Fecundity and egg hatchability of Dastarcus helophoroides adults fed on different types of artificial diets

Both fecundities and egg hatchabilities were compared among three populations of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire adults（Coleoptera： Bothrideridae） fed on three types of artificial diets（Diet of formula 1 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder,sucrose, peptone, egg yolk powder and poplar branch powder. Diet of formula 2 composed of silkworm pupa powder, dried yeast powder, sucrose, egg yolk powder,poplar branch powder, cricket powder, benzoic acid and distilled water. Diet of formula 3 composed of pine bark powder and Monochamus alternatus larva powder）. for90 days. The three diets showed no significant difference regarding the average number of eggs deposited by all D. helophoroides females（16622.3–23874.7）; the average number of eggs per female（1278.6–1836.5）; and the average number of eggs per female per day（14.2–20.4）.The number of eggs one cluster contained mainly（82.06–82.66 %） lied in 1–100 eggs, and the average number of eggs per cluster ranged from 61.7 to 63.1. In the first 10-day period, the number of eggs deposited by all females fed on formula 1 was significantly larger than that on formula 3. The eggs deposited in the last four 10-day periods were more than in the former five 10-day periods,on formula 3. There were no significant differences in hatchability of total eggs among the three artificial diets,and the average corrected egg hatchability ranged from82.85 to 84.78 %. No significant differences in the adult mortality and mean weight gain of D. helophoroides were found after feeding on three artificial diets. Our results suggest that D. helophoroides adults were not specialized on the diet, and the diet types might have little effect on fecundity and egg hatchability in D. helophoroides, as long as sufficient nutrition was supplied.

Comparative Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Fertility and Hatchability of Guinea Fowl with Tilili, Horro and Potchefstroom Koekoek Chicken Breeds

A study was conducted to compare laying performance, fertility, hatchability, and egg quality of guinea fowl (GF) with Horro (HR) and Tilili (TL) local chicken and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) exotic chicken. Forty five layers from each genotype and 6 cocks from each chicken genotype and 9 cocks from GF were used in 3 replications in a completely randomized design. Commercial layer feed was used ad libitum for the study that lasted 29 weeks. Daily DM intake per hen was 85, 114, 103 and 137 g (SEM = 3.1) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively, and was in the order of GF < TL < HR < PK. Final body weight of hens was highest for PK (2490 g), intermediate for HR (1983 g) and lowest for TL (1671 g) and GF (1641 g). Egg number per production week followed a similar trend like that of DM intake and was 71, 101, 75 and 121 (SEM = 0.5) for GF, HR, TL and PK, respectively. Both fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs for GF were 57%, which were lower than the mean of chicken genotypes by 41% and 34%, respectively. Embryonic mortality was higher for GF (early, middle and late was 15.8%, 10.0%. and 17.4% respectively) compared to chicken genotypes. Chick weight was highest for PK, intermediate for HR and TL and lowest for GF;while chick length was in the order of PK > HR > TL > GF. Average egg weight was higher for PK eggs (46.4 g), intermediate for HR (43.5 g) and TL (42.3 g), and lowest for GF (35.9 g). Eggshell weight and thickness were higher for GF than chicken genotypes. Haugh unit was similar among genotypes. Such differences among poultry genotypes could be reflection of previous selection and breeding interventions, which are apparently more in chicken genotypes than GF. A possible more stressful condition of the confined environment for GF versus chicken genotypes could have also contributed to such differences. This study highlighted the need of implementing future selection and breeding schemes to improve the performance of GF and TL birds to the level achieved by other genotypes.

Viability and hatchability of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana cysts after passing through the digestive system of eared grebes Podiceps nigricollis

Brine shrimp Artemia franciscana provide food for many migrating and staging birds that spend summer and fall on Great Salt Lake,Utah,USA.Artemia produce live young and cysts(hard-walled eggs);these cysts are commercially harvested on Great Salt Lake and support a large industry in Utah.It is unclear the impact that millions of hungry birds have on the Artemia population in the lake.To help assess that,this study evaluated cyst viability(percentage of cysts that contain an embryo)and hatchability(percent of cysts that hatch)from cysts that had passed through the digestive tract of eared grebes Podiceps nigricollis and cysts obtained directly from Great Salt Lake at the same site where each grebe was collected.Hatchability was significantly higher for cysts collected from the water column(19%)than from the stomach(0.3%)or intestines(3%)of eared grebes.Viability also was significantly different for cysts collected from the water column(29%),stomach(0.7%),and intestines(5%).These results indicate that eared grebes nutritionally benefit from eating cysts and that they may be an important food source for grebes in late fall after the adult population of Artemia dies off due to the water becoming too cold.Also,enough cysts survive their passage through the digestive system that grebes can vector hatchable cysts to other waterbodies.

Effects of Mechanical Impacts on Hatchability of Broiler Breeders

Transporting hatching eggs from Hungary and incubating them abroad revealed lower hatchability compared to when the eggs were incubated in Hungary. Following transport, there were higher embryo losses and, notably, more malformed embryos. The aim of these initial trials was to determine if a testing device （crazy fit massage machine （CFM machine）） was able to replicate and model the mechanical impacts experienced during transport and reproduce the reduction in hatchability and increase the level of malformed embryos as observed in commercial practice. Tinytag~ high sensitivity shock and vibration loggers were used to monitor the impacts under field and trial conditions. Applying single 10 min treatments on the CFM machine, which used the same frequency （10-30 Hz） as the eggs experience under field conditions, induced the negative effect of transport, and lower hatching results were experienced. Three trials were conducted. Treated eggs in Trials 1 and 2 received automatically and periodical changing vibration in a range between 10-30 Hz for 10 min while in Trial 3 two different levels of impact were applied at 20 Hz and 30 Hz, respectively. Hatchability decreased due to the treatment significatly only in Trial 3. Significant differences were also detected in early dead levels in Trials 2 and 3 and the occurrences of malformation in Trials 1 and 3. All these results are in accordance with the field experience. Thus, the trials which examined the equipment were able to produce mechanical impacts that were repeatable in order to set up statistically reliable trials on hatching eggs.

不同温湿度组合对鹅种蛋孵化效果及孵化后雏鹅体重的影响

为研究不同孵化模式下温度和湿度对鹅种蛋孵化效果及雏鹅生长发育性能的影响,试验采用“单阶段”变温和“二阶段”恒温孵化模式,每种孵化模式设定两种不同的温度和湿度参数来评估其对孵化效果及雏鹅早期体重的影响。结果显示:①两种孵化模式具有相近的总体失水率(67%),但采用较高温度的孵化方案具有更高的孵化率(P<0.05)和更短的出雏窗口期(28.5~30 d)。②“单阶段”变温孵化模式的孵化率显著高于“二阶段”恒温孵化(P<0.05)。③鹅种蛋孵化周期中,第1~4周种蛋失重率分别为2.44%、4.85%、7.72%和10.67%,呈现前期失重大、后期失重小的规律。④“二阶段”恒温孵化模式下,采用37.6℃和64%的温湿度组合所生产的雏鹅在第2~4周的体重极显著高于37.5℃和65%的温湿度组合(P<0.05)。研究表明,二阶段恒温孵化模式(37.6℃+64%)以及单阶段变温孵化模式均能产生较好的孵化效果,采用“单阶段”变温孵化模式可提高孵化率,且优化关键孵化参数还能促进雏鹅的早期生长发育。

3种杀虫剂对花蓟马卵和若虫的致死效果评估

为进一步寻找防控农作物重要害虫花蓟马的高效杀虫剂,延缓花蓟马种群抗药性,提高杀虫剂防治效果。通过测定3种化学杀虫剂(30%呋虫胺悬浮剂、14%螺虫乙酯·呋虫胺悬浮剂、30%氟啶虫酰胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂)处理辣椒植株后对花蓟马卵和若虫的致死效果。结果表明:辣椒施药3 d处理和施药5 d处理后,30%氟啶虫酰胺·螺虫乙酯处理组卵的死亡率均显著高于30%呋虫胺和14%螺虫乙酯·呋虫胺处理组,30%氟啶虫酰胺·螺虫乙酯处理组无一龄若虫孵出,其孵化率显著低于30%呋虫胺和14%螺虫乙酯·呋虫胺处理组。辣椒叶片花蓟马一龄若虫接入杀虫剂5 d处理后第1 d,30%氟啶虫酰胺·螺虫乙酯处理组一龄若虫死亡率为17.78%,显著低于30%呋虫胺(31.11%)和14%螺虫乙酯·呋虫胺(31.1%)处理组;处理后第2 d和第3 d,3种杀虫剂处理组累积死亡率均显著高于清水对照组,但3种杀虫剂处理组之间无显著差异。除清水对照外,3种杀虫剂处理后的花蓟马卵和若虫均不能正常发育或发育至二龄若虫阶段死亡。30%氟啶虫酰胺·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂对花蓟马卵的致死效果最好,30%呋虫胺悬浮剂和14%螺虫乙酯·呋虫胺悬浮剂对花蓟马若虫的致死效果更好。研究明确了不同杀虫剂在花蓟马卵和若虫发育阶段的致死效果,以期减少蓟马幼虫和成虫取食阶段造成的农作物损失,为农作物安全生产提供技术保障。

鸡精液稀释液的筛选

为筛选出效果较好的B系列鸡精液稀释液,以稀释后冷藏保存不同时长精子活力、受精率与孵化率为检测指标进行研究,结果表明:1)稀释冷藏30 min后,EL、EH组的精子活力显著优于B1组(P<0.05);冷藏24 h后,EH、EL组的精子活力显著高于P组(P<0.05);B1组和P组在各时间点均无显著性差异;2)稀释后立即输精,EL组的受精率比B1组高4.9%,但受精蛋孵化率降低5.5%,最终B1组入孵蛋孵化率比EL组高0.7%;稀释冷藏10 h后输精,EL组受精率比B1组高7%,但受精蛋孵化率比B1组低11%。B1组入孵蛋孵化率比EL组高5%,但比原精组低3%;3)稀释湘黄鸡精液冷藏运输70 km后输精,6个家系平均受精率为83.7%,受精蛋孵化率为89.8%,入孵蛋孵化率为75.2%;4)稀释液实际应用方面:B1、B2液输精效果较好,但B2液成本较低,孵化结果优于B1液与鸡场自配稀释液。综上所述,单纯降低B系列稀释液中TES含量(B1液)不利于精子生存,而等比例降低各组分,将渗透压调整为280 mOsm/kg(B2液)时,孵化效果较好。

Increased CO2 Levels during the First Half of Incubation at High Altitude Modifies Embryonic Development of Fertile Leghorn Breeder Eggs

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) within an incubator has a significant impact on embryonic development (ED) and hatching processes. This study examines the influence of non-ventilation (NV) conditions during the first ten days of incubation at high altitudes on Leghorn hens hatching eggs. Five hundred four hatching eggs were equally divided into three treatment groups and placed in twelve incubators (R = 4). The first group was subjected to standard ventilated conditions (V) during the setting phase. The ventilation inlet holes of the remaining incubators in the NV treatments were closed with either micropore (M) or polypropylene (P) tape, referred to as NVM and NVP groups, respectively. These two different airtight settings were intended to allow for a gradual rise in CO2 naturally generated by the embryos. Results indicate that carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased during the first half of incubation, reaching 1.42% in the NVM group and 1.20% in the NVP group, while the V condition group remained at 0.15%. From 10 days of incubation onwards, normal V conditions were restored in all incubators. The highest hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) was shown by the NVP group (55.7%), followed by the V (52.6%) and NVM (38.6%) groups. The NVP group showed a greater yolk-free body mass (YFBM) from 10 days of incubation until the hatch basket transfer. NV conditions during the first 10 days of incubation at high altitude produced higher YFBM with gradually decreasing yolk sac mass. In comparison to the NVM and V conditions, the particular NVP condition showed a beneficial impact on the quality of hatched chicks. Sustaining NVP condition (1.2% of CO2) throughout the first half of incubation at high altitude generated the optimal environment in the incubator ensuring the best hatchability results. This study highlights how important it is for hatchery managers to recognize the influence of low O2 and high levels of CO2 on the development trajectories of Leghorn embryos during early incubation at high altitudes.

中国鲎人工繁育系列装置设计和养殖效果分析

为提高中国鲎人工繁育养殖效率,针对中国鲎人工繁殖和幼体培育过程中的养殖装置进行了优化设计、改进,并比较了新旧装置的养殖效果。结果表明:新型亲鲎暂养系统平均每只雌鲎产卵量为3530粒,显著高于常规亲鲎暂养系统(2320粒)(P<0.05),过滤桶清洗频率显著低于常规亲鲎暂养系统(P<0.05);新型幼体培育装置获得2龄幼体比率(93.33%)和3龄幼体比率(35.33%)显著高于常规幼体培育装置(2龄83.33%和3龄10.33%)(P<0.05);新型幼体培育装置1龄幼体平均死亡率(6.67%)和2龄幼体平均死亡率(6.33%)均显著低于常规幼体培育装置(16.67%和30.67%)(P<0.05);新型幼体培育装置养殖第11~12 d开始2龄蜕壳、21~30 d开始3龄蜕壳,常规幼体培育装置2、3龄蜕壳均从第31~40 d开始,新型幼体培育装置所需蜕壳时间显著降低(P<0.05)。以上结果显示,新型亲鲎暂养系统可增强水体净化能力,提高亲鲎产卵量,显著加快2龄和3龄幼鲎蜕皮速度,降低2龄幼鲎死亡率。研究结果可为后续大规模鲎人工繁育和幼体培育提供重要技术参考。

紫茎泽兰乙醇提取物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响

采用室内生物测定法研究了紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng乙醇提取物对棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera(Hbner)生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,当给棉铃虫幼虫饲喂含紫茎泽兰提取物浓度分别为0.088、0.44、2.2和11g/kg的饲料时,棉铃虫的死亡率显著高于对照,而羽化率和蛹重均显著低于对照(P≤0.05)。在棉铃虫成虫产卵实验中,0.08、0.4和2g/L紫茎泽兰提取物对产卵有一定引诱作用,而10g/L则对产卵有驱避作用。取食浓度分别为0.08、0.4、2和10g/L紫茎泽兰提取物的棉铃虫卵孵化率降低。表明取食紫茎泽兰提取物对棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖有明显不利影响。

中国卤虫卵孵化特性的研究

本文对山东埕口盐场、海南岛莺歌海盐场及青海柯柯盐湖天然采集的卤虫卵进行了孵化特性研究。埕口、莺歌海及柯柯的虫卵壳厚分别为9.7,11.4及13.2μm。在放入海水中进行孵化前上述三品系的卤虫卵分别在自来水中浸泡2,3及4小时能获得最佳孵化率。它们的最适孵化温度分别为25.6～28.5℃,27.0～30.0℃及27.0～33.0℃。最适孵化盐度分别为30,20及35％。孵化的同步性以“莺歌海”为最好,为6.4小时,“埕口”次之,为6.5小时,“柯柯”为7.4小时。 实验室内培养产卵后24小时内收集的虫卵用下列方法处理能终止虫卵的滞育状态:(1)埕口卤虫卵:浸泡于粗盐饱和溶液中2～3个月,孵化率可达91～94％。(2)莺歌海卤虫卵:浸泡于粗盐饱和溶液中2～5个月,孵化率可达80～91％。(3)柯柯卤虫卵:置于5℃2～3个月孵化率可达96～98％。用3％H_2O_2及3％甲醛溶液处理对终止滞育状态没有作用。天然采集的三个品系的卤虫卵用3％H_2O_2或3％甲醛溶液或用去壳溶液处理均可以提高孵化率。

三品系中国卤虫卵的激活和提高孵化率的研究

在室温、4℃或-25℃，用温度-CO2系列激活（或处理）河北乐亭、青海尕海和山东羊口卤虫卵，并以空气和饱和NaCl溶液系列处理作对照，其结果为：（1）乐亭卤虫卵经4℃-100％CO2处理90天，孵化率可达93．3％；尕海卤虫卵经-25℃-20％CO2处理60天，孵化率可达90．2％等；而羊口卤虫卵孵化率提高幅度不大。（2）用CO2处理乐亭卤虫卵时，无论在室温或4℃-100％CO2时，其孵化率上升趋势都比空气、饱和NaCl溶液系列的处理效果好；（3）用温度-CO2系列处理尕海和羊口卤虫卵，其孵化率上升趋势，都不及饱和NaCl溶液系列。

高盐和温度对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)受精卵孵化及幼体发育的影响

实验以凡纳滨对虾受精卵和各期幼体为试验材料,探讨了高盐和温度对受精卵孵化和幼体发育的影响,以及各期幼体对高盐的耐受性。结果表明,高盐胁迫和温度显著影响受精卵的孵化率、初孵时间和集中孵化时间(P<0.05)。随盐度和温度升高,平均孵化率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,盐度30和温度32°C时孵化率最高。盐度由33升至36时孵化率由74.67%下降到50.79%,盐度39时孵化率仅为3.42%,盐度42无幼体孵出。受精卵最早可在7.5h左右完成幼体破膜孵化。同一温度下,初孵时间随盐度的升高而延长。盐度27—33和温度30—33°C时,受精卵集中于胚胎发育后的7.5—11.5h完成孵化,时间最短;溞状幼体对高盐胁迫的耐受性随变态发育逐渐提高,表现为Z3>Z2>Z1;糠虾各期幼体及仔虾P1—P3间耐盐性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,幼体的发育指数也随盐度升高而下降,盐度越高,幼体发育越慢。结果说明,高盐和低温会抑制凡纳滨对虾受精卵孵化和幼体变态,受精卵孵化的盐度上限在39—42之间。

多次交配对松褐天牛精子数量消耗、产卵量和孵化率的影响

通过解剖松褐天牛雌虫受精囊和室内饲养观察,研究了多次交配对松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量消耗、产卵量、卵孵化率、产卵历期和寿命的影响,并对松褐天牛雌性生殖系统、精子形态及精子在雌性生殖系统中的分布动态进行了详细的描述,其结果表明:多次交配的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内的精子数量长期保持在12万个左右,而只交配一次的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量不断消耗,交配16天后降到5万个以下。多次交配的雌虫产卵量(167·0870粒)和卵孵化率(94·38%)都显著大于单次交配雌虫的产卵量(113·5217粒)和卵孵化率(83·79%);但是多次交配的雌虫与单次交配的雌虫相比较,产卵历期和寿命差异都不显著。

复合益生菌制剂对蛋种鸡生产性能和营养物质利用率的影响

试验选用25周龄罗曼褐父母代蛋种鸡720只,随机分为4个组,试验组分别在空白对照组饲粮基础上添加0.05%土霉素、0.1%和0.2%的复合益生菌制剂,以比较其效果。试验结果表明:在饲料中添加复合益生菌能显著提高种鸡的产蛋率和营养物质表观利用率,降低饲料报酬,对种蛋孵化率没有不利影响。

蛋重对孵化率、初生重及性比例的影响

通过孵化试验,探索了罗曼父母代蛋重对孵化率、初生重及性比例的影响。结果表明:蛋重在58～65g范围内,孵化率最高;蛋重与初生重呈强正相关(r=0.9781);蛋重与性比例无直接关系,符合遗传规律1:1的性比例关系。

鸡蛋开窗法导入供体胚盘细胞对家鸡胚胎发育的影响研究

通过 4批孵化实验 ,研究鸡蛋开窗法注射供体胚盘细胞对受体鸡胚发育及孵化率的影响 .GLM方差分析表明 ,开窗处理极显著降低整个孵化期 (2 1 d)的活胚比例 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,至 2 1日龄出壳时 ,处理组的孵化率为 0 .8%～ 6.0 % .导入供体胚盘细胞对受体鸡胚的发育仅为阶段性影响 ,表现在显著降低孵化第 8日龄左右的活胚比例 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而对后期发育的影响不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) .因此 ,鸡蛋开窗处理是降低受体胚胎成活率和孵化率的主要原因 。

丝羽乌鸡蛋品质对种蛋受精率和受精蛋孵化率的影响

试验就丝羽乌鸡蛋品质因素对种蛋受精率和受精蛋孵化率的影响进行了研究。结果显示,哈氏单位和蛋白高度越大,受精率和受精蛋孵化率越高(P<0.01);蛋重对受精率有一定的影响,蛋重与受精率呈一定正相关关系(r=0.0619,P<0.1),随着蛋重增加,受精率也会增大;蛋壳强度与受精蛋孵化率呈一定负相关关系(r=-0.1808,P<0.1),蛋壳强度太大的鸡蛋其受精蛋孵化率反而下降;蛋壳颜色与受精率呈强的负相关关系(r=-0.2848,P<0.01),即蛋壳颜色越深的鸡蛋其受精率越高;而蛋黄颜色与受精蛋孵化率呈强的负相关关系(r=-0.2328,P<0.05),即蛋黄颜色越浅的鸡蛋受精蛋孵化率越高;蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋比重等指标对受精率及受精蛋孵化率未有显著影响。

鸡蛋胆固醇含量对孵化率的影响

以35周令尼克红蛋鸡受精后收集种蛋作为试验对象,研究种蛋胆固醇含量对孵化率的影响,试验分3组,每组270枚鸡蛋。Ⅰ组胆固醇含量为每百克蛋黄含胆固醇1400mg,Ⅱ组胆固醇含量为每百克蛋黄含胆固醇1500mg,对照组每百克蛋黄含胆固醇1910mg。结果表明:①试验Ⅰ组受精率、孵化率平均比对照组分别降低3.34％和3.79％(P<0.01);②试验Ⅱ组受精率比对照组降低1.49％,差异极显著(P<O.01);Ⅱ组孵化率比对照组降低0.88％,差异不显著(P>O.05)。③低胆固醇含量组雏鸡雄性比例极显著上升(P<0.01)。证明种蛋低胆固醇含量可显著降低蛋鸡孵化率。

氧气对低地鸡蛋胚胎死亡和孵化率的影响

通过模拟常压低氧和高海拔增氧孵化试验,研究了氧气浓度对低地良种鸡蛋胚胎死亡率和孵化率的影响。死亡胚胎的分布用2阶段增长模型分析。模拟2 900 m海拔常压低氧孵化增加了胚胎后期死亡率,使孵化率降低到接近2 900 m海拔实际孵化率水平;2 900 m海拔全期增氧孵化可以有效降低前期和后期胚胎死亡率,大大提高孵化率;阶段增氧孵化也能不同程度提高孵化率,改变胚胎死亡分布,其中效果最好的为前期增氧组。结果说明低氧是影响2 900 m海拔鸡蛋孵化的最主要因素。