Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

A New Class of Harmonic Univalent Functions

A complex-valued harmonic function that is univalent and sense preserving in the unit disk U can be written in the form of f = h + g,where h and g are analytic in U.We define and investigate a new class LH_λ(α,β) by generalized Salagean operator of harmonic univalent functions.We give sufficient coefficient conditions for normalized harmonic functions in the class LH_λ(α,β).These conditions are also shown to be necessary when the coefficients are negative.This leads to distortion bounds and extreme points.

A Subclass of Harmonic Functions Associated with Wright’s Hypergeometric Functions

We introduce a new class of complex valued harmonic functions associated with Wright hypergeometric functions which are orientation preserving and univalent in the open unit disc. Further we define, Wright generalized operator on harmonic function and investigate the coefficient bounds, distortion inequalities and extreme points for this generalized class of functions.

THE SCHUR HARMONIC CONVEXITY FOR A CLASS OF SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In this article,we prove that the symmetric function F_n~*(x,r)=i_1+i_ 2_++i_n =r(x_1^(i^1)x_2^(i^2)... x_n^(i^n)1/r is Schur harmonic convex for x∈R^n_+and r∈N={1,2,3,...}.As its applications,some analytic inequalities are established.

A New Class of Harmonic Univalent Functions by the Generalized Salagean Operator

A complex-valued harmonic functions that are univa-lent and sense preserving in the unit disk U can be written in the form f = h + g, where h and g are analytic in U. We define and investigate a new class SHPλ (α , β )by generalized Salagean op-erator of harmonic univalent functions. We give sufficient coeffi-cient conditions for normalized harmonic functions in the class SHPλ (α , β ). These conditions are also shown to be necessary when the coefficients are negative. This leads to distortion bounds and extreme points.

ON THE LOWER BOUND FOR A CLASS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS IN THE HALF SPACE

The main objective is to derive a lower bound from an upper one for harmonic functions in the half space, which extends a result of B. Y. Levin from dimension 2 to dimension n ≥ 2. To this end, we first generalize the Carleman's formula for harmonic functions in the half plane to higher dimensional half space, and then establish a Nevanlinna's representation for harmonic functions in the half sphere by using Hrmander's theorem.

GRADIENT ESTIMATES FOR POSITIVE SMOOTH f-HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

For Riemannian manifolds with a measure,we study the gradient estimates for positive smooth f-harmonic functions when the ∞-Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor and Ricci tensor are bounded from below,generalizing the classical ones of Yau(i.e.,when f is constant).

NUMERICAL COMPARISON OF TWO BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS FOR PLANE HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

A direct boundary element method (BEM) has been studied inthe paper based on a set of sufficient and necessary boundary integral equations(BIE) for the plane harmonic functions. The new sufficient and necessary BEM leadsto accurate results while the conventional insufficient BEM will lead to inaccurateresults when the conventional BIE has multiple solutions. Theoretical and numericalanalyses show that it is beneficial to use the sufficient and necessary BEM, to avoidhidden dangers due to non-unique solution of the conventional BIE.

ON THE DIMENSIONS OF SPACES OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS WITH POLYNOMIAL GROWTH

In this paper, we obtain an estimate for the lower bound for the dimensions of harmonic functions with polynomial growth and a Liouville type theorem on manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature whose tangent cone at infinity is a unique metric cone with a conic measure.

A SCHWARZ LEMMA FOR HARMONIC FUNCTIONS IN THE REAL UNIT BALL

We establish a precise Schwarz lemma for real-valued and bounded harmonic functions in the real unit ball of dimension n. This extends Chen's Schwarz-Pick lemma for real-valued and bounded planar harmonic mapping.

CONSTRUCTION SPACE HARMONIC FUNCTIONS IN POLYN0MIAL FORM AND SPHERICAL FUNCTIONS BY COMPLEX-FUNCTIONAL

In this paper, applying the theory of complex-functional, not only the spaceharmonic functions in polynomial form. but aIso the spherical functions are obtained.

Some Wgh Inequalities for Univalent Harmonic Analytic Functions

In this paper, some Wgh inequalities for univalent harmonic analytic functions defined by Wright's generalized hypergeometric (Wgh) functions to be in certain classes are observed and proved. Some consequent results are also discussed.

Several Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities for Harmonically Convex Functions in the Second Sense with Applications

In this paper, we first introduce the concept "harmonically convex functions" in the second sense and establish several Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for harmonically convex functions in the second sense. Finally, some applications to special mean are shown.

Establishment of European Regional Ionosphere Model Based on Spherical Harmonic Functions

In order to study the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the regional ionosphere and the modeling accuracy,the experiment is based on the spherical harmonic function model,using the GPS,Glonass,and Galileo dual-frequency observation data from the 305th-334th day of the European CORS network in 2019 to establish a global ionospheric model.By analyzing and evaluating the accuracy of the global ionospheric puncture points,VTEC,and comparing code products,the test results showed that the GPS system has the most dense puncture electricity distribution,the Glonass system is the second,and the Galileo system is the weakest.The values of ionospheric VTEC calculated by GPS,Glonass and Galileo are slightly different,but in terms of trends,they are the same as those of ESA,JPL and UPC.GPS data has the highest accuracy in global ionospheric modeling.GPS,Glonass and Galileo have the same trend,but Glonass data is unstable and fluctuates greatly.

Mean-Value Theorems for Harmonic Functions on the Cube in R^<i>n</i>

Let be a hypercube in Rn. We prove theorems concerning mean-values of harmonic and polyharmonic functions on In(r), which can be considered as natural analogues of the famous Gauss surface and volume mean-value formulas for harmonic functions on the ball in and their extensions for polyharmonic functions. We also discuss an application of these formulas—the problem of best canonical one-sided L1-approximation by harmonic functions on In(r).

Logarithmic Sine and Cosine Transforms and Their Applications to Boundary-Value Problems Connected with Sectionally-Harmonic Functions

Let stand for the polar coordinates in R2, ?be a given constant while satisfies the Laplace equation in the wedge-shaped domain or . Here αj(j = 1,2,...,n + 1) denote certain angles such that αj αj(j = 1,2,...,n + 1). It is known that if r = a satisfies homogeneous boundary conditions on all boundary lines ?in addition to non-homogeneous ones on the circular boundary , then an explicit expression of in terms of eigen-functions can be found through the classical method of separation of variables. But when the boundary?condition given on the circular boundary r = a is homogeneous, it is not possible to define a discrete set of eigen-functions. In this paper one shows that if the homogeneous condition in question is of the Dirichlet (or Neumann) type, then the logarithmic sine transform (or logarithmic cosine transform) defined by (or ) may be effective in solving the problem. The inverses of these transformations are expressed through the same kernels on or . Some properties of these transforms are also given in four theorems. An illustrative example, connected with the heat transfer in a two-part wedge domain, shows their effectiveness in getting exact solution. In the example in question the lateral boundaries are assumed to be non-conducting, which are expressed through Neumann type boundary conditions. The application of the method gives also the necessary condition for the solvability of the problem (the already known existence condition!). This kind of problems arise in various domain of applications such as electrostatics, magneto-statics, hydrostatics, heat transfer, mass transfer, acoustics, elasticity, etc.

Improvement of Harmonic Balance Using Jacobian Elliptic Functions

We propose a method for finding approximate analytic solutions to autonomous single degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equations. It consists of the harmonic balance with linearization in which Jacobian elliptic functions are used instead of circular trigonometric functions. We show that a simple change of independent variable followed by a careful choice of the form of anharmonic solution enable to obtain highly accurate approximate solutions. In particular our examples show that the proposed method is as easy to use as existing harmonic balance based methods and yet provides substantially greater accuracy.

The Harmonic Functions on a Complete Asymptotic Flat Riemannian Manifold

Let be a simply connected complete Riemannian manifold with dimension n≥3 . Suppose that the sectional curvature satisfies , where p is distance function from a base point of M, a, b are constants and . Then there exist harmonic functions on M .

ON RUBIN'S HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND ITS RELATED POSITIVE DEFINITE FUNCTIONS

In this paper,a new formulation of the Rubin's q-translation is given,which leads to a reliable q-harmonic analysis.Next,related q-positive definite functions are introduced and studied,and a Bochner's theorem is proved.

Hlder Estimate of Harmonic Functions on a Class of p.c.f. Self-Similar Sets

In this paper we establish sharp H ¨older estimates of harmonic functions on a class of connected post critically finite(p.c.f.) self-similar sets, and show that functions in the domain of Laplacian enjoy the same property. Some well-known examples, such as the Sierpinski gasket, the unit interval, the level 3 Sierpinski gasket, the hexagasket,the 3-dimensional Sierpinski gasket, and the Vicsek set are also considered.