A hardening load transfer function for rock bolts and its calibration using distributed fiber optic sensing

Confinement of rock bolts by the surrounding rock formation has long been recognized as a positive contributor to the pull-out behavior,yet only a few experimental works and analytical models have been reported,most of which are based on the global rock bolt response evaluated in pull-out tests.This paper presents a laboratory experimental setup aiming to capture the rock formation effect,while using distributed fiber optic sensing to quantify the effect of the confinement and the reinforcement pull-out behavior on a more local level.It is shown that the behavior along the sample itself varies,with certain points exhibiting stress drops with crack formation.Some edge effects related to the kinematic freedom of the grout to dilate are also observed.Regardless,it was found that the mid-level response is quite similar to the average response along the sample.The ability to characterize the variation of the response along the sample is one of the many advantages high-resolution fiber optic sensing allows in such investigations.The paper also offers a plasticity-based hardening load transfer function,representing a"slice"of the anchor.The paper describes in detail the development of the model and the calibration/determination of its parameters.The suggested model captures well the coupled behavior in which the pull-out process leads to an increase in the confining stress due to dilative behavior.

Effect of aging treatment on the precipitation transformation and age hardening of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy

In this study, the precipitation transformation and age hardening of solution-treated Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr(wt.%) alloy were investigated at different aging treatment parameters. The precipitation sequences of the alloy aged at 200℃, 250℃ and 300℃ are β’’(DO19) → β’(BCO) → β(FCC), β’’(DO19) → β’(BCO) → β_(1)(FCC) → β(FCC) and β(FCC), respectively. The streaks sequences of the alloy aged at 200℃, 250℃ and 300℃ are SF, SF → 14H-LPSO and SF → 14H-LPSO, respectively. For the alloy aged at 200℃ and 250℃, the increase in hardness with increasing aging time is contributed from the increase in precipitate volume fraction and the transformation from β’’ to β’ phase with basal → prismatic and spherical → spindle-like precipitate changes. The decrease in hardness after the peak-aging stage is attributed to the appearance of micro-sized β precipitates. Because of the smaller size of precipitates and the triangular arrangement of β’ precipitate, the hardness of the alloy aged at 200℃ is higher than that aged at 250℃. For the alloy aged at 300℃, the appearance of only micro-sized β precipitate and its coarsening with increasing aging time leads to the lowest hardness and an overall decrease in hardness with the aging time.

Microstructure,Texture Evolution,and Strain Hardening Behaviour of As-extruded Mg-Zn and Mg-Y Alloys under Compression

Microstructure,texture evolution and strain hardening behaviour of the Mg-1Y and Mg-1Zn(wt%)alloys were investigated under room temperature compression.Microstructural characterization was performed by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electron back scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.The experimental results show that Mg-1Zn alloy exhibits conventional three-stage strain hardening curves,while Mg-1Y alloy exhibits novel six-stage strain hardening curves.For Mg-1Y alloy,rare earth texture leads to weak tensile twinning activity in compression and consequently results in a moderate evolution to<0001>texture.Moreover,inefficient tensile twinning activity and weak slip-twinning interaction give rise to excellent ductility and high hardening capacity but low strain hardening rate.For Mg-1Zn alloy,basal texture leads to pronounced tensile twinning activity in compression and consequently results in rapid evolution to<0001>texture.The intense tensile twinning activity and strong slip-twinning interaction lead to high strain hardening rate but poor ductility and low hardening capacity.

Tribological behavior of ZK60Gd alloy reinforced by SiC particles after precipitation hardening

In this research, the effect of precipitation hardening on the tribological behavior of the ZK60Gd/SiC composite was studied. For this purpose, ZK60Gd alloy containing with 5 and 10 wt% SiC were produced with stir casting method. The microstructure characterization of the samples showed the wide distributions of Mg_(7)Zn_(3) and Gd(Mg_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)) precipitates were formed during casting. The results of hardness measurement after precipitation hardening at different temperatures showed that the hardness peck was obtained at 175 ℃. The wear tests with different loads(10, 40, 60, 90, and 120 N) and velocities(0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m/s) were performed on the as-cast and heat treated sample at 125, 175, and 225 for 12 h. Between the different precipitation hardening conditions, the precipitation hardened samples at 175 ℃ had the highest hardness values and least wear rate. The sample containing 10% reinforcement had the least wear rate between the unreinforced alloy and the composites. The results showed that abrasive, adhesive, delamination, MML, and fatigue wear mechanisms were the dominant wear mechanisms for the composite samples. In contrast, the dominant wear mechanism for the unreinforced samples was abrasive, adhesive,delamination, MML, and plastic deformation.

Hardening effects of sheared precipitates on {1121} twinning in magnesium alloys

The interactions between a plate-like precipitate and two twin boundaries(TBs)({1012},{1121}) in magnesium alloys are studied using molecular dynamics(MD) simulations. The precipitate is not sheared by {1012} TB, but sheared by {1121} TB. Shearing on the(110) plane is the predominant deformation mode in the sheared precipitate. Then, the blocking effects of precipitates with different sizes are studied for {1121} twinning. All the precipitates show a blocking effect on {1121} twinning although they are sheared, while the blocking effects of precipitates with different sizes are different. The blocking effect increases significantly with the increasing precipitate length(in-plane size along TB) and thickness, whereas changes weakly as the precipitate width changes. Based on the revealed interaction mechanisms, a critical twin shear is calculated theoretically by the Eshelby solutions to determine which TB is able to shear the precipitate. In addition, an analytical hardening model of sheared precipitates is proposed by analyzing the force equilibrium during TB-precipitate interactions. This model indicates that the blocking effect depends solely on the area fraction of the precipitate cross-section, and shows good agreement with the current MD simulations. Finally, the blocking effects of plate-like precipitates on the {1012} twinning(non-sheared precipitate), {1121} twinning(sheared precipitate) and basal dislocations(non-sheared precipitate) are compared together. Results show that the blocking effect on {1121} twinning is stronger than that on {1012} twinning, while the effect on basal dislocations is weakest. The precipitate-TB interaction mechanisms and precipitation hardening models revealed in this work are of great significance for improving the mechanical property of magnesium alloys by designing microstructure.

Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy deformed along different strain paths: Role of latent hardening

The mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ31 were investigated experimentally with visco-plastic self-consistent modeling. Tension,compression and plane strain compression(PSC) tests were performed along 3 directions of a hot rolled plate, and the material parameters input in the model were fitted with the uniaxial stress-strain curves. The critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) for tension twinning was modeled with a modified Voce hardening law first decreasing, and then increasing with strain, that could reproduce better the flow stress for twin-predominant deformation. Such CRSS evolution may better model twin nucleation, propagation and growth. Firstly simulations were carried out assuming latent hardening coefficients for slip by other slip systems equal to self-hardening. Then different heterogeneous latent hardening were used, whose values were based on dislocation dynamics simulations from the literature. This study shows that equal self and latent hardening can reproduce the stress strain curves and plastic anisotropy as well as heterogeneous mode on mode latent hardening.Discrepancies between simulations and experimental results from PSC are explained by an under-estimation of twinning for some PSC strain paths.

Strengthening the Security of Supervised Networks by Automating Hardening Mechanisms

In recent years, the place occupied by the various manifestations of cyber-crime in companies has been considerable. Indeed, due to the rapid evolution of telecommunications technologies, companies, regardless of their size or sector of activity, are now the target of advanced persistent threats. The Work 2035 study also revealed that cyber crimes (such as critical infrastructure hacks) and massive data breaches are major sources of concern. Thus, it is important for organizations to guarantee a minimum level of security to avoid potential attacks that can cause paralysis of systems, loss of sensitive data, exposure to blackmail, damage to reputation or even a commercial harm. To do this, among other means, hardening is used, the main objective of which is to reduce the attack surface within a company. The execution of the hardening configurations as well as the verification of these are carried out on the servers and network equipment with the aim of reducing the number of openings present by keeping only those which are necessary for proper operation. However, nowadays, in many companies, these tasks are done manually. As a result, the execution and verification of hardening configurations are very often subject to potential errors but also highly consuming human and financial resources. The problem is that it is essential for operators to maintain an optimal level of security while minimizing costs, hence the interest in automating hardening processes and verifying the hardening of servers and network equipment. It is in this logic that we propose within the framework of this work the reinforcement of the security of the information systems (IS) by the automation of the mechanisms of hardening. In our work, we have, on the one hand, set up a hardening procedure in accordance with international security standards for servers, routers and switches and, on the other hand, designed and produced a functional application which makes it possible to: 1) Realise the configuration of the hardening;2) Verify them;3) Correct the non conformities;4) Write and send by mail a verification report for the configurations;5) And finally update the procedures of hardening. Our web application thus created allows in less than fifteen (15) minutes actions that previously took at least five (5) hours of time. This allows supervised network operators to save time and money, but also to improve their security standards in line with international standards.

一种星载高效率电源的样机研制

针对星载合成孔径雷达电源高效率抗辐射的需求,对适用于星载领域的各种电源拓朴结构进行了对比分析,提出一种同步整流正激变换器拓扑方案。该方案采用单管栅极电荷保持驱动拓扑,解决了变压器死区时间续流管驱动问题,并对电路原理以及抗辐射加固方法进行详细说明,给出电路组成、关键器件和参数计算方法。根据所提方案制作了一台输入50 V~70 V、输出5 V/6 A的样机。实验结果表明:该电源具有高效率和抗辐射的特点,验证了技术方案的准确性,可以满足星载电源的需求。

无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂治疗儿童大型静脉畸形的疗效比较

目的探讨无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂治疗儿童大型静脉畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析60例大型孤立性静脉畸形患儿的临床资料。将先注射无水乙醇再注射泡沫硬化剂作为A组(n=30),先注射泡沫硬化剂再注射无水乙醇作为B组(n=30),对比两组患儿的临床疗效、并发症、注射次数及无水乙醇用量等。结果A、B两组的总有效率均为100%。A组显著有效率为63.33%(19/30),B组显著有效率为90%(27/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无水乙醇用量A组为(10.30±3.19)mL,B组为(6.73±2.06)mL;注射次数A组为(3.57±1.01)次,B组为(2.63±0.61)次,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组均无严重并发症发生,水疱发生率A组30%(9/30),B组为6.67%(2/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无水乙醇、泡沫硬化剂联合应用治疗儿童大型静脉畸形,可以增加疗效,减少无水乙醇用量,降低并发症;尤其先注射泡沫硬化剂再注射无水乙醇疗效更佳。

316L不锈钢非比例循环硬化特性的数值模拟

在等效应变范围为0.7%条件下,对316L不锈钢进行室温应变控制拉-扭疲劳试验,研究了比例应变路径(单轴路径和比例路径)和非比例应变路径(十字路径和圆路径)下的循环硬化特性;采用AF-OW随动硬化模型结合Chaboche各向同性硬化准则以及将非比例度嵌入到各向同性硬化准则中的改进模型对各路径下的循环特性进行模拟,并进行试验验证。结果表明:316L不锈钢在各路径下的循环初期均产生了循环硬化现象,在单轴、比例、十字和圆路径下的硬化率分别为5.2%,4.5%,38.2%,44.6%,在非比例应变路径下,该钢产生明显的附加强化;AF-OW模型结合各向同性硬化准则可以准确地模拟单轴和比例路径下的循环硬化特性,但对十字和圆路径下的模拟效果较差,模拟得到的正应力-正应变滞回环与试验结果之间的最大相对误差均大于20%;改进模型可以准确地描述十字和圆路径下的循环硬化特性,正应力-正应变滞回环的最大相对误差分别为1.3%和3.2%,最大等效峰值应力的相对误差分别为1.9%和1.2%。

离子改性对宽分子量分布聚丙烯黏弹性能影响

宽分子量分布聚丙烯(BMWDPP)PP1经离子改性剂处理后得到PP4。通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)与平板旋转流变、拉伸流变和熔体强度测试研究了PP1和PP4的分子结构与流变性能的变化。离子改性过程中的自由基诱发PP降解会降低BMWDPP的分子量大小及多分散性;虽未形成真正的长支链结构,但由于接枝在PP分子链上的金属盐之间靠离子相互作用造成“类长支链”效果,PP4可产生拉伸应变硬化现象;PP4因大分子量组分的降解削弱缠结及小分子量组分的降解增强塑化,导致黏弹性低于PP1。拉伸应变硬化对熔体强度增高的影响强于分子量降低对熔体强度削弱的影响,故PP4的熔体强度在不同的温度下皆高于PP1;在低温下呈现线形大分子量分子链PP特点,而在高温下呈现长支链PP特点。

考虑硬化历史的圆筒形件二次拉深极限拉深比的解析模型

以圆筒形件二次拉深成形为例,基于主应力法和板料弯曲理论,考虑材料硬化历史、壁厚比t_(min)/t_(max)、凹模圆角半径和摩擦因数的影响,建立了一种预测圆筒形件二次拉深极限拉深比的解析模型,并对SUS304不锈钢板料进行了拉深试验验证。结果表明:解析模型的预测值与试验结果吻合较好;考虑硬化历史的解析模型与未考虑硬化历史的模型相比二次拉深极限拉深比相差约10%;摩擦因数、凹模圆角半径对二次拉深极限拉深比有显著影响,摩擦因数越大,二次拉深极限拉深比越小;凹模圆角半径越大,二次拉深极限拉深比越大。

再生细骨料和砖粉双掺对3D打印混凝土性能的影响

为减少3D打印混凝土中天然骨料及胶凝材料的用量,本文采用再生混凝土细骨料替代部分天然细骨料,砖粉替代部分水泥,首先开展单掺再生细骨料(取代率为0、25%、50%、75%和100%)、单掺砖粉(取代率为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和30%)和两者双掺的现浇混凝土的流动性和抗压强度试验,以获得再生细骨料和砖粉的适宜取代率;然后探究50%再生细骨料和10%砖粉双掺及配合比调整方式(附加水、提高减水剂用量)对3D打印混凝土拌合物性能及硬化后力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,当再生细骨料的掺量不超过50%时,现浇混凝土抗压强度降低幅度在10%以内;随着砖粉掺量从0增加到30%,现浇混凝土抗压强度总体呈现先增后减、再稍有增加的趋势,当砖粉掺量为10%时,混凝土抗压强度最高;相比于单掺50%再生细骨料的混凝土,50%再生细骨料和10%砖粉双掺时混凝土强度有所增加,而流动性基本不变。对于3D打印混凝土,同时掺入50%再生细骨料和10%砖粉,并采用添加附加水的方式保持3D打印混凝土初始扩展度不变,会使得混凝土的可建造性提高,但坍落度、开放时间、抗压和劈裂抗拉强度降低,强度各向异性加剧;而提高减水剂用量不仅能显著提升3D打印混凝土的流动性能、开放时间和抗压强度,还能降低打印试件的强度各向异性。

基于油基钻屑制备压裂支撑剂的室内研究

针对热解析后脱油钻屑处理难和处理方式单一的问题,开展了将油基钻屑残渣制备成免烧压裂支撑剂的研究,研究了钻屑与水泥比、CMC添加量、石膏添加量和养护天数共4个因素对免烧压裂支撑剂性能影响。结果表明,在原料配比较优的情况下,制备工艺为钻屑水泥比0.67(质量比),石膏添加量为6%(质量分数),CMC添加量为4%(质量分数),养护时间28 d。该条件下制得的压裂支撑剂颗粒体积密度为1.47 g/cm^(3),视密度为2.52 g/cm^(3),35 MPa下颗粒破碎率为1.57%。经扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析发现,此时压裂支撑剂内部结构致密,孔隙封闭,水化产物CaO·SiO_(2)·nH_(2)O凝胶和钙长石类物质有利于提高压裂支撑剂的综合物理性能。为脱油钻屑残渣利用提供新的方向。

循环张拉作用下新型多节泡土钉抗拔性能现场试验研究

新型多节泡土钉具有拉拔硬化特征,相比传统土钉,其在土质边坡中抗拔性能更优。为了探究实际工况条件下新型多节泡土钉的边坡加固性能,并与传统土钉进行比较,开展7组新型多节泡土钉及传统土钉现场循环张拉试验,研究注浆工艺、节泡间距及埋深对土钉抗拔力及其发挥速率的影响规律,进而探明了每一循环下土钉弹、塑性拉拔位移占比,并分析其内在机理。试验结果表明:循环张拉作用下,注浆工艺对土钉的抗拔力影响显著,采用改进式压密注浆工艺和直接压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力远远超出传统注浆工艺,且初期的拉拔硬化现象更明显。采用改进式压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力发挥速率最快,直接压密注浆工艺次之,传统注浆工艺最小。从总体趋势上看,新型多节泡土钉抗拔力发挥速率在降低,传统土钉抗拔力发挥速率在升高。采用改进式压密注浆工艺虽然不能提升土钉弹性拉拔位移的占比,却能显著提高极限抗拔力;节泡间距对多节泡土钉抗拔力和抗拔力发挥速率影响较小,主要受到土钉周围土体强度的影响;埋深影响多节泡土钉的极限抗拔力,埋深越大,极限抗拔力和初始抗拔力发挥速率越大,同时抗拔力发挥速率随拉拔位移递减的趋势也更加明显。研究成果对提高新型多节泡土钉加固性能和优化工程应用提供指导。

掺轻质砂超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能

为研究轻质砂对不同试件尺寸下超高性能混凝土(ultra high performance concrete,UHPC)拉伸应变强化性能的影响,采用轻质砂对原黄砂进行等体积替代,完成9组不同轻质砂体积率(0~35%)和不同试件厚度(30~100 mm)的单轴拉伸试验,并同步进行声发射实时探伤测试。结果表明:轻质砂体积率对UHPC弹性极限点对应应力和对应应变的影响较小,但轻质砂体积率由0增加到35%时,UHPC的极限抗拉强度和极限拉应变分别由10.6 MPa和2.35×10^(-3)提高到了19.4 MPa和4.3×10^(-3);轻质砂体积率大于15%时,UHPC的应变强化程度得到显著提升,试件内部产生的损伤点数更多且分布更均匀,展现出良好的裂缝控制能力;在相同轻质砂体积率下,UHPC的应变强化程度随试件厚度的增加而降低,且试件内部的损伤点趋于集中,表现出明显的尺寸效应。

20CrMnTiH钢渗碳齿轮弯曲疲劳性能研究

利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、疲劳试验机和硬度计等测试手段研究20CrMnTiH钢渗碳齿轮弯曲疲劳性能。研究表明:20CrMnTiH钢渗碳齿轮主要沿齿根部位断裂。随着载荷的增加,弯曲疲劳寿命降低,当载荷在50~100kN时,齿轮疲劳寿命增加数倍,建议生产应用在此范围载荷内能发挥该材料最佳性能。

T6态热挤压Al-5Cu-0.8Mg-0.15Zr-0.2Sc-0.5Ag合金的低周疲劳行为

为了揭示经过T6处理的热挤压Al-5Cu-0.8Mg-0.15Zr-0.2Sc-0.5Ag合金在不同温度下的低周疲劳变形与断裂行为,对T6态热挤压合金进行了室温和200℃条件下的低周疲劳实验。结果表明:在室温和200℃下合金塑性应变幅与载荷反向周次之间服从Coffin-Manson公式,而弹性应变幅与载荷反向周次之间服从Basquin公式;合金在室温和200℃下低周疲劳变形时,在较低外加总应变幅下疲劳变形机制主要为平面滑移,而在较高外加总应变幅下疲劳变形机制主要为波状滑移;室温和200℃下合金的疲劳裂纹均萌生于疲劳试样表面并以穿晶方式扩展。

雷电冲击下土体应力及弹塑性界面时程分析

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高能束表面改性技术在航空领域的应用

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