Effects of hanging wall and footwall on demand of structural input energy during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Systematic differences in the duration and frequency content of ground motions from the hanging wall and footwall during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are investigated,focusing on the influence of these differences on structural input energy based on the elastic and inelastic energy responses of structures.A comparison of the input energy spectra between the hanging wall and the footwall reveal that the structural input energy on the hanging wall is not amplified due to the short duration and low peak ground velocity to acceleration ratio（V/A）.However,the larger demand of structural input energy on the footwall in the range of medium and long periods is observed and the demand increases up to 50% relative to the average level of structural input energy for rupture distances larger than 30 km.The importance of considering the footwall effect on structural input energy when comparing ground motions in the range of medium and long periods is recognized.

Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Jiji (Chi-Chi), Taiwan Province, earthquake

The M=7.6 Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake, Taiwan Province, on September 21, 1999 (local time) is a thrust fault style earthquake. The empirical attenuation relations of the horizontal and vertical peak ground accelerations (PGA) for the Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake are developed by regression method. By examining the residuals from the Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake-specific peak acceleration attenuation relations, it is found that there are systematic differences between PGA on the hanging-wall and footwall. The recorded peak accelerations are higher on the hanging-wall and lower on the footwall. The clear asymmetry of PGA distribution to the surface rupture trace can also be seen from the PGA contour map. These evidences indicate that the PGA attenuates faster on the hanging-wall than on the footwall. In the study of near-source strong motion, seismic hazard assessment, scenario earthquake and seismic disaster prediction, the style-of-faulting must be considered in order that the attenuation model can reflect the characteristic of ground motion in various seismic environmental regions.

Preliminary analysis of the hanging wall effect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake

A preliminary study of the PGA attenuation, hanging wall effect and velocity pulse characteristics from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake ofMS -8.0 is described in this paper. The study was carried out through analyses in the time and frequency domains of main earthquake records. In the PGA attenuation study, records from 316 stations less than 1000 km from the surface rupture of the fault were used as a database and attenuation relationships were developed and compared with some existing relationships that are widely used in China's Mainland, Chinese Taiwan and the US. At the same time, records from 28 stations less than 100 km from the fault were used to study the hanging wall effect and velocity pulse characteristics of this earthquake based on the distribution of PGA, PGV, spectral acceleration, and the velocity pulse peak, and the results are compared with the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. In addition, the large PGAs of the UD components observed in this event are also discussed in this paper. From the results of the preliminary study, some conclusions are developed and suggestions for further research are proposed.

A new attenuation model of near-fault ground motions with consideration of the hanging wall effect in the Wenchuan earthquake

The hanging wall effect is an important factor that impacts the characteristics of strong ground motions in near-fault areas. Based on a residual analysis of ground motion parameters characterizing the hanging wall effect and in recognition of the nature of the effect, many models have been developed. In this study, after a comprehensive analysis of two existing models, a new model is proposed and used to model the hanging wall effect in horizontal peak ground acceleration （PGAH） and spectral acceleration （SAH） at a period of 0.1s in the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, comparisons between the modeling results of the hanging wall effect in the Wenchuan earthquake and the results predicted by using Abrahamson and Silva＇s NGA model （AS NGA） indicate that the AS NGA model predicts a much higher hanging wall effect than the model developed in this paper. Furthermore, the AS NGA model predicts a large hanging wall effect even at great distances, while the proposed model more accurately captures the trend of the effect.

Effects of hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake on inelastic displacement response of structures

The characteristics of the inelastic response of structures affected by hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are investigated. Inelastic displacement ratios （IDRs） for ground motions impacted by these nearfield effects are evaluated and comprehensively compared to far-field ground motions. In addition, the inelastic displacement responses to hanging wall and footwall ground motions are compared. It is concluded that the inelastic displacement response is significantly affected in the short period range by hanging wall and in the long period range by footwall. Although high peak ground acceleration was observed at hanging wall stations, the IDRs for structures on hanging wall sites are only larger than footwall sites in the very long period range. Forward directivity effects result in larger IDRs for periods longer than about 0.5s. Adopting statistical relationships for IDRs established using far-field ground motions may lead to either overestimation or underestimation in the seismic evaluation of existing structures located in near-field regions, depending on their fundamental vibration periods.

Geometric effects resulting from the asymmetry of dipping fault:Hanging wall/ footwall effects

Root-mean-square distance Drms with characteristic of weighted-average is introduced in this article firstly. Drms can be used to capture the general proximity of a site to a dipping fault plane comparing with the rupture distance Drup and the seismogenic distance Dseis. Then, using Drup, Dseis and Drms, the hanging wall/footwall effects on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are evaluated by regression analysis. The logarithm residual shows that the PGA on hanging wall is much greater than that on footwall at the same Drup or Dseis when the Drup or Dseis is used as site-to-source distance measure. In contrast, there is no significant difference between the PGA on hanging wall and that on footwall at the same Drms when Drms is used. This result confirms that the hanging wall/footwall effect is mainly a geometric effect caused by the asymmetry of dipping fault. Therefore, the hanging wall/footwall effect on the near-fault ground motions can be ignored in the future attenuation analysis if the root-mean-square distance Drms is used as the site-to-source distance measure.

Characteristics of frequency content of near-fault ground motions during the Chi-Chi earthquake

The frequency content of earthquake ground motion is very important because it affects the dynamic response of structural systems. In the paper, we use five scalar parameters (the response spectral predominant period Tp, smoothed spectral predominant period To, Fourier amplitude spectral mean period Tm, equivalent pulse period Tv, and the pseudo-velocity spectral predominant period Tpv) reflecting the characteristics of frequency content of strong ground motion to examine the near-fault three-component motions during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. The result indicates that the frequency content of near-fault motions at the Hanging wall is less than that at the foot wall; Tp shows a smaller value than that of To and Tm and it emerges a reverse relation of three-component motions as compared with that of To and Tm; Tv and Tpv of the near-fault motions at the north end of the rupture display a similar trend to that generated by the rupture directivity effect of strike-slip faulting. We therefore conclude that these observations are useful in the formulation of near-fault design spectra for seismic codes and in zoning studies in seismic risk.

Preliminary Study on the Correlation between Intensity Isoseismals and the Seismic Source Process of the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan,China

The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan caused heavy casualties and serious economic loss because of damage to engineering structures in high earthquake intensity regions. Earthquake intensity, especially in the near source region, as a macroscopic description of distribution of strong ground motions certain correlations with the earthquake source process, such as rupture directivity and the hanging-wall effect of the near-fault ground motions of this earthquake. In this article some qualitative analyses are carried out. The conclusion of this study may be useful for emergence response and rescue after earthquakes, when the strong ground motion recordings and the intensity distribution are not available immediately.

2008年汶川地震近断层竖向与水平向地震动特征

选取分布在北川映秀中央断裂两侧断层距120 km以内的40个强震动台站的记录,对汶川地震近断层地震动竖向和水平向加速度峰值、速度峰值、竖向和水平向加速度反应谱及谱比值进行了统计分析.研究表明:(1)地震动加速度峰值有显著的上盘效应,经验衰减模型的结果表明,在距地表破裂3～60 km的范围内,龙门山发震断层上盘一侧竖向与水平向的加速度峰值要比衰减模型得到的平均值大30%～40%.上盘的加速度峰值残差大部分是正值,而断层下盘残差大部分为负;水平地震动的东西分量幅值总体要大于南北分量,东西分量衰减相对较慢.(2)地震动长周期成分较弱,加速度反应谱值随周期增大而迅速减小,在周期1.0 s时,即使在靠近中央断裂的最大加速度反应谱值也只有0.5 g;地震动加速度反应谱谱比值(竖向/水平向)沿龙门山断层周围的分布,在较长周期(T=0.2 s,0.5 s,1.0 s)与短周期(T=0.05 s,0.1 s)有明显的不同.(3)近断层竖向地震动显著,地震动加速度峰值比在(竖向/水平向)可达1.4.在龙门山发震断层的上盘,地震动加速度峰值比整体上比下盘要大,竖向地震动尤为剧烈.部分近断层记录的地震动谱比值(竖向/水平向)在短周期(<0.1 s)甚至超过1.5,统计分析还表明谱比值在短周期段(<0.1 s)随断层距的增大而减小.

“y”形地裂缝场地主次裂缝地震响应差异的振动台试验

以西安地裂缝F6和F6’长安立交段'y'形地裂缝场地为背景,对'y'形地裂缝场地主次裂缝地震响应差异开展1∶15的振动台模型试验研究。试验结果表明,El Centro波激励下:1主、次地裂缝两侧的响应加速度放大系数Ki,j均随激励的增大整体上呈减小趋势,这种变化趋势在激励加速度峰值为300Gal时出现拐点;主地裂缝底部处的放大系数大于次裂缝同深度处的放大系数;主、次裂缝顶部和中部的加速度响应差异不明显。2底部加速度响应远离主、次裂缝均明显增强;激励加速度峰值≤200Gal时,中部加速度响应远离主、次裂缝均明显衰减,而顶部加速度响应远离主裂缝反而增强;主、次地裂缝加速度响应距离裂缝的衰减规律差异不明显。3主、次地裂缝顶部的下盘加速度响应均大于上盘,但底部的上盘加速度响应均大于下盘,这种上下盘效应随激励的变化趋势不明显,与主、次地裂缝的相关性也不明显。

台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应

1999年 9月 2 1日 (当地时间 )台湾集集 7.6级地震是一个逆断层型地震 .用回归分析法对台湾集集地震的加速度峰值数据进行分析 ,得出了这次地震的水平与垂直向的加速度峰值衰减关系 .从残差分布上看 ,位于断层上盘和下盘上的加速度峰值与从衰减关系所得到的结果相比存在不同的系统偏差 ,断层上盘地表的加速度峰值较高 ,而下盘地表的加速度峰值较低 .从这次地震的加速度峰值分布等值线图上也可以看出 ,加速度峰值的分布相对于断层呈现明显的不对称性 ,上盘衰减较慢而下盘衰减较快 .在近断层强地面运动研究、地震危险性分析、设定地震研究与震害预测等工作中 ,应考虑可能地震的震源机制特点 。

柴达木盆地断裂上下盘油气差异聚集效应与成因

断裂沟通含油气盆地不同层位、不同时代的烃源岩和生储盖组合,成为连接烃源岩和各种圈闭的重要渠道,导致了多种类型的与断裂有关的油气藏的形成。柴达木盆地的断裂控烃特征明显,断裂上下盘油气差异聚集现象十分普遍,不同构造系统区具有不同的油气差异聚集机理和模式。其根本原因是断裂上下盘具有不同的地质特征和油气运聚成藏条件,它们往往是互为消长的关系。油气是富集在断裂的上盘,还是聚集在断裂的下盘,取决于具体的地质条件。

上下盘开采影响下断层滑移失稳力学机制

当工作面上覆岩层中含有断层时,地表下沉规律与不含断层时具有显著差别。为了研究上下盘开采断层滑移失稳力学机理,基于关键层理论建立了上下盘开采断层活化力学模型,推导了断层滑移失稳的判据,并结合数值模拟和相似模拟对上下盘开采断层活化难易程度进行了分析。研究结果表明:①相对于上盘开采,下盘开采断层保持稳定除了满足断层带岩体在断层面不发生滑移外还需满足断层面不产生离层,下盘开采断层保持稳定条件更加苛刻,下盘开采断层更容易活化;②对于上盘开采,随着工作面推进,浅部断层带岩体正应力逐渐减小,剪应力逐渐增大,深部断层带岩体剪应力和正应力都逐渐增大,说明断层露头处断层带岩体已经处于活化状态,断层带岩体产生裂隙,应力逐渐松弛,而深部断层带岩体正在为活化蓄能,浅部断层带岩体超前深部断层带岩体发生活化;③对于下盘开采,随着工作面推进,浅部断层带岩体剪应力和正应力逐渐增加,深部断层带岩体剪应力与正应力逐渐减小,工作面推进长度较小时,断层即活化;④工作面推进过程中,下盘开采断层带岩体剪应力与正应力的比值为上盘开采的3~5倍;⑤上盘开采断层活化时仅在断层露头处地表产生轻微裂隙,未形成明显台阶,下盘开采断层活化将在断层露头处产生明显台阶下沉。

汶川地震中强震持时的特征研究

基于汶川地震断层距150 km内56个台站三分量加速度记录分析地震动重要持时的特征,并建立了持时与断层距的拟合关系。与已建立的持时公式比较,以往分析结果都大大低估了汶川地震动持时。近断层特征对地震动持时有显著影响。断层距小于30 km,上盘和下盘场点的持时明显低于平均水平;断层距大于30 km,地震动持时受到下盘效应的影响,持时较长。破裂方向性效应引起地震动持时在垂直断层方向与水平方向上的差异,同时断层破裂前方向场点的地震动持时较短,比破裂后方向场点的持时小近一倍。

汶川地震地表破裂带宽度与断层上盘效应

以汶川地震产生的地表破裂宽度为研究对象,以地表微变形、裂隙和鼓包、叠瓦状断层及反冲断层等为标志界定破裂的宽度,查明中央破裂带和前山破裂带宽度的分布。结果表明,中央断裂带与汉旺–白鹿断裂带的地表破裂宽度不同,中央断裂带不同段落的地表破裂宽度也不相同。断层还表现出明显的断层上盘效应,北川–映秀断裂上盘最小避让距离为70 m,下盘最小避让距离为23.5 m,断层两侧避让总宽度不应小于108m;汉旺–白鹿断裂上盘最小避让距离为35 m,下盘最小避让距离20 m,总避让宽度不应小于58 m。地表破裂宽度及断层上盘效应与破裂带陡坎高度、地震烈度分布、强震记录具有较好的一致性。

汶川Ms8.0地震四川及邻区数字强震台网记录

2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0特大地震是龙门山构造带逆冲–右旋错动的结果,四川数字强震台网共获取133组三分向加速度记录,结合陕西、甘肃部分台站观测结果,根据原始记录绘制的加速度峰值等值线呈长轴为NE方向的不规则椭圆形,与地震影响烈度分布具有较好的一致性。进一步分析发现,该次地震的加速度记录具有比较明显的方向性效应和断层上盘效应,即沿破裂传播的NE方向加速度峰值衰减显著慢于SW方向;而处于断层NW上盘的地震动峰值衰减明显慢于SE下盘,出现系统性偏高现象,且在发震断裂的映秀—北川段更为显著,与震源破裂的方式和过程具相关性。另一个现象是近发震断裂的竖向(UD)与水平向(H)地震动峰值的比值明显高于远场,在近断层附近比值在1.0左右,与现行的《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011–2001)规定的比值2/3存在较大差异。随断层距的增加,加速度反应谱峰值逐渐移向长周期,当断层距大于200km时更为显著,但在近断层100km时存在速度大脉冲现象。

上下盘断层参数对RC框架结构地震响应研究(Ⅱ:隔震)

为研究上下盘断层参数对隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构地震动响应的影响,对四种不同高度的框架结构进行了隔震设计,从隔震层抗风性能、偏心率、支座压应力三个方面验证了隔震设计的合理性,在160条上下盘地震作用下以验证的隔震结构模型为基础,进一步研究了震级、土体剪切波速、断层倾角、上界埋置深度等断层参数对其动力响应的影响规律。结果表明:隔震框架结构在上盘地震动作用下的控制效果优于下盘地震动,结构水平向减震系数和隔震层位移随下盘场地距离的变化基本保持不变,随上盘场地距离呈现"下凹型"变化趋势,以上盘20~30 km场地范围内结构的隔震效果最优;隔震结构的控制效果随震级、结构高度的增大而降低,随土体剪切波速的增大而增大,随断层倾角和上界埋置深度的增大在下盘保持不变、在上盘逐渐减小。

地震作用下地裂缝场地的动力响应研究

地裂缝对建筑结构的破坏是巨大的.随着西安地裂缝活动已趋于稳定和城市发展的需要,对地裂缝场地的利用提出了新的要求.针对地裂缝场地地震效应研究的不足,采用有限元法对西安某地裂缝场地进行模拟分析,研究了地震作用下输入地震动的强度、峰值位移及峰值加速度等因素对地裂缝场地地表峰值加速度的影响,定量地分析了地裂缝场地放大效应及上下盘作用效应,找出了地裂缝场地的动力响应规律,为地裂缝场地工程结构的抗震设防提供了依据.

断层倾角对上/下盘效应的影响

上／下盘效应是近断层地震动的显著特征之一。上／下盘效应的影响因素很多，由于靠近断层，与震源相关的因素成为主导因素，尤其是断层倾角的影响最为明显。本文采用二维有限元数值模拟的方法模拟了近断层地震动，定量地考查了断层倾角对上／下盘效应的影响。结果表明：无论是走滑型断层还是倾滑型断层，随着断层倾角从0°～90°的增大过程中，上／下盘效应先迅速增大然后缓慢减小。

汶川地震烈度分布与震源过程相关性的初步研究

汶川地震造成了靠近发震断层附近地区的工程结构的严重破坏,由此导致了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。汶川地震后,虽然目前还没有得到完整的强震记录,但是作为震害宏观描述的地震烈度,在一定程度上反应了汶川地震近断层地震动与震源过程之间的相关性,如近断层地震动的方向性效应和上盘效应。本文对此做了一些定性的分析,认为高烈度区的分布与震源机制和破裂过程存在一定的相关性,并且在近断层地区很可能存在着较为显著的方向性效应和上盘效应。更详细的研究还需要在得到足够的强震记录后才能进行。