Steady-state voltage-control method considering large-scale wind-power transmission using half-wavelength transmission lines

Half-wavelength transmission can transmit large-scale renewable energy over very long distances.This paper proposes an improved steady-state voltage-control method for half-wavelength transmission systems considering largescale wind-power transmission.First,the unique voltage characteristics of half-wavelength lines are deduced based on the distributed parameter model.In the secondary voltage-control level,reactive power-transmission limits of half-wavelength lines are introduced as another control objective except for tracing the pilot bus voltage reference.Considering the uncertainty and fluctuation of wind power,the overvoltage risk-assessment method of half-wavelength lines is presented to determine specific voltage-control strategies.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed voltage-control method delivers superior tracking performance according to a voltage reference value and prevents the overvoltage risk of halfwavelength lines effectively in different wind-power penetrations.

Analysis on the fault characteristics of three-phase short-circuit for half-wavelength AC transmission lines

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT) is an ultra-long distance AC transmission technology, whose electrical distance is close to half-wavelength at the system power frequency. It is very important for the construction and operation of HWACT to analyze its fault features and corresponding protection technology. In this paper, the steady-state voltage and current characteristics of the bus bar and fault point and the steady-state overvoltage distribution along the line will be analyzed when a three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault occurs on an HWACT line. On this basis, the threephase fault characteristics for longer transmission lines are also studied.

Review on Commissioning Test of Three Gorges Power Transmission & Substation Project

Holding the greatest power transmission capacity in China, Three Gorges power transmission and substation (T&S) project is an important landmark in the

Fault Location Method for STATCOM Connected Transmission Lines Using CCM

Determining the fault location using conventional impedance based distance relay in the presence of FACTS controllers is a challenging task in a transmission line. A new distance protection method is developed to locate the fault in a transmission line compensated with STATCOM with simple calculations. The proposed protection method considers the STATCOM injected/absorbed current to correct the fault loop apparent impedance and accordingly calculates the actual distance to the fault location. The comprehensive equations needed for apparent impedance calculation are also outlined and the performance is evaluated and tested with a typical 400 KV transmission system for different fault types and locations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The evaluation results indicate that the new protection method effectively estimates the exact fault location by mitigating the impact of STATCOM on distance relay performance with error less than 0.3%.

Solving Optimal Power Flow Using Modified Bacterial Foraging Algorithm Considering FACTS Devices

In this paper, a new Modified Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (MBFA) method is developed to incorporate FACTS devices in optimal power flow (OPF) problem. This method can provide an enhanced economic solution with the use of controllable FACTS devices. Two types of FACTS devices, thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC) are considered in this method. The basic bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) is an evolutionary optimization technique inspired by the foraging behavior of the E. coli bacteria. The strategy of the OPF problem is decomposed in two sub-problems, the first sub-problem related to active power planning to minimize the fuel cost function, and the second sub-problem designed to make corrections to the voltage deviation and reactive power violation based in an efficient reactive power planning of multi Static VAR Compensator (SVC). The specified power flow control constraints due to the use of FACTS devices are included in the OPF problem. The proposed method decomposes the solution of such modified OPF problem into two sub problems’ iteration. The first sub problem is a power flow control problem and the second sub problem is a modified Bacterial foraging algorithm (MBFA) OPF problem. The two sub problems are solved iteratively until convergence. Case studies are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Enhancement of Available Transfer Capability with Facts Device in the Competitive Power Market

In order to facilitate the electricity market operation and trade in the restructured environment, ample transmission capability should be provided to satisfy the demand of increasing power transactions. The conflict of this requirement and the restrictions on the transmission expansion in the restructured electrical market has motivated the development of methodologies to enhance the Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of the existing transmission grids. The insertion of FACTS devices in electrical systems seems to be a promising strategy to enhance ATC. In this paper, the viability and technical merits of boosting ATC using Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is being analyzed. The work has been carried out on IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus systems. Bilateral and multilateral transactions are considered. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are employed to obtain the optimal settings of TCSC.

Transmission System Reconfiguration to Reduce Losses and Cost Ensuring Voltage Security

The aim of this paper is to reduce the losses, total generation cost by switching of transmission line and to maintain voltage security under N - 1 contingency conditions. Generation cost is calculated and the priority list is made for switching the line. The problem is solved by ACOPF using Interior Point Method. In order to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the above method, a sample 6-bus system and IEEE 30-bus system have been used. The impact of switching on system parameter includes the generation cost, locational marginal pricing (LMP) and transmission losses, ensuring voltage security of the system.

Novel Double-Damped Tuned AC Filters in HVDC Systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of novel doubledampedtuned alternating current (AC) filters in high voltage direct current(HVDC) systems. The proposed double-damped tuned AC filters offer theadvantages of improved performance of HVDC systems in terms of betterpower quality, high power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion (THD).The system under analysis consists of an 878 km long HVDC transmissionline connecting converter stations at Matiari and Lahore, two major cities inPakistan. The main focus of this research is to design a novel AC filter usingthe equivalent impedance method of two single-tuned and double-dampedtuned AC filters. Additionally, the impact of the damping resistor on the ACchannel is examined. TheTHDof theHVDCsystem with and without currentAC filters was also compared in this research and a double-damped tuned ACfilter was proposed. The results of the simulation represent that the proposeddouble-damped tuned AC filter is far smaller in size, offers better powerquality, and has a much lower THD compared to the AC filters currently inplace in the converter station. The simulation analysis was carried out utilizingpower systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software.

新一代高韧性直流输电技术(一):从器件、装备到系统

构建高比例新能源、高比例电力电子化的新型电力系统迫切需要具有超强构网和主动支撑能力的新型直流输电技术。为此,文中秉承“一代器件、一代装备、一代系统”理念,提出新一代高韧性直流输电概念。增强型集成门极换流晶闸管(enhanced integrated gate-commutated thyristor,IGCT-Plus)的半导体本征结构拥有超强的浪涌电流能力,将为高暂态耐受的换流器提供坚实的物理基础;新型模块化换向式换流器(modular commutated converter,MCC)拥有优异的软开关特性,将是高倍载直流输电系统的优选方案;IGCT-Plus和MCC作为核心器件和装备将支撑具有电压和频率强支撑能力的新型高韧性直流输电系统构建。文中从新型器件、新型装备到新型系统对高韧性直流输电技术进行全面论述,并对后续发展中存在的关键问题和技术进行分析和展望。提出的高韧性直流输电技术对支撑双高电力系统的安全稳定运行具有重要意义,有望成为未来电力传输中的崭新方式。

Steady-state Voltage Reactive Compensation Method for Half-wavelength Transmission Lines Considering Equivalent Power Supply Impedance

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT)refers to transmission along lines with an electrical distance of half the power frequency wavelength.The voltage amplitude at the sending terminal is equal to that at the receiving terminal in steady-state.Furthermore,the voltage at the receiving terminal does not vary with load.However,the electrical distance has been extended in actual HWACT lines because of the impact of the equivalent power supply impedance,so the attractive characteristics no longer hold.As a result,reactive power compensation methods with constant power factor and constant voltage are needed and these are presented in this paper.The steady-state operational characteristics,the calculation methods of additional reactive power compensation and the admittance of a controllable shunt reactor are also given.The methods proposed in this paper are relatively simple to implement,and the calculations involved are straightforward,resulting in effective voltage stabilization.The results indicate that such compensation methods can increase the transmission capacity while maintaining a relatively low voltage along the line.

Penetrating power characteristics of half-wavelength AC transmission in point-to-grid system

With the proposed concept of global energy interconnection, half-wavelength alternating current transmission(HWACT) technology becomes of more interest.HWACT lines can be adopted to establish a pointto-grid system, in which the penetrating power(PP) is produced between receiving terminals, having a significant effect on the power flow distribution.In order to investigate this phenomenon, the PP characteristics of the HWACT system are researched in this paper.First, the mathematical relationship between the transmission power and terminal bus voltages of a single HWACT line is derived using the equations of a distributed parameter model.The research indicates that the relationship between power and terminal voltages shows ‘‘reverse characteristics"opposite to those of regular short transmission lines.Then, the concept and definition of PP in a point-to-grid system with two receiving terminals are proposed, and the corresponding relationship between PP and the terminal bus voltages is derived.Simulations are carried out to validate the theory under different conditions, so that the accuracy and adaptiveness of the theoretical analysis can be proved.In addition, the results demonstrate that selecting the location for a HWACT system has demanding requirements in order to control the value of PP.

FACTS控制器间交互影响及协调控制研究进展

柔性交流输电FACTS技术和设备在大规模互联电力系统中的应用日益广泛,研究FACTS控制器的交互影响及其协调控制也变得极其重要。文中给出了交互影响的定义,介绍了目前研究中所发现的涉及各种FACTS控制器的交互影响类型,总结了用于分析这些交互影响的若干实用方法,最后对FACTS控制器的协调控制方法进行了综述,并进一步指出后续研究中值得注意的新的课题。

信息电力与FACTS及DFACTS技术

信息社会对供电质量提出了新挑战 ,指出发展 FACTS及 DFACTS技术是满足信息电力要求的重要途径。在分析我国大区电网互联及其电压稳定、无功补偿问题的基础上 ,指出发展STATCOM应是我国 FACTS技术研究的主要方向 ,并阐述了 STATCOM研究的重点课题。同时指出在 DFACTS方面我国应加强系统化研究 ,主要内容包括 :电能质量问题对不同用户影响的试验研究、电能质量监测和评估技术。

计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力计算

利用功率注入法,建立广义统一潮流控制器(generalized unified power flow controller,GUPFC)和线间潮流控制器(interline power flow controller,IPFC)的数学模型。将GUPFC和IPFC的目标控制约束及运行约束即内部功率平衡约束和考虑等效功率注入模型的潮流约束嵌入到最优潮流计算模型中,得到计及GUPFC和IPFC的可用输电能力(available transfer capability,ATC)计算模型,并利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法对模型进行求解。IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算显示GUPFC对节点电压和多条线路甚至某一子网络潮流的灵活控制能力及IPFC对线间潮流的合理分配能力;同时验证模型和算法的有效性和可行性。

FACTS协调控制研究进展及展望

概述了灵活交流输电系统(FACTS)交互影响的实例和主要分析方法。总结分析近年来国内外研究所提出的多种FACTS协调控制方法,并将其分为线性控制方法、非线性控制方法和智能控制方法三大类,简要评述了其优点和不足。介绍了广域测量系统(WAMS)技术在协调控制中的应用情况,并归纳广域测量中信号时滞的处理方法。最后,总结目前FACTS协调控制研究存在的问题和未来有待进一步开展的工作,指出开展基于WAMS的FACTS协调控制研究是未来我国FACTS发展的主要方向之一。

基于自适应Backstepping设计的TCSC非线性鲁棒控制器

电力系统是强非线性的动态大系统,在运行中总要受到外部干扰和内部干扰的影响,从而对其稳定运行造成严重威胁.本文针对带有TCSC单机无穷大母线系统的三阶鲁棒模型,在考虑阻尼系数未知及系统受外部扰动的情况下,将自适应backstepping方法与非线性L2增益干扰抑制理论融合,构造出系统的存贮函数,并获得非线性自适应鲁棒控制器及参数替换律.所得控制器不仅能够保证系统状态有界,而且能够有效抑制干扰对系统输出的影响.通过对单机系统的仿真结果表明采用该方法的控制器优于传统的控制器.

面向大规模海上风电基地低频交流送出的功率集线器

为了经济和高效地实现千万千瓦级海上风电基地多个低频交流送出通道的功率汇集,并与陆上直流输送线路进行有机衔接,提出了大规模海上风电功率集线器的概念及其实现方法。各海上低频交流输送通道上岸后分别接入功率集线器的对应接口单元。接口单元的核心是简单的柔性化二极管整流器,在保持低成本、紧凑化的前提下具有灵活可控性,将对应通道的低频交流输入变换为直流后汇集到直流母线,且各接口单元能够实现独立的黑启动和功率控制。所有输入通道的功率在集线器的直流母线汇集后,可以连接后续陆上直流线路输送至负荷中心。文中提出了海上风电功率集线器的拓扑、基本设计方法和控制策略。与现有海上风电低频交流输电方案的比较表明,所提功率集线器方案具有更优的经济性、可靠性以及紧凑化水平。仿真结果验证了所提出的海上风电功率集线器的有效性。

基于相对增益矩阵和Prony技术的南方电网FACTS和HVDC之间交互影响分析

高压直流输电(HVDC)及灵活交流输电(FACTS)装置因其优良特性被广泛应用于现代电网中,但是其实际应用时间较短,加之其控制器的复杂性,使得对大规模交直流混联电网中FACTS装置之间及FACTS装置与HVDC间的交互作用的研究不够成熟和完善。文中以定量分析南方电网中FACTS装置之间以及FACTS装置与HVDC系统间的交互作用大小为目标,建立了含FACTS装置和HVDC系统的多机电力系统的线性化模型,并详细阐述了引入不同FACTS装置及直流系统时,控制变量、输出变量的选择及对代数方程的处理。接着对南方电网进行等值,利用该线性化模型推导出等值系统的传递函数,利用RGA方法找出FACTS装置之间以及FACTS装置与HVDC系统间的交互作用的大小。最后通过大扰动下的Prony分析验证了RGA分析结果的正确性。

交直流互联电网的跨省输电功率可行域分析

交直流互联电网的送受关系复杂,电网运行调控的约束众多,使得完全依赖人工经验来判断送受电计划调整空间的难度较大。为适应市场化交易对于跨省送受电计划调整提出的精细化要求,提出了一种跨省输电功率可行域的分析方法。首先,根据交直流互联电网的运行特点,对调度可行域所含的运行约束进行拓展建模。然后,构建跨省输电功率可行域模型,并采用有序顶点搜索法进行求解。最后,基于南方区域电网的实际运行场景展开算例分析,并利用全网调度优化模型的计算结果验证了跨省输电功率可行域的有效性。依据可行域的计算结果可以获知特定送受场景下跨省输电功率的限值范围,从而为中长期送受电计划校核调整提供参考依据。

AC/DC混合输电系统分散协调控制

针对电压源型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)在应用中带来的AC/DC交直流输电系统的协调控制问题,建立了AC/DC数学模型,并对AC/DC提出了一种新的分散最优协调控制模式。在该模式中,逆系统线性化理论被应用于直流输电系统的控制。文中为了与交流电网相配合,将标幺制引入了直流输电系统,并以Lyapunov间接法证明了该闭环非线性系统的稳定性。AC/DC混合输电系统的数值仿真结果表明了该控制策略的有效性和鲁棒性。