Optimization-based mode selection scheme for OAM millimeter wave system in the off-axis misalignment case

Millimeter-wave transmission combined with Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)has the advantage of reducing the loss of beam power and increasing the system capacity.However,to fulfill this advantage,the antennas at the transmitter and receiver must be parallel and coaxial;otherwise,the accuracy of mode detection at the receiver can be seriously influenced.In this paper,we design an OAM millimeter-wave communication system for overcoming the above limitation.Specifically,the first contribution is that the power distribution between different OAM modes and the capacity of the system with different mode sets are analytically derived for performance analysis.The second contribution lies in that a novel mode selection scheme is proposed to reduce the total interference between different modes.Numerical results show that system performance is less affected by the offset when the mode set with smaller modes or larger intervals is selected.

Effects of counter-current driven by electron cyclotron waves on neoclassical tearing mode suppression

Through theoretical analysis,we construct a physical model that includes the influence of counter-external driven current opposite to the plasma current direction in the neoclassical tearing mode(NTM).The equation is used with this model to obtain the modified Rutherford equation with co-current and counter-current contributions.Consistent with the reported experimental results,numerical simulations have shown that the localized counter external current can only partially suppress NTM when it is far from the resonant magnetic surface.Under some circumstances,the Ohkawa mechanism dominated current drive(OKCD)by electron cyclotron waves can concurrently create both co-current and counter-current.In this instance,the minimal electron cyclotron wave power that suppresses a particular NTM was calculated by the Rutherford equation.The result is marginally less than when taking co-current alone into consideration.As a result,to suppress NTM using OKCD,one only needs to align the co-current with a greater OKCD peak well with the resonant magnetic surface.The effect of its lower counter-current does not need to be considered because the location of the counter-current deviates greatly from the resonant magnetic surface.

Comparison of heating mechanisms of argon helicon plasma in different wave modes with and without blue core

In this work,we investigated the discharge characteristics and heating mechanisms of argon helicon plasma in different wave coupled modes with and without blue core.Spatially resolved spectroscopy and emission intensity of argon atom and ion lines were measured via local optical emission spectroscopy,and electron density was measured experimentally by an RFcompensated Langmuir probe.The relation between the emission intensity and the electron density was obtained and the wavenumbers of helicon and’Trivelpiece-Gould’(TG)waves were calculated by solving the dispersion relation in wave modes.The results show that at least two distinct wave coupled modes appear in argon helicon plasma at increasing RF power,i.e.blue core(or BC)mode with a significant bright core of blue lights and a normal wave(NW)mode without blue core.The emission intensity of atom line 750.5 nm(lArⅠ750.5nm)is related to the electron density and tends to be saturated in wave coupled modes due to the neutral depletion,while the intensity of ion line 480.6 nm(IArⅡ480.6nm)is a function of the electron density and temperature,and increases dramatically as the RF power is increased.Theoretical analysis shows that TG waves are strongly damped at the plasma edge in NW and/or BC modes,while helicon waves are the dominant mechanism of power deposition or central heating of electrons in both modes.The formation of BC column mainly depends on the enhanced central electron heating by helicon waves rather than TG waves since the excitation of TG waves would be suppressed in this special anti-resonance region.

Two types of mirror mode waves in the Kronian magnetosheath

A mirror mode wave is a fundamental magnetic structure in the planetary space environment that is persistently compressed by solar wind,especially in the magnetosheath.Mirror modes have been widely identified in the magnetosheaths of the Earth and other planets in the solar system,yet the understanding of mirror mode waves on extraterrestrial planets is not as comprehensive as that on the Earth.Using magnetic field data collected by the Cassini spacecraft,we found peak and dip types according to the magnetic morphology(i.e.,structures with higher or lower magnetic strengths than the background field).Moreover,mirror mode waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves were found one after the other,implying that the two wave modes may evolve into one another in the Kronian magnetosheath.The results indicate that many fundamental plasma processes associated with the mirror mode structure exist in the Kronian magnetosheath.The energy conversion in Saturn’s magnetosheath may provide key insights that will aid in understanding giant planetary magnetospheric processes.

Elastic twisting metamaterial for perfect longitudinal-torsional wave mode conversion

In this work,we design a twisting metamaterial for longitudinal-torsional(L-T)mode conversion in pipes through exploring the theory of perfect transmodal FabryPerot interference(TFPI).Assuming that the axial and radial motions in pipes can be decoupled,we find that the metamaterial can be designed in a rectangular coordinate system,which is much more convenient than that in a cylindrical system.Numerical calculation with detailed microstructures shows that an efficient L-T mode conversion can be obtained in pipes with different radii.In addition,we fabricate mode-converting microstructures on an aluminum pipe and conduct ultrasonic experiments,and the results are in good agreement with the numerical calculations.We expect that the proposed LT mode-converting metamaterial and its design methodology can be applied in various ultrasonic devices.

Significant wave height forecasts integrating ensemble empirical mode decomposition with sequence-to-sequence model

As wave height is an important parameter in marine climate measurement,its accurate prediction is crucial in ocean engineering.It also plays an important role in marine disaster early warning and ship design,etc.However,challenges in the large demand for computing resources and the improvement of accuracy are currently encountered.To resolve the above mentioned problems,sequence-to-sequence deep learning model(Seq-to-Seq)is applied to intelligently explore the internal law between the continuous wave height data output by the model,so as to realize fast and accurate predictions on wave height data.Simultaneously,ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)is adopted to reduce the non-stationarity of wave height data and solve the problem of modal aliasing caused by empirical mode decomposition(EMD),and then improves the prediction accuracy.A significant wave height forecast method integrating EEMD with the Seq-to-Seq model(EEMD-Seq-to-Seq)is proposed in this paper,and the prediction models under different time spans are established.Compared with the long short-term memory model,the novel method demonstrates increased continuity for long-term prediction and reduces prediction errors.The experiments of wave height prediction on four buoys show that the EEMD-Seq-to-Seq algorithm effectively improves the prediction accuracy in short-term(3-h,6-h,12-h and 24-h forecast horizon)and long-term(48-h and 72-h forecast horizon)predictions.

An ISGW Filtering Antenna with Spurious Modes and Surface Wave Suppression for Millimeter Wave Communications

In this paper,an integrated substrate gap waveguide(ISGW)filtering antenna is proposed at millimeter wave band,whose surface wave and spurious modes are simultaneously suppressed.A secondorder filtering response is obtained through a coupling feeding scheme using one uniform impedance resonator(UIR)and two stepped-impedance resonators(SIRs).To increase the stopband width of the antenna,the spurious modes are suppressed by selecting the appropriate sizes of the ISGW unit cell.Furthermore,the ISGW is implemented to improve the radiation performance of the antenna by alleviating the propagation of surface wave.And an equivalent circuit is investigated to reveal the working principle of ISGW.To demonstrate this methodology,an ISGW filtering antenna operating at a center frequency of 25 GHz is designed,fabricated,and measured.The results show that the antenna achieves a stopband width of 1.6f0(center frequency),an out-of-band suppression level of 21 dB,and a peak realized gain of 8.5 dBi.

Direct evidence for efficient scattering of suprathermal electrons by whistler mode waves in the Martian magnetosphere

Whistler mode waves are critical emissions in magnetized plasmas that usually influence the electron dynamics in a planetary magnetosphere.In this paper,we present a unique event in the Martian magnetosphere in which enhanced whistler mode waves(~10^(−11) V^(2)/m^(2)/Hz)with frequency of 0.1 f_(ce)-0.5 f_(ce) occurred,based on MAVEN data,exactly corresponding to a significant decrease of suprathermal electron fluxes.The diffusion coefficients are calculated by using the observed electric field wave spectra.The pitch angle diffusion coefficient can approach 10^(−2) s^(−1),which is much larger,by~100 times,than the momentum diffusion coefficient,indicating that pitch angle scattering dominates the whistler-electron resonance process.The current results can successfully explain the dropout of the suprathermal electrons in this event.This study provides direct evidence for whistler-driven electron losses in the Martian magnetosphere.

Micro-Sized Pinhole Inspection with Segmented Time Reversal and High-Order Modes Cluster Lamb Waves Based on EMATs

Pinhole corrosion is difficult to discover through conventional ultrasonic guided waves inspection,particularly for micro-sized pinholes less than 1 mm in diameter.This study proposes a new micro-sized pinhole inspection method based on segmented time reversal(STR)and high-order modes cluster(HOMC)Lamb waves.First,the principle of defect echo enhancement using STR is introduced.Conventional and STR inspection experiments were conducted on aluminum plates with a thickness of 3 mm and defects with different diameters and depths.The parameters of the segment window are discussed in detail.The results indicate that the proposed method had an amplitude four times larger than of conventional ultrasonic guided waves inspection method for pinhole defect detection and could detect micro-sized pinhole defects as small as 0.5 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in depth.Moreover,the segment window location and width(5-10 times width of the conventional excitation signal)did not affect the detection sensitivity.The combination of low-power and STR is more conducive to detection in different environments,indicating the robustness of the proposed method.Compared with conventional ultrasonic guided wave inspection methods,the proposed method can detect much smaller defect echoes usually obscured by noise that are difficult to detect with a lower excitation power and thus this study would be a good reference for pinhole defect detection.

Coupling of quasi-localized and phonon modes in glasses at low frequency

Boson peak of glasses,a THz vibrational excess compared to Debye squared-frequency law,remains mysterious in condensed-matter physics and material science.It appears in many different kinds of glassy matters and is also argued to exist in damped crystals.A consensus is that boson peak originates from the coupling of the(quasi)-localized non-phonon modes and the plane-wave-like phonon modes,but the coupling behavior is still not fully understood.In this paper,by modulating the content of localized modes and the frequencies of phonon modes,the coupling is clearly reflected in the localization and anharmonicity of low-frequency vibrational modes.The coupling enhances with increasing cooling rate and sample size.For finite sample size,phonon modes do not fully intrude into the low frequency to form a dense spectrum and they are not sufficiently coupled to the localized modes,thus there is no Debye level and boson peak is ill-defined.This suggestion remains valid in the presence of thermal motions induced by temperature,even though the anharmonicity comes into play.Our results point to the coupling of quasi-localized and phonon modes and its relation to the boson peak.

Probing signals of atmospheric gravity waves excited by the July 29,2021 M_(W)8.2 Alaska earthquake

It is commonly believed that the atmosphere is decoupled from the solid Earth.Thus,it is difficult for the seismic wave energy inside the Earth to propagate into the atmosphere,and atmospheric pressure wave signals excited by earthquakes are unlikely to exist in atmospheric observations.An increasing number of studies have shown that earthquakes,volcanoes,and tsunamis can perturb the Earth's atmosphere due to various coupling effects.However,the observations mainly focus on acoustic waves with periods of less than 10 min and inertial gravity waves with periods of greater than 1 h.There are almost no clear observations of gravity waves that coincide with observations of low-frequency signals of the Earth's free oscillation frequency band within 1 h.This paper investigates atmospheric gravity wave signals within1 h of surface-atmosphere observations using the periodogram method based on seismometer and microbarometer observations from the global seismic network before and after the July 29,2021 M_(w)8.2 Alaska earthquake in the United States.The numerical results show that the atmospheric gravity wave signals with frequencies similar to those of the Earth's free oscillations _(0)S_(2) and _(0)T_(2) can be detected in the microbaro meter observations.The results con firm the existence of atmospheric gravity waves,indicating that the atmosphere and the solid Earth are not decoupled within this frequency band and that seismic wave energy excited by earthquakes can propagate from the interior of the Earth to the atmosphere and enhance the atmospheric gravity wave signals within 1 h.

Pipeline thickness estimation using the dispersion of higher-order SH guided waves

Thickness measurement plays an important role in the monitoring of pipeline corrosion damage. However, the requirement for prior knowledge of the shear wave velocity in the pipeline material for popular ultrasonic thickness measurement limits its widespread application. This paper proposes a method that utilizes cylindrical shear horizontal(SH) guided waves to estimate pipeline thickness without prior knowledge of shear wave velocity. The inversion formulas are derived from the dispersion of higher-order modes with the high-frequency approximation. The waveform of the example problems is simulated using the real-axis integral method. The data points on the dispersion curves are processed in the frequency domain using the wave-number method. These extracted data are then substituted into the derived formulas. The results verify that employing higher-order SH guided waves for the evaluation of thickness and shear wave velocity yields less than1% error. This method can be applied to both metallic and non-metallic pipelines, thus opening new possibilities for health monitoring of pipeline structures.

Detection of internal crack growth in polyethylene pipe using guided wave ultrasonic testing

Despite the success of guided wave ultrasonic inspection for internal defect detection in steel pipes,its application on polyethylene(PE)pipe remains relatively unexplored.The growth of internal cracks in PE pipe severely affects its pressure-holding capacity,hence the early detection of internal cracks is crucial for effective pipeline maintenance strategies.This study extends the scope of guided wave-based ultrasonic testing to detect the growth of internal cracks in a natural gas distribution PE pipe.Laboratory experiments and a finite element model were planned to study the wave-crack interaction at different stages of axially oriented internal crack growth with a piezoceramic transducer-based setup arranged in a pitch-catch configuration.Mode dispersion analysis supplemented with preliminary experiments was performed to isolate the optimal inspection frequency,leading to the selection of the T(0,1)mode at 50-kHz for the investigation.A transmission index based on the energy of the T(0,1)mode was developed to trace the extent of simulated crack growth.The findings revealed an inverse linear correlation between the transmission index and the crack depth for crack growth beyond 20%crack depth.

A case study of continental shelf waves in the northwestern South China Sea induced by winter storms in 2021

This study aims to investigate characteristics of continental shelf wave(CSW)on the northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea(SCS)induced by winter storms in 2021.Mooring and cruise observations,tidal gauge data at stations Hong Kong,Zhapo and Qinglan and sea surface wind data from January 1 to February 28,2021 are used to examine the relationship between along-shelf wind and sea level fluctuation.Two events of CSWs driven by the along-shelf sea surface wind are detected from wavelet spectra of tidal gauge data.The signals are triply peaked at periods of 56 h,94 h and 180 h,propagating along the coast with phase speed ranging from 6.9 m/s to18.9 m/s.The dispersion relation shows their property of the Kelvin mode of CSW.We develop a simple method to estimate amplitude of sea surface fluctuation by along-shelf wind.The results are comparable with the observation data,suggesting it is effective.The mode 2 CSWs fits very well with the mooring current velocity data.The results from rare current help to understand wave-current interaction in the northwestern SCS.

TOFD detection of shallow subsurface defects in aluminum alloy thin plates by half-skip mode-converted wave

Aluminum alloy is widely applied to the aerospace field.However,the inspection of thin plates using Time-of-Flight Diffraction(TOFD)technique is restricted by the near-surface dead zone because of the coupling between diffracted longitudinal wave and lateral wave.The halfskip mode-converted wave is introduced to decrease dead zone and detect defects in aluminum alloy thin plates by increasing ray path and propagation time.The quantitative correlation for the diffracted shear wave from longitudinal back-wall wave is deduced in combination with the acoustic path,realizing the accurate location of shallow subsurface defects.Simulated and experimental results indicate that the dead zone is decreased by 38% by the half-skip mode-converted wave,and the location errors are within 5% for the aluminum alloy plate with a thickness of 7.0 mm.Compared to other alternative TOFD techniques,half-skip mode-converted wave has better response amplitude and positioning accuracy,demonstrating strong applicability in TOFD inspection of thin plates.

Estimating significant wave height from SAR imagery based on an SVM regression model

A new method for estimating significant wave height（SWH） from advanced synthetic aperture radar（ASAR） wave mode data based on a support vector machine（SVM） regression model is presented. The model is established based on a nonlinear relationship between σ0, the variance of the normalized SAR image, SAR image spectrum spectral decomposition parameters and ocean wave SWH. The feature parameters of the SAR images are the input parameters of the SVM regression model, and the SWH provided by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts（ECMWF） is the output parameter. On the basis of ASAR matching data set, a particle swarm optimization（PSO） algorithm is used to optimize the input kernel parameters of the SVM regression model and to establish the SVM model. The SWH estimation results yielded by this model are compared with the ECMWF reanalysis data and the buoy data. The RMSE values of the SWH are 0.34 and 0.48 m, and the correlation coefficient is 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The results show that the SVM regression model is an effective method for estimating the SWH from the SAR data. The advantage of this model is that SAR data may serve as an independent data source for retrieving the SWH, which can avoid the complicated solution process associated with wave spectra.

LAGFD-WAM numerical wave model- Ⅱ. Characteristics inlaid scheme and its application

In this paper the parameterizational approach of nonlinear source function and the implicit scheme of the model are discussed in detail. The matching problem is solved between time and space steps using the characteristics inlaid scheme with very strong physical meaning. The computational comparison in typical winds shows some improvements to the WAM model. That the hindcast results of the model for typhoon cases are in good agreement with real data illustrates its applicability to wave forecast and engineering study.

Mode Conversion and Diffraction of Guided Optical Waves from Magnetostatic Waves under Inclined Bias Magnetic Field

The noncollinear interaction of guided optical waves with magnetostatic waves under inclined bias magnetic field is theoretically studied in detail. Similar approach can also be applied to the collinear interaction. Calculation results indicate that the diffraction efficiency (DE) in magnitude is equal to the mode-conversion efficiency (MCE) under vertical bias magnetic field, but they differ greatly under inclined bias magnetic field. By comparison to the case of vertical magnetization, the DE or the MCE can be greatly increased under inclined magnetic field. The characteristic of the DE curves obtained is basically in agreement with the experimental result.

Focusing phenomenon and near-trapped modes of SH waves

In this study, the null-field boundary integral equation method （BIEM） and the image method are used to solve the SH wave scattering problem containing semi-circular canyons and circular tunnels. To fully utilize the analytical property of Circular geometry, the polar coordinates are used to expand the closed-form fundamental solution to the degenerate kernel, and the Fourier series is also introduced to represent the boundary density. By collocating boundary points to match boundary condition on the boundary, a linear algebraic system is constructed. The unknown coefficients in the algebraic system can be easily determined. In this way, a semi-analytical approach is developed. Following the experience of near-trapped modes in water wave problems of the full plane, the focusing phenomenon and near-trapped modes for the SH wave problem of the half-plane are solved, since the two problems obey the same mathematical model. In this study, it is found that the SH wave problem containing two semi-circular canyons and a circular tunnel has the near-trapped mode and the focusing phenomenon for a special incident angle and wavenumber. In this situation, the amplification factor for the amplitude of displacement is over 300.

Mode Recognition of Lamb Wave Detecting Signals in Metal Plate Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform Method

The dispersion and multiple modes characteristics which exist in the propagation of Lamb waves (LW) in metal plates make it extremely hard to analyze and recognize the detection echo signals of defects. As a newly developed time-frequency analysis method in recent years, Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is one of the powerful tools to analyze non-stationary signals. The experimental LW detecting system for single aluminum plate is setup in this work, and the LW detecting signals are analyzed by HHT. The overlapped LW detecting signals of different modes are recognized by the means of extracting flight time of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) after Hilbert transform (HT). The experiment results, agreeing well with the theoretical analysis, indicate that the HHT method can clearly recognize overlapped LW detecting signals of different modes in metal plates, but could hardly recognize that of the same mode. HHT can be an effective method to recognize LW detecting signals of different modes in metal plates.