠纪—三叠纪再次生烃成油藏阶段和三叠纪—侏罗纪原油裂解生气阶段。

Hydrocarbon accumulation in deep ancient carbonate-evaporite assemblages

The Ediacaran–Ordovician strata within three major marine basins(Tarim,Sichuan,and Ordos)in China are analyzed.Based on previous studies focusing on the characteristics of the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian strata within the three major basins(East Siberian,Oman,and Officer in Australia)overseas,the carbonate–evaporite assemblages in the target interval are divided into three types:intercalated carbonate and gypsum salt,interbedded carbonate and gypsum salt,and coexisted carbonate,gypsum salt and clastic rock.Moreover,the concept and definition of the carbonate-evaporite assemblage are clarified.The results indicate that the oil and gas in the carbonate-evaporite assemblage are originated from two types of source rocks:shale and argillaceous carbonate,and confirmed the capability of gypsum salt in the saline environment to drive the source rock hydrocarbon generation.The dolomite reservoirs are classified in two types:gypseous dolomite flat,and grain shoal&microbial mound.This study clarifies that the penecontemporaneous or epigenic leaching of atmospheric fresh water mainly controlled the large-scale development of reservoirs.Afterwards,burial dissolution transformed and reworked the reservoirs.The hydrocarbon accumulation in carbonate-evaporite assemblage can be categorized into eight sub-models under three models(sub-evaporite hydrocarbon accumulation,supra-evaporite hydrocarbon accumulation,and inter-evaporite hydrocarbon accumulation).As a result,the Cambrian strata in the Tazhong Uplift North Slope,Maigaiti Slope and Mazatag Front Uplift Zone of the Tarim Basin,the Cambrian strata in the eastern-southern area of the Sichuan Basin,and the inter-evaporite Ma-4 Member of Ordovician in the Ordos Basin,China,are defined as favorable targets for future exploration.

川中地区中二叠统栖霞组优质白云岩储层特征及发育模式

四川盆地中部地区(简称“川中地区”)中二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层薄、非均质性强,白云岩储层发育模式尚不完全明确,亟须准确掌握白云岩储层特征及发育模式,以期实现川中地区栖霞组强非均质性薄储层效益开发。基于川中地区栖霞组实钻井的岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光和地球化学分析等方法,对白云岩储层特征及发育模式进行研究。研究结果表明:①川中地区霞组为滩相白云岩储层,储层岩性以细—中晶残余砂屑云岩为主;②白云岩储层单层厚度薄,平均单井厚度仅5.8 m,低孔隙度、低渗透率,可划分为裂缝-孔洞型、孔洞型和孔隙型3种类型,其中裂缝-孔洞型、孔洞型为优质白云岩储层;③颗粒滩是白云岩储层发育的物质基础,滩体受到准同生期岩溶作用和准同生期白云石化作用形成白云岩储层,在埋藏期断裂系统进一步叠加改造白云岩储层从而形成更加优质的缝洞发育的白云岩储层,即“滩体控有无、白云石化控规模、断裂控品质”的“三控”优质白云岩储层发育机理。结论认为:川中地区栖霞组白云岩储层存在“高能滩相+准同生期岩溶作用和准同生期白云石化作用”“高能滩相+准同生期岩溶作用和准同生期白云石化作用+断裂叠加改造作用”两种优质白云岩储层发育模式。

Dolomite reservoir formation and diagenesis evolution of the Upper Ediacaran Qigebrak Formation in the Tabei area,Tarim Basin

Ancient dolomite reservoirs play an increasingly important role in deep oil and gas exploration.The mechanism of formation and preservation of dolomite reservoirs is complex,which is always the key issue.With the discovery of deep oil and gas in the Ediacaran dolomites of the world,the upper Ediacaran Qigebrak Formation in the Tabei area has begun to attract attention,but its reservoir space difference and formation mechanism have yet to be clarified.Based on ultra-deep drilling cores and field outcrops in the Tabei area,the lithofacies,reservoir space,and formation mechanism are systematically analyzed by macro to micro,and qualitative to quantitative petrology:(1)The types of dolomite can be divided into five major categories,including microbial dolomite,granular dolomite,residual granular dolomite,crystalline dolomite and karst breccias.(2)The main types of reservoir space are microbial-framework pores,microbial-mold pores,and non-fabric selective dissolution pores.Spongiomicrobialite,karst breccias,and fine-grained dolomite are the dominant reservoir rock types.(3)High-frequency sedimentary cycles and meteoric dissolution are the key factors of reservoir formation.Two sets of large-scale reservoirs are present:the first set is mainly controlled by the supergene karst of the Keping movement,and the second set is mainly controlled by high-frequency sedimentary cycles in the penecontemporaneous period.The reservoirs formed at the shallow burial stage and were preserved until the deep burial stage.(4)The quality of a deep reservoir depends on the geological events that affect the processes of pore reduction and increase.Cementation,compaction and pressure solution are the main destructive diagenetic processes;however,the reservoir space can still be effectively preserved under the influence of constructive diagenetic processes,such as meteoric dissolution and early dolomitization.This research has important theoretical and practical significance for revealing the formation mechanism of upper Ediacaran deep dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim Basin.