Importance of Weighting for Multi-Variable Habitat Suitability Index Model: A Case Study of Winter- Spring Cohort of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean

Weighting values for different habitat variables used in multi-factor habitat suitability index (HSI) modeling reflect the relative influences of different variables on distribution of fish species. Using the winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean as an example, we evaluated the impact of different weighting schemes on the HSI models based on sea surface temperature, gradient of sea surface temperature and sea surface height. We compared differences in predicted fishing effort and HSI values resulting from different weighting. The weighting for different habitat variables could greatly influence HSI modeling and should be carefully done based on their relative importance in influencing the resource spatial distribution. Weighting in a multi-factor HSI model should be further studied and optimization methods should be developed to improve forecasting squid spatial distributions.

Modeling a habitat suitability index for the eastern fall cohort of Ommastrephes bartramii in the central North Pacific Ocean

The eastern fall cohort of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, has been commercially exploited by the Chinese squid jigging fleet in the central North Pacific Ocean since the late 1990s. To understand and identify their optimal habitat, we have developed a habitat suitability index (HSI) model using two potential important environmental variables - sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) - and fishery data from the main fishing ground (165°-180°E) during June and July of 1999-2003. A geometric mean model (GMM), minimum model (MM) and arithmetic weighted model (AWM) with different weights were compared and the best HSI model was selected using Akaike's information criterion (AIC). The performance of the developed HSI model was evaluated using fishery data for 2004. This study suggests that the highest catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fishing effort are closely related to SST and SSHA. The best SST- and SSHA-based suitability index (SI) regression models were SISST-based = 0.7SIeffort-SST + 0.3 SICPUE-SST, and SISSHA-based = 0.5SIeffort-SSHA + 0.5SICPUE-SSHA, respectively, showing that fishing effort is more important than CPUE in the estimation of SI. The best HSI model was the AWM, defined as HSI=0.3SISST-based+ 0.7SISSHA-based, indicating that SSHA is more important than SST in estimating the HSI of squid. In 2004, monthly HSI values greater than 0.6 coincided with the distribution of productive fishing ground and high CPUE in June and July, suggesting that the models perform well. The proposed model provides an important tool in our efforts to develop forecasting capacity of squid spatial dynamics.

Habitat Suitability Index Modelling for Bluebull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, M.P. India

The habitats for the wild animals are shrinking due to the clearance of forests for agriculture and industrialization.The idea of wildlife conservation begins with the identification of their acceptable habitat.Since this crucial information helps in the development and maintenance of the protected areas.The requirement of habitat varies with different landscapes.The bluebull(Boselaphus tragocamelus)is Asia’s largest antelope,widespread throughout the northern Indian subcontinent.Peter Simon Pallasin(1766)described it as the only member of the genus Boselaphus.The Wildlife(Protection)Act of 1972 lists it as a Schedule III animal,while the IUCN lists it as Least Concern(LC).Our goal was to design a habitat appropriateness model for blue bull so that it could reduce the conflict with farming community due to crop damage.Model will be develop using RS&GIS technique to protect the species inside the Pench Tiger Reserve(77°55’W to 79°35’E and 21°08’S to 22°00’N)the central highlands of India.The satellite data from LANDSAT-8 of 4th April 2015,Path-144,Row-45,with a ground resolution of 30 meters,were collected from the USGS website.This satellite image was then transferred in image format to ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 for further analysis.The data from satellites were gathered and analysed.The purpose of the field survey was to gather information about the presence of various ungulates.A ground truthing exercise was also carried out.For data processing and GIS analysis,ERDAS IMAGINE 13 and Arc GIS 10 were used.Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)was used Factors were identified who were influencing the spatial distribution of the species for conservation planning.The linear additive model was used for HSI.The results show that 242 km^(2)(29.48 percent)of Pench Tiger Reserve forest was recognized to be highly suitable for bluebull,while 196 km^(2)(23.87 percent)was moderately suitable,231 km^(2)(28.14 percent)was suitable,109 km^(2)(13.28 percent)was least suitable,and about 43 km^(2)(5.249 percent)of PTR was completely avoided by bluebull.

Effect of wind damage on the habitat suitability of saproxylic species in a boreal forest landscape

Many forest-dwelling species are dependent on deadwood. Sources of deadwood include competition- and senescence-related mortality of trees, and various damages. This study described a methodology for predicting the effect of wind damage on the amount of deadwood and suitability of the forest for saproxylic species. The methodology was used in a forested boreal landscape of 360 ha to analyze the effects of wind damage on the habitat quality for 27 groups of saproxylic species differing in their requirements for the species, size and decay stage of deadwood objects. A reference plan maximized net present value (MaxNPV) while others either minimized or maximized height differences between adjacent stands. Maximization of height differences resulted in high amount of wind damage and deadwood while minimizing height differences minimized wind damage and the amount of damage-related deadwood. The fourth plan maximized the average habitat suitability index (HSI) of the 27 groups of saproxylic species. The plans were compiled with and without even-flow harvesting constraints for three 10-year periods. Maximization of height differences between adjacent stands resulted in higher HSI values than obtained in the MaxNPV plan or in the plan than minimized height differences between adjacent stands. The average HSI of shade-demanding species correlated negatively with the amount of harvested timber. No strong correlations were found for light-demanding and indifferent species.

Optimization of environmental variables in habitat suitability modeling for mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters

Habitat suitability index(HSI)models have been widely used to analyze the relationship between species abundance and environmental factors,and ultimately inform management of marine species.The response of species abundance to each environmental variable is different and habitat requirements may change over life history stages and seasons.Therefore,it is necessary to determine the optimal combination of environmental variables in HSI modelling.In this study,generalized additive models(GAMs)were used to determine which environmental variables to be included in the HSI models.Significant variables were retained and weighted in the HSI model according to their relative contribution(%)to the total deviation explained by the boosted regression tree(BRT).The HSI models were applied to evaluate the habitat suitability of mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent areas in 2011 and 2013–2017.Ontogenetic and seasonal variations in HSI models of mantis shrimp were also examined.Among the four models(non-optimized model,BRT informed HSI model,GAM informed HSI model,and both BRT and GAM informed HSI model),both BRT and GAM informed HSI model showed the best performance.Four environmental variables(bottom temperature,depth,distance offshore and sediment type)were selected in the HSI models for four groups(spring-juvenile,spring-adult,falljuvenile and fall-adult)of mantis shrimp.The distribution of habitat suitability showed similar patterns between juveniles and adults,but obvious seasonal variations were observed.This study suggests that the process of optimizing environmental variables in HSI models improves the performance of HSI models,and this optimization strategy could be extended to other marine organisms to enhance the understanding of the habitat suitability of target species.

Habitat suitability of Scapharca subcrenata (Lischke) inthe shallow water of the Xiaoheishan Island

The habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used to identify potential sites for sustainable restoration of ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata(Lischke), in the shallow water of Xiaoheishan Island, using a geographic information system framework. The seven input variables of the HSI model were sediment composition, water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water depth, p H, and ammonia. A non-linear suitability function for each variable factor was used to transform the value into a normalized quality index ranging from 0(nonsuitability) to 1(best suitability). In present study, the analysis of habitat suitability was conducted for four seasons respectively. The majority of the study area has a high HSI value(>0.6) year round, which implies a strong suitability for restoration, with the optimal habitat located on the eastern side of the island.Correspondence analysis indicated that water temperature was the main factor causing seasonal variation,while sediment composition and water depth were the two major reasons for the differences in sites. The results of this work could provide support for restoration decision making through identification of potential sites for sustainable establishment of S. subcrenata.

Habitat suitability analysis of eelgrass Zostera marina L. in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island

We present a GIS-based habitat suitability index(HSI) model to identify suitable areas for Zostera marina L. restoration in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island. The controlling factors in the model,in order of importance,are Secchi depth,sediment composition,water temperature,salinity,current velocity,water depth and nutrient quality. Specific factor piecewise functions have been used to transform parameter values into normalized quality indexes. The weight of each factor was defined using expert knowledge and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. All of the data thus obtained were interpolated using the inverse distance weighted(IDW) interpolation method to create maps for the entire region. In this study,the analysis of habitat suitability in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island was conducted for four seasons. According to the GIS-based HSI model,the optimal habitat of Z ostera marina L. appears in spring,although habitat remains suitable all year round. On the whole,the optimum site for eelgrass restoration is located in the eastern region,followed by the western and southern regions. We believe that the GIS-based HSI model could be a promising tool to select sites for Z ostera marina L. restoration and could also be applicable in other types of habitat evaluation.

基于融合MaxEnt和HSI模型的驼鹿生境适宜性评价

驼鹿是国家一级保护野生动物,研究驼鹿生境适宜性是保护驼鹿种群的关键内容。以黑龙江南瓮河国家级自然保护区为对象,结合最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和生境适宜性指数(HSI)模型对驼鹿生境适宜性进行评价,利用无人机样带调查得到驼鹿分布点数据,采用MaxEnt模型得到各环境因子贡献度情况和单一环境变量响应曲线,结合保护区自然地理情况,再构建不同环境因子对驼鹿影响程度的评价模型,定量评价保护区驼鹿生境适宜性。结果表明,该区域影响驼鹿生境分布的主要环境因子是海拔(20.3%)、坡度(11.4%)、距河流距离(11.3%),而坡向、坡位、植被覆盖度对于驼鹿生境影响较小;驼鹿偏好在低海拔、坡度缓和、阳坡、靠近河流、远离人为干扰、覆盖度高的森林区域活动。在保护区内,驼鹿高适宜生境区域面积为424.6 km^(2),占保护区总面积的18.5%;低适宜生境区域面积为1422.9 km^(2),占保护区总面积的62.0%;不适宜生境区域面积为447.5 km^(2),占保护区总面积的19.5%。

亚洲象生境长时序变化及其对人象冲突的影响——基于融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法

生境变化直接关系到物种种群维持与人类安全,揭示其长期变化规律及其对人类的影响,可为物种保护与生境恢复提供科学支撑。但因受物种活动点数据获取与位置精度的局限,鲜见濒危、危险物种的长时序生境变化研究。以人象冲突频发的西双版纳勐海—普洱澜沧地区亚洲象种群(勐海—澜沧象群)活动区为例,提出融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的亚洲象长时序生境适宜性评价方法,即基于荟萃分析筛选出的15个亚洲象生境评价因子,结合近期有限的物种活动点监测数据,利用MaxEnt得到生境评价因子的贡献率,再运用HSI模型计算生境适宜性指数;利用该方法制作出研究区1988—2020年逐年时序的亚洲象生境适宜性图,以分析亚洲象生境的时空变化,将其与亚洲象肇事数据结合,进而分析人象冲突与生境变化的关联。结果表明:(1)基于物种生境偏好不变的前提,融合MaxEnt模型与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法可应用于物种的长时序生境评价,且基于亚洲象活动点数据从动物对生境利用的生态学视角定量获取亚洲象对各生境评价因子的偏好程度,使生境评价结果具有良好的生态可解释性;(2)目前亚洲象适宜生境面积占研究区面积三分之一(4039.76 km^(2)),其主要分布于河流(如澜沧江、南郎河和南览河)干流沿岸,且生境适宜性随离河流距离增加而下降;(3)1988—2020年,研究区亚洲象最适生境面积减少4.7%(568.48 km^(2)),其中2000—2013年减少尤为严重,占3%(362.89 km^(2));亚洲象生境斑块的连通性均显著降低,其中最适生境斑块的连通性降幅最大;而生境斑块数量增长了10.8%,生境景观破碎趋势明显;(4)1988—2020年间,研究区亚洲象生境退化面积占比为9.11%(1094.21 km^(2)),且亚洲象肇事引发的人象冲突主要发生在研究区中部的生境退化区;此外研究发现,人类活动与自然环境变化导致的生境退化和生境景观格局变化是影响亚洲象肇事的主要因素。因此,深入认识亚洲象生境长期变化趋势与过程,据此逆序修复或恢复生境适宜性及连通性,科学提升亚洲象生境质量,以寻求亚洲象种群维持与人象冲突缓解,从而实现人象和谐与生态文明。

基于HSI模型的扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境适宜性评价

在对扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)繁殖生境因子进行野外调查的基础上,利用地理信息系统技术,建立丹顶鹤繁殖生境适宜度指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型,对丹顶鹤的繁殖生境适宜性进行了定量评价,并对所建立的HSI模型精度进行了验证。结果表明,2003年扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤的适宜繁殖生境面积为385km2,次适宜繁殖生境面积为204km2,微适宜和非适宜繁殖生境面积合计为1510km2。丹顶鹤适宜繁殖生境呈条带状或块状分布,而且主要集中在扎龙国家级自然保护区的核心区内。利用HSI模型进行扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境适宜性评价是可行的。

基于HSI模型的印度洋大眼金枪鱼栖息地研究

根据日本商业性金枪鱼延绳钓生产数据,应用栖息地指数模型(HSI)和地理信息系统(G IS)图形显示技术对印度洋大眼金枪鱼的栖息地分布进行研究。研究结果表明:印度洋大眼金枪鱼最适合栖息的海域主要集中在70°E以东,15°S以北印度洋海域,栖息地指数值在0.75~1.00;而20°E^50°E,30°S^40°S海域以及65°E^120°E,20°S^40°S之间大部分海域的大眼金枪鱼HSI指数集中在0.25~0.50之间;其余海域的大眼金枪鱼HSI指数均分布在0.50~0.75之间。

南极半岛周边海域南极磷虾栖息地适应性

南极磷虾作为南极生态系统中的关键物种,其栖息地适应性研究对可持续利用磷虾资源和了解南大洋生态系统均有重要作用。然而,不同的模型算法会导致估算的磷虾栖息地适宜性出现较大的偏差。为了探索构建磷虾栖息地指数模型的合适方法,实验利用海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海平面高度(sea surface height,SSH)、海表面叶绿素(sea surface chlorophyll,SSC)、海冰密集度(sea ice concentration,SIC)等环境因子,分别采用神经网络拟合和一元非线性拟合方法,并结合最小值法、最大值法、连乘法、算术平均法、几何平均法、加权算术平均法等算法构建磷虾栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型。结果显示,神经网络模型预报结果更符合磷虾实际栖息分布情况,而一元非线性拟合预测结果较为连续。最大值法和最小值法计算结果差异较大,容易引进较大的误差。连乘法的预测效果较好,算术平均法、几何平均法和加权算术平均法的预测结果相似,且较为稳定。研究表明,神经网络模型是构建南极磷虾HSI模型的合适方法。此外,使用连乘法和加权算术平均法等算法能够提高模型预测结果的准确性和稳定性,而最大值法和最小值法要慎重使用。本研究的方法和结论有助于评估类似物种在栖息地方面的适宜性,对未来磷虾资源的评估和南极生态系统管理具有启示意义。同时,该研究也为其他生态学领域中栖息地适宜性研究提供参考。

基于遗传算法的渔情预报HSI建模与智能优化

鱼类栖息地适宜性指数模型(HSI)基于鱼类分布与海洋环境之间存在的非线性关系而构建。然而,海洋环境因子之间存在着传统方法无法消除的相关性,导致获取的HSI参数较难准确表达环境因子与渔场之间的复杂关系。基于遗传算法(GA),自动消除海洋环境因子之间的相关性,构建了一种通用的鱼类HSI建模与智能优化框架(GeneHSI)。GeneHSI框架的核心是HSI建模空间向遗传算法空间的映射以及GA适应度函数的构建。该函数构建的思想是HSI预测的渔场概率与商业捕捞获取的渔场概率之间的累计误差值达到最小化。GeneHSI由待解问题构建、GA初始化和GA优化策略3部分组成。利用随机生成的标准化海洋环境数据与渔场概率数据,验证了GeneHSI模型框架的有效性。研究表明,GeneHSI能够有效优化HSI的建模并能自动获取HSI参数。不同限制条件下,遗传算法获取的HSI具有较大的差异,其中一般优化策略下获取的HSI参数最差;不等式、等式和上下界条件下,GeneHSI优化过程显著地更加合理,因此获取的HSI参数也更准确。此外,100、1000、5000和10000样本量下的优化建模表明,GeneHSI具有处理海量样本数据的能力。

2023年三峡水库生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响

为量化生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响,2023年在三峡水库开展了针对葛洲坝下游四大家鱼自然繁殖的生态调度试验,以葛洲坝至枝江江段为研究区域,选择水位变幅、水深、流速、水温4个主要生境因子,建立了耦合平面二维水动力学模型和产卵栖息地适宜度曲线的四大家鱼产卵生境质量评估模型,实现了产卵综合适宜度指数时空分布的精细化模拟。结果显示,2023年三峡水库生态调度期间,约60%研究区域四大家鱼产卵综合适宜度指数呈现增加趋势,其产卵加权可利用面积占研究区域总面积比例由30.45%增加至约55%;适宜四大家鱼产卵区域(综合适宜度指数0.6~1.0)明显增加,占研究区域总面积比例由4.67%增加至约60%。研究表明,三峡水库生态调度显著改善了葛洲坝至枝江江段四大家鱼产卵的生境质量。

基于GIS的滇中地区人居环境适宜性评价

科学评估人居环境适宜性,有助于城市可持续发展,实现人类活动与自然环境和谐共处。研究基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术,以1 km×1 km栅格为基本研究单元,构建了滇中地区地形、水文、植被、气候单要素和综合人居环境适宜性评价模型与标准,从空间上定量评价了滇中地区的人居环境适宜性空间分布特征。研究表明:(1)从自然单要素的适宜性评价结果来看,气候、水文和地被的适宜性评价结果均以比较适宜为主;而地形是该区域人居环境适宜性的主要限制要素,且在空间上分区比较破碎,以一般适宜地区为主,主要分布在区域的西部和北部。(2)从人居环境适宜性综合评价结果来看,整体的人居环境状况较好,空间上呈片状分布的特征,临界适宜和一般适宜地区区域点总面积的80%以上;昆明市的不适宜地区面积占比最高,高度适宜地区面积较小但多数分布在楚雄州,曲靖市整体的人居环境状况最好。(3)结合人口数量和密度空间分布数据来看,人口分布与人居环境适宜性在空间分布上存在较高一致性,滇中地区近90%的人分布在临界适宜、一般适宜和比较适宜地区。

Evaluation of habitat quality for selected wildlife species associated with island back channels

The islands and associated back channels on the Ohio River, USA, are believed to provide critical habitat features for several wildlife species. However, few studies have quantitatively evaluated habitat quality in these areas. Our main objective was to evaluate the habitat quality of back and main channel areas for several species using habitat suitability index (HSI) models. To test the effectiveness of these models, we attempted to relate HSI scores and the variables measured for each model with measures of relative abundance for the model species. The mean belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) HSI was greater on the main than back channel. However, the model failed to predict kingfisher abundance. The mean reproduction component of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) HSI, total common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) HSI, winter cover component of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) HSI, and brood-rearing component of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) HSI were all greater on the back than main channel, and were positively related with the relative abundance of each species. We found that island back channels provide characteristics not found elsewhere on the Ohio River and warrant conservation as important riparian wildlife habitat. The effectiveness of using HSI models to predict species abundance on the river was mixed. Modifications to several of the models are needed to improve their use on the Ohio River and, likely, other large rivers.

Habitat Evaluation on Scour Hole Downflow Low Drop Structure Types Using Large-Scale Experiment

This study sought to review whether large-scale experimentation can apply to actual rivers concerning the effect of topographical change by scour in the downstream area of natural-type low drop structures on the fish habitat. The large-scale applicability experiment performed in this study installed low drop structures as the study object within the experiment channel and precisely surveyed topography in the downstream area of drop structures along with the hydraulic amount including water level and flow velocity under certain flow conditions. Based on topographical data acquired through the survey after the experiment ended, this study reviewed the change of suitability index and difference of weighted usable area by performing 2D habitat simulation. Ultimately, through the habitat simulation results in cases of considering and not considering scour in the downstream area of drop structures, this study analyzed the effects of topographical change in actual rivers on the habitat.

Wintering Habitat Evaluation of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)in Forest Area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.

Balancing timber production and habitat conservation of Okinawa Rails(Gallirallus okinawae): Application of a harvest scheduling optimization model in subtropical forest in Okinawa, Japan

Finding the right balance between timber production and the management of forest-dependent wildlife species,present a difficult challenge for forest resource managers and policy makers in Okinawa,Japan.A possible explanation of this can be found in the unique nature of the forest management area which is populated with various kinds of rare and endangered species.This issue has been brought to light as a result of the nomination of northern Okinawa Island in 2018 as a candidate for World Natural Heritage site.The nomination has raised public awareness to the possibility of conflicting management objectives between timber extraction and the conservation of habitat for forest-dependent wildlife species.Managing exclusively for one objective over the other may fail to meet the demand for both forest products and wildlife habitat,ultimately jeopardizing the stability of human and wildlife communities.It is therefore important to achieve a better balance between the objective of timber production and conservation of wildlife habitat.Despite the significance of this subject area,current ongoing discussions on how to effectively manage for forest resources,often lack scientific basis to make sound judgement or evaluate tradeoffs between conflicting objectives.Quantifying the effect of these forest management activities on wildlife habitat provides useful and important information needed to make forest management and policy decisions.In this study we develop a spatial timber harvest scheduling model that incorporates habitat suitability index(HSI)models for the Okinawa Rail(Gallirallus okinawae),an endangered avian species found on Okinawa,Japan.To illustrate how the proposed coupling model assembles spatial information,which ultimately aids the study of forest management effects on wildlife habitat,we apply these models to a forest area in Okinawa and conduct a simple simulation analysis.

Influence of environmental data of different sources on marine species habitat modeling:A case study for Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The quality of environmental data and its possible impact on the marine species habitat modelling are often overlooked while the sources for these data are increasing.This study selected sea surface temperature(SST)from two commonly used sources,the NOAA Ocean Watch and IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library,and then constructed habitat suitability index model to evaluate the influences of SST from the two sources on the outcomes of Ommastrephes bartramii habitat models for the months of July–October in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during 1996–2012.This study examined the differences in the amount of estimated unfavourable/favourable habitat area when the SST used for model building and inference were the same or different.Dynamics in suitable habitat area calculated from SST was insensitive to the two different SST products.In the fishing season of O.bartramii,the changes of magnitude and trend of monthly suitable habitat area in August and September were similar over time,whereas there were large differences for July and October.Importantly,there is a substantial lack of consistency in the O.bartramii habitat distribution based on SST of two sources.This study considered the sources of environmental data for habitat modelling and then inferred species habitat distribution whether by the same or different data source.