Design and efficient synthesis of novel haptens and complete antigens for the AOZ,a toxic metabolite of furazolidone

A good strategy was brought forward for designing efficient haptens and complete antigens for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone （AOZ）. Haptens designed newly were achieved facilely in good yield by using LiCI-N（Et）3 as new catalysis system, the structure of which was elucidated by spectroscopy analysis, such as NMR and MS. Novel antigens for AOZ were prepared successfully by convenient active ester method. The ratios of haptens 3 and 4 to carrier proteins were proven respectively as 41 ： 1 （5a）, 39：1 （6a）, 11：1 （5b） and 9：1 （6b） by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid （TNBS） method. The results of indirect competitive ELISA （ic-ELISA） of antiserums indicated that the haptens with a short unsaturated side chain can evoke specific immune response effectively.

Characterization of Hapten-Protein Conjugates for Immunoassay of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)

Preparation and characterization of the hapten-protein conjugates are fundamental to developing environmental immunoassays. As a hapten, 1-pyrenebutyric acid（PBA） was conjugated to the carrier protein of bovine serum albumin（BSA） or ovalbumin（OVA） by active ester method. Infrared spectra（IR） showed that PBA-BSA and PBA-OVA conjugates were successfully prepared. The number of the haptens conjugated to the carrier protein was determined by ultraviolet spectra（UV） and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry（MALDI-TOF-MS）. The calculated average binding ratios of PBA/BSA and PBA/OVA were 18：1 and 10：1 by UV, and 31：1 and 22：1 by MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. Although there was a discrepancy between the results determined by the two methods, both of them were useful for the characterization of the hapten-protein conjugates. The antibody was produced against the antigen of PBA-BSA, and the affinity was tested by the double agar diffusion method The conjugates and the antibody could be used for developing a sensitive and selective immunoassay of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）.

A New Hapten for Immunoassay of Aldicarb

A new hapten, aldicarb oxime succinic ester （AOSE）, was synthesized for immunoassay of aldicarb. It was conjugated to proteins by active ester method. Polyclonal antibody was raised against AOSE-BSA （bovine serum albumin） conjugate. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs） showed that this antiserum had high affinity to aldicarb and can be used for sensitive and selective immunoassay of aldicarb.

Design and Synthesis of 6α-Corticosteroid Haptens and Their Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Conjugates

The site of attachment of protein carrier to corticosteroids has great influence on the specificity of produced antibody. In order to obtain highly specific and accurate antibodies for bioimmunoassay determination of cortisol, different tether lengths of 6-corticosteroid haptens and their BSA conjugates were designed and synthesized.

Studies on Increasing the Activity of Selenium-Containing Abzyme (Ⅰ)——Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Hapten and Antigen

The thiol group of glutathione (GSH) reacts specifically with 2.4-di-m-trochlorobenzene to give S-substituted dinitrophenyl glutathione (GSH-S-DNP);two carboxyl groups of GSH-S-DNP were further esterified by n-butanol to produce the hapten,multisubstrate analog GSH-S-DNP Butyl Ester (GSH-S-DNP BE).The primary structure of the hapten was characterized by the free ammo group analysis,1H NMR,IR determinations and the elemental analysis.The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the presence of glutaraldehyde.The reaction mixture was purified by Ultrogel AcA54 coluni chromatography to give the antigen.On an average,25 haptens were bound to each BSA molecule.Electrophoresis analysis showed that the average molecular weight of the antigen was 87 KD.CD spectrum showed that the α-helix content of the antigen increased.

Synthesis and Density Functional Theory(DFT) Calculation of Haptens for PAHs

Five PAHs haptens 3 a～3 e were synthesized from naphthalene, anthracene, chrysene, pyrene and acenaphthene via two steps including Friedel-Crafts acylation and WolffKishner-Huang reduction. The sixth hapten 4-(acenaphthylen-3-yl)butanoic acid(3 f) was prepared from hapten 3 e via three steps including esterification, bromination and elimination. Their structures were confirmed by melting point, ~1H NMR and ^(13)C NMR. Their optical properties and crystal structures were also investigated. The results of density functional theory(DFT) calculation provided the supports that the size, shape(geometry) and electronic properties at the corresponding parts of 3 a～3 f did not change significantly, compared to those of PAHs. The haptens 3 a～3 f were coupled with bovine serum albumin(BSA) to make antigens. The coupling ratios were 1:20～1:38. These results show that the haptens could be used to induce specific antibodies for PAHs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Specific Haptens Used to Generate Abzyme with Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

Glutathione was modified selectively by 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene,giving S substituted dinitrophenyl glutathione(GSH S DNP).GSH S DNP was further esterified by iso butanol,hexanol,cyclohexanol and benzyl alcohol.Four haptens used to generate abzyme with glutathione peroxidase(GPX)activity were synthesized.They are GSH DNP biesters:GSH DNP di iso butyl ester(GSH DNP IBU),GSH DNP bihexyl ester(GSH DNP HE),GSH DNP bicyclohexyl ester(GSH DNP CH),GSH DNP bibenzylmethyl ester(GSH DNP BE).The structures of the haptens were characterized by means of elemental analysis,IR and 1H NMR.

Hydrophobic Pocket Modification and Humanized Catalytic Antibodies with Glutathione Peroxidase Activity(Ⅰ)——Preparation and Characterization of Haptenes and Conjugates

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Rational hapten design and establishment of broad-spectrum indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for benzimidazoles monitoring in milk

Objectives Benzimidazoles(BZs)are commonly used for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections in veterinary clinics;however,misuse and overdosing of BZs will cause residual problems and have the potential to damage human health through the food chain.Thus,the existence of BZs in foods needs more attention.This study aims to establish a broad-spectrum immunoassay for rapid detection and to simultaneously monitor BZs in milk.Materials and Methods Based on structure analysis,a‘zero epitope loss’strategy,which introduced a spacer arm into the imino group of the imidazole ring of albendazole,was first adopted for hapten modification to obtain an ultra-sensitive and broad-spectrum antibody.An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(icELISA)was established for the detection of 18 BZs in milk sample with a single-step pretreatment.A quantitative structure–activity relationship model was constructed to interpret and predict the recognition.Results The antibody could recognize 20 BZs and the half-inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.054 to 417.58 ng/mL,the limits of detection of icELISA ranged from 0.4 to 89.4 ng/mL,and the mean recovery rates ranged from 76.49%to 120.40%,with a coefficient of variation<20%.Substituent R1 of BZs was considered to be the main influencing factor for recognition,and the comparative molecular field analysis model(q2=0.724,r2=0.998)was finally chosen for further prediction.Conclusions The results indicated that the established icELISA could simultaneously identify 18 BZs,with good accuracy and precision,which was suitable for rapid detection of BZs in milk.

Hapten design to prepare monoclonal antibodies and establishment of immunoassay for direct screening of oxamichydrazide in chicken,the metabolite of nifuraldezone

In this study,two novel haptens of oxamichydrazide(OXZ),the metabolite of nifuraldezone,were designed and synthesized by derivatization with ethyl-4-bromobutanoate and ethyl-2-bromoacetate for the first time.The rationality of the haptens was enlightened by conformational alignment and electronic evaluations based on computional chemistry.The synthesized haptens were efficient in generating antibody response to OXZ.A monoclonal antibody(mAb)named 2D9 with high affinity was obtained and used to establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(icELISA)for the direct determination of OXZ in chicken samples without the need for derivatization step.Under optimum conditions,the developed icELISA showed an IC50 value of 0.66 ng mL^(−1),and limit of detection of 0.11μg kg^(−1)in chicken.The average recoveries were found to be 80.4-91.3%with a coefficient of variation less than 9.0%.In conclusion,we have successfully desigened haptens,prepared mAbs and developed an immunoassay for the direct determination of OXZ in chicken samples without the need for a derivatization step for the first time.This provides a potentially rapid,accurate,and sensitive screening tool for nifuraldezone residue in animal-derived food.

牛羊布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验的建立与应用

【目的】建立并优化布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验(Native hapten agar gel immuno-diffusion test,NH-AGID),检测临床样品。【方法】建立NH-AGID方法,评价方法特异性、敏感性及重复性;检测免疫地区2287份、非免疫地区252份牛、羊血清。【结果】建立了NH-AGID方法,检测稳定,重复性好,具有较高的特异性;对自然感染阳性动物检测敏感性低于80%,对排菌动物的检测敏感性高于90%,检出布病阳性抗体的阈值高于RBT。免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率17.8%,LPS抗体平均检出率52.3%;非免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率40.9%,LPS抗体平均检出率54.8%。【结论】应用NH-AGID方法可鉴别区分免疫地区牛、羊布病感染动物和免疫动物。检出NH抗体动物处于布鲁氏菌活动期或排菌期为布病感染动物,应及时剔除出群。

Analysis on molecular interaction mechanism of four hapten flavonoids in Shuang-huang-lian powder injection with bovine serum albumin

Baicalein, baicalin, scutellarin and Chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide are the major flavonoids of the Shuang-huang-lian powder injection. These flavonoids are thought to be haptens that can induce allergic reactions. The interaction mechanism of these haptens with bovine serum albumin （BSA） was investigated by surface plasmon resonance （SPR） and molecular modeling method. The SPR study indicated that these compounds could specifically bind to the BSA with one binding site and equilibrium dissociation constant （KD） values were determined. Molecular modeling explored the mechanism of interaction under simulated physiological condition. The result of molecular modeling indicated that flavonoids could bind with BSA in the hydrophobic pocket of sub-domain II with hydrogen bonding as the main acting force.

一种通用型半抗原免疫层析试纸的制备及在双咪苯脲上的应用

为了提高单克隆抗体筛选效率,降低免疫层析检测方法建立门槛,利用生物素标记人工抗原为探针,以亲和素固定于硝酸纤维素膜上为检测线,建立了通用型半抗原免疫层析试纸,并将其应用于双咪苯脲(IM)单克隆抗体的筛选及残留检测。结果表明,利用碳二亚胺法成功制备了IM人工抗原及生物素探针;通过免疫小鼠及杂交瘤细胞技术制备单克隆抗体;应用试纸筛选,成功获得IM单克隆抗体细胞株1株,其效价为1∶32000,灵敏度为6.25 ng/mL。基于该单抗及通用型半抗原免疫层析试纸建立了IM免疫层析检测试纸,检测牛奶中IM的灵敏度为7 ng/mL。该试纸及其探针制备方法可以通用于半抗原抗体筛选,为抗体筛选提供了一种更高效的方法;无需免疫层析试纸研发平台即可建立半抗原免疫层析检测方法,为免疫层析试纸的研发提供了新的技术手段。

牛奶中喹诺酮类药物残留的AlphaLISA检测方法的研究

本文旨在建立一种可检测牛奶中喹诺酮类药物(Quinolones,QNS)残留的均相光激化学发光免疫分析方法(Amplifiedluminescent proximity homogeneous assay linkedimmune sorbent assay,AlphaLISA)。采用EDC/NHS活泼酯法在诺氟沙星分子连接6-氨基己酸作为间隔臂,制备生物素修饰诺氟沙星半抗原(Biotin-6AS-NOR),并在受体微球上偶联QNS单克隆抗体,Biotin-6AS-NOR可与牛奶样品中的QNS竞争结合喹诺酮抗体;通过优化受体微球的QNS抗体偶联量,Biotin-6AS-NOR及供/受体微球的用量等参数,以及牛奶样品的稀释方案,建立了牛奶中QNS残留的AlphaLISA检测方法。采用1:5牛奶样品稀释方案,所建立牛奶中QNS残留的AlphaLISA检测方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.19 ng/mL和0.46 ng/mL,回收率在85.97%~110.11%之间,日内和日间变异系数均小于10%,与诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、达氟沙星和洛美沙星的交叉反应率均高于70%。本研究所建立AlphaLISA检测方法具有灵敏度和准确度高、重复性好等优点,且在整个检测过程中不需要繁琐洗涤操作,具有较高的应用和推广价值。

二苯甲酮免疫速测法中人工抗原的制备及鉴定

针对食品接触材料中污染物二苯甲酮(benzophenone, BZP),设计制备了人工免疫抗原和包被抗原,并对其特异性和适用性进行鉴定。研究是利用4-氨基二苯甲酮与丁二酸酐反应制备二苯甲酮半抗原(BZP-Ag),再将半抗原分别与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备二苯甲酮人工免疫原(BZP-Ag-BSA)和包被原(BZP-Ag-OVA),最后通过小鼠免疫,间接竞争酶联免疫法(ic-ELISA)测定抗血清的效价与抑制率。结果显示,经过紫扫描鉴定,人工免疫原(BZP-Ag-BSA)和包被原(BZP-Ag-OVA)制备成功,获得的小鼠抗血清效价在1.2 K以上,对0.1μg/mL二苯甲酮标准品抑制率在85%以上,为后期加工食品中二苯甲酮残留物免疫快速检测方法的建立提供优质核心原料。

Syntheses of haptens and hapten-protein conjugates for insecticide propoxur and cyhalothrin

A facile procedure was described for the hapten design of the N-methylcarbamate insecticide propoxur.Two new haptens of propoxur(hapten 1a and hapten 1b) were synthesized by introducing appropriate spacers in the pesticide aromatic moiety of the analyte molecular structure.First,the propoxur reacted with nitric acid to yield the intermediate product.Then hapten 1a was prepared via the reduction of the intermediate product,and hapten 1b was formed by the acylation of hapten 1a with succinic anhydride.In addition,we have also developed a simple method to prepare hapten 2 for the pyrethroid insecticide cyhalothrin,which only requires two steps including the reactions of nitration and reduction.Three haptens were coupled to carrier proteins to prepare the corresponding artificial antigens.The molecular structures of these three haptens were identified by 1H NMR and MS,and those of the artificial antigens were confirmed by UV-vis.

半抗原直接包被的四环素酶联免疫吸附分析法的建立

为建立更优的四环素(tetracycline,TC)酶联免疫吸附分析法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),将TC与蛋白质偶联制备人工完全抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,获得抗TC的单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,MAb)。采用酸性高锰酸钾羧化酶标板,将TC直接包被在酶标板上,并对ELISA反应体系条件进行优化,构建一种半抗原直接包被的TC ELISA检测方法。所制备的MAb特异性良好,交叉反应率低。所构建的检测方法最低检测限IC_(10)值为0.306 ng/mL,半数抑制率IC_(50)值为9.26 ng/mL,牛奶和水中加标回收率分别为96.46%~101.89%、96.84%~102.50%。与人工完全抗原包被的检测方法相比(IC_(10)值:0.624 ng/mL,IC_(50)值:28.24 ng/mL,牛奶和水中加标回收率分别为93.86%~105.12%、94.04%~105.56%),检测灵敏度有明显提高,并可用于实际样品中TC含量的检测,具备良好的应用前景。

Synthesis and characteristics of a novel artificial hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid from penicillin G for immunoassay of heavy metal ions

In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a novel copper ion hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid （CMPA） derived from penicillin. Results from tests with immune rabbits indicate that： （i） A new antigen synthesized with CMPA has good stability and is safe for immunizing animals with no toxic phenomena being found in animal experiments; （ii） the immunogenic antigen （CMPA-BSA） can stimulate the immune system to produce specific antibodies with high titrations, up to 150000; and （iii） antibodies in antisera showed higher affinity to OVA-GSH-CuC1 than OVA-GSH, which indicates that the antibodies have specific affinity towards copper ions. These results confirm that the novel hapten and relevant antigen for copper ion have been successfully synthesized, giving progress towards an immunoassay for copper ions in environmental and food samples.

Preparation of hapten-specific monoclonal antibody for cadmium and its ELISA application to aqueous samples

High-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies against cadmium-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)complex have been produced using the hybridoma technique.A hapten was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR)and UVVis.Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for quantitative detection of cadmium in aqueous sample was developed.The monoclonal antibody with high level of binding affinity for Cd-IEDTA-BSA and high specificity for soluble Cd-EDTA complex showed less than 0.99%cross-reactivity with other 11 metals.The limit of detection was 0.10μg·L^(-1),and the effective linear range was 10^(-1)-10^(3)μg·L^(-1).The intra-and inter-assay coefficient variations were 1.5%-6.3%and 3.2%-7.4%,respectively.The spike recovery in different water samples were between 98.5%and 110.3%.The detection limit of this assay was well below the allowable concentration of cadmium(3μg·L^(-1)),and the working range was wider than that of other methods which showed the range of 2.19-86.38 and 0-10^(3)μg·L^(-1).The competitive ELISA established in this paper was sensitive and accurate in the screening of cadmium in aqueous samples.The results will lay a solid foundation for construction of an immunoassay kit for cadmium.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-derived haptens promote sensitization

T helper 2 （Th2） polarization is a major pathological feature in allergic diseases; its etiology is not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the adjuvant effect of the microbial product-derived small peptides in the initiation of antigen-specific Th2 polarization. In this study, a clinical survey of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis （CRS） and food allergy （FA） was carried out. The Staphylococcal enterotoxin B （SEB）-derived small peptides （Ssps） were examined in the human stool extracts. The formation of Ssp/antigen adducts was tested in a protein-protein combination assay. The bone marrow-derived dendritic cells （BMDCs） were employed to test the role of Ssp/ovalbumin （OVA） adducts in the dendritic cell （DC） maturation. A mouse model was developed to test the role of Ssp/OVA adducts in the initiation of ＂l＇h2 polarization in the intestine. The results showed that 54 （18.2%} patients with FA were diagnosed among 296 patients with SEB＋ CRS; only eight （2.9%） FA patients were identified among 272 patients with SEB- CRS. Ssps were detected in the stool protein extracts from FA patients with SEB＋ CRS, but not in those with SEB- CRS. Ssp/OVA adducts induced DC maturation, speeded up DC migration, activated CD4＋ T cells in the regional lymph nodes and induced skewed Th2 polarization in the local tissue. We conclude that patients with SEB ＋ CRS are prone to suffering from FA. SEB can be degraded to Ssps in the gastrointestinal tract. The Ssps can bind macromolecular antigens to form adducts to promote the antigenicity of the antigens and induction of the antigen-specific Th2 polarization and inflammation in the local tissue.