Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) as an Alternative Evaluation Tool for Historical Built Heritages in Lahore, Pakistan

Heritage Impact Assessments(HIAs)are progressively needed to investigate potential impacts and outcomes of development on the Outstanding Universal Value(OUV)of world heritage properties.However,many key stakeholders involved in implementing the World Heritage Convention lack the management system,methodological tools,and guidelines to conduct effective impact assessments in areas without these resources.The paper explores the successful utilization of the Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)tool to address concerns raised by UNESCO and civil society.This occurred when the Punjab government initiated the Orange Line Metro Train Project(OLMT)near the World Heritage Shalimar Garden and other historic monuments in Lahore.The project aimed to meet the daily transportation needs of around 2.5 million commuters.

城市设计中健康影响评估(HIA)方法的应用——以亚特兰大公园链为例

在大城市流行病肆虐的背景下,健康和防病日益成为城市设计不可忽略的影响因子。本文研究健康城市设计中的重要研究方法:健康影响评估(HIA)。分析HIA的定义及其必要性,阐述如何判断是否需要HIA及城市社区设计中主要考虑的HIA因子等,并以亚特兰大公园链项目为例展示了HIA在城市设计中的应用。

加拿大遗产影响评估(HIAs)方法——以安大略省为例

遗产影响评估是遗产保护管理的一种新方法,加拿大是较早开展的国家之一,其在实践中逐步建立起适合该国遗产保护和规划管理制度的方法体系。加拿大遗产影响评估实施的目标是强化涉及遗产及遗产保护地区的建设项目和相关规划的行政许可审查,确保遗产价值在建设开发活动中能得以延续。应用中,通过遗产管理系统识别受影响遗产及其价值所在,并研究评估影响,提出决策建议及缓解措施,最终通过规划管理系统采纳评估结果并予以落实。

健康影响评价(HIA)对风景园林规划设计的主动干预及其策略

既有研究表明将“被动防御”转变为“主动预判与预防”的意识或行为是风景园林关注公共健康的重要发展趋势,也亟待以科学理性的态度重新审视风景园林促进公共健康的重要意义。基于此,本文提出健康影响评价将成为未来风景园林主动干预公共健康的有效方式与技术工具,在阐述健康影响评价概念、内涵及其主动干预风景园林规划设计的价值与意义基础上,从认识与方法层面探讨了风景园林规划设计未来应用健康影响评价工具需要解决的关键问题;并基于健康的“原因”影响“过程”与健康“结果”的逻辑,从“主动预防”、“路径阻断”、“制度保障”层面初步提出了基于健康主动干预的绿色开放空间体系优化策略,为新时代建设健康的人居环境贡献风景园林的智慧提供参考。

健康影响评价(HIA)在医疗建筑中的运用--以澳大利亚利物浦医院重建项目为例

对国内外现行的医疗建筑评价体系的优缺点进行概述;以澳大利亚利物浦医院重建项目的健康影响评价实践为例,探讨HIA对医疗建筑的评价原则、程序、机制等;结合现有医疗建筑评价体系及我国国情,总结出引入HIA对医疗建筑进行评价的价值及优点。

基于HIA的老旧小区户外空间适老化改造研究——以成都市82小区为例

本文采用国外健康影响评估(HIA)工具与国内文献研究成果结合,形成较为系统的老旧小区改造HIA框架,对成都市82小区更新改造进行评估。研究发现:(1) 82小区更新改造需要进行HIA,空气质量、安全、户外环境与质量三个方面需要进行深入分析:(2)小区改造过程中空气质量得不到保证,改造后户外活动空间适老化程度仍然较低,照明安全与交通安全需要提升;(3)从健康影响视角进行评估能够充分关注到老年群体对户外活动空间的本质需求,具有一定的研究和实用价值。

Experience and lessons from health impact assessment guiding prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in a copper mine project,northwestern Zambia

Background:To avoid or mitigate potential project-related adverse health effects,the Trident copper project in Kalumbila,northwestern Zambia,commissioned a health impact assessment.HIV was identified a priority health issue based on the local vulnerability to HIV transmission and experience from other mining projects in Africa.Hence,an HIV/AIDS management plan was developed,including community and workplace interventions,with HIV testing and counselling(HTC)being one of the key components.We present trends in HTC data over a 4-year period.Methods:In 13 communities affected by the Trident project,HTC was implemented from 2012 onwards,using rapid diagnostic tests,accompanied by pre-and post-test counselling through trained personnel.In addition,HTC was initiated in the project workforce in 2013,coinciding with the launch of the mine development.HTC uptake and HIV positivity rates were assessed in the study population and linked to demographic factors using regression analysis.Results:In total,11,638 community members and 5564 workers have taken up HTC with an increase over time.The HIV positivity rate in the community was 3.0%in 2012 and 3.4%in 2015,while positivity rate in the workforce was 5.2%in 2013 and 4.3%in 2015.Females showed a significantly higher odds of having a positive test result than males(odds ratio(OR)=1.96,95%confidence interval(CI):1.55-2.50 among women in the community and OR=2.90,95%CI:1.74-4.84 among women in the workforce).HTC users in the 35-49 years age group were most affected by HIV,with an average positivity rate of 6.6%in the community sample and 7.9%in the workforce sample.These study groups had 4.50 and 4.95 higher odds of being positive,respectively,compared to their younger counterparts(15-24 years).Conclusions:While HTC uptake increased five-fold in the community and almost three-fold in the workplace,the HIV positivity rates were insignificantly higher in 2015 compared to 2012.Our data can be used alongside other surveillance data to track HIV transmission in this specific context.Guided by the health impact assessment,the HIV prevention and control programme was readily adapted to the current setting through the identification of socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health.

Quantitative Health Impact Assessment for Urban Planning Schemes

Health impact assessment (HIA) is an approach to identification of potential health benefits or hazards in urban planning schemes.Quantitative HIA provides uniform and comparable health outcomes (e.g.,the morbidity of a specific disease),which could effectively assist planning decisions.However,there are currently few quantitative HIA methods specifically for urban planning applications.Based on a review of existing HIA methods,this paper has developed a quantitative HIA system for urban planning schemes in China,and specifically evaluates health risks,health behaviors,and health outcomes.Taking the Territorial and Spatial Master Plan of the Gucun Township of Shanghai as an example,we have illustrated how to evaluate the reduced health risks and increased health behaviors,as well as how to calculate changes in potential health outcomes in order to provide a reference for relevant HIA practices.

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS A Tool for Designing Climate Change Resilience into Green Building and Planning Projects

INTRODUCTION Historical records have documented considerable changes to the global climate,with significant health,economic,and environmental consequences.Climate projections predict more intense hurricanes;increased sea level rise;and more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as heat waves,heavy rainfall,and drought in the future(1;2).The coast along the Gulf of Mexico is particularly vulnerable to many of these environmental hazards and at particular risk when several strike simultaneously-such as a hurricane disrupting electricity transmission during a heat wave.

Environmental and human health impact assessment of major interior wall decorative materials

Despite the growing interest in green products in the interior wall decorative material market,knowledge gaps exist because determining which product is more environmental and user friendly than the others is difficult.This work assesses the environmental and human health profiles of interior latex and wallpape匸Two interior latex products of different raw material ratios and one nonwoven wallpaper product are considered.The environmental impact assessment follows life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology and applies Building Environmental Performance Analysis System(BEPAS).The human health impact is based on impact-pathway chain and is performed using Building Health Impact Analysis System(BHIAS).The assessment scope,associated emissions,and territorial scope of various emissions are defined to facilitate comparison study of interior wall decorative products.The impacts are classified into 15 categories belonging to three safeguard areas:ecological environment,natural resources,and human health.The impacts of categories are calculated and monetized using willingness to pay(WTP)and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)and summarized as an integrated external cost of environmental and human health impacts.Assessment results reveal that the integrated impact of interior latex is lower than that of non-woven wallpaper,and the interior latex of low quality causes low life cycle integrated impact.The most impacted categories are global warming,respiratory effects,and water consumption.Hotspots of product manufacturing are recognized to promote green product design.

Ecosystem health: ecological sustainability target of strategic environment assessment

Strategic environment assessment (SEA) and ecosystem health are two new ideas on environmental management. On the basis of reviewing some relevant literature, this paper made discussions on the ecological sustainability target of SEA, the content of ecosystem health as well as the interrelations between SEA and ecosystem health. For a good SEA, its ecological sustainability principles should be provided with distinct content and a general assessment system. A framework for ecosystem health assessment was established according to the content of ecosystem health, and combined into SEA as SEA抯 ecological sustainability target, we can effectively guide decision-makers to make suitable indigenous means and local solutions. , The basic principles and procedure of SEA for ecosystem health are also discussed in the paper.

Health Risk Assessment of Mobility-Related Air Pollution in Ha Noi, Vietnam

Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam and the second largest city of the country, just behind Ho Chi Minh City. During the last two decades, Hanoi developed fast and expanded steadily. Since the city acquired large parts of the surrounding provinces in 2008, Hanoi tripled its size and doubled its population. The new development aims to spread the concentrated population and economic activities to alleviate the stress caused by pollution and the decreasing quality of life of the residents. Hanoi has a very fast growing fleet of motor vehicles, at the rate of 12% - 15% annually. The fast transition from bikes to motorcycles and to cars results in a most serious environmental burden in particular on the air quality and human health. This paper overviews the air quality and pollution caused by road traffic in central Hanoi (5 old districts) and the related health outcomes due to particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5). It uses dose-response functions to quantify the number of extra deaths resulting from traffic-related particulate matters. The results are compared with those of other studies to assess the impacts of air pollution on human health in large, crowded and fast developing cities in Southeast Asia. Assessment of the health risk caused by traffic shows that mobility in Hanoi causes a high health burden. In 2009, mobility caused 3200 extra deaths by traffic related PM10. The result shows that health impacts due to air pollution are by far larger than the number of fatalities due to traffic accidents.

Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health and Adaptation Strategies in South China

This study reviews the impacts of climate change on human health and presents corresponding adaptation strategies in South China. The daily mean surface air temperatures above or below 26.4~C increase the death risk for people in Guangzhou, especially the elderly are vulnerable to variations in temperature. Heat waves can cause insomnia, fatigue, clinical exacerbation, or death from heatstroke etc., while cold spells show increases in patients with fractures. During a cold spell period, the rates of both on-site emergency rescues and non-implementable rescues increase, and the risk of non-accidental deaths and respiratory disease deaths significantly rise as well. Both time series of hazy days and ozone concentrations have significant positive correlations with the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Both malaria and dengue fever reach higher altitudes and mountainous areas due to climate warming. Climate change is likely to bring stronger heat waves in the future, thereby increasing heat wave-related illnesses and deaths, particularly in the metropolitan areas of the Pearl River Delta. The projected increase of consecutive cold days in Guangdong province and parts of northern Guangxi province will affect residents＇ health in the future. The rising temperature exaggerates ozone pollution, but it is not clear whether climate change is aggravating or mitigating haze pollution. The transmission potential of malaria in South China will increase by 39%-140% and the transmission season will extend by 1 2 months with an air temperature increase of 1-2~C. By 2050, most areas in Hainan province are projected to convert from non-endemic dengue into endemic dengue areas. The aging population will cause more vulnerable people. To mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on human health, sound and scientific adaptation strategies must be adopted in advance, such as strengthening the surveillance of epidemic diseases in potential transmission areas, conducting timely weather forecasting for human health, evaluating health vulnerability to climate change, improving environmental and health education, and strengthening hazard management and the cooperation between meteorological and health departments.

Traffic Impacts on Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution at the Urban Project Scale: A Quantitative Assessment

Formal health impact assessment (HIA), currently underused in the United States, is a relatively new process for assisting decision-makers in non-health sectors by estimating the expected public health impacts of policy and planning decisions. In this paper we quantify the expected air quality impacts of increased traffic due to a proposed new university campus extension in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In so doing, we build the evidence base for quantitative HIA in the United States and develop an improved approach for forecasting traffic effects on exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air. Very few previous US HIAs have quantified health impacts and instead have relied on stakeholder intuition to decide whether effects will be positive, negative, or neutral. Our method uses an air dispersion model known as CAL3QHCR to predict changes in exposure to airborne, traffic-related PM2.5 that could occur due to the proposed new campus development. We employ CAL3QHCR in a new way to better represent variability in road grade, vehicle driving patterns (speed, acceleration, deceleration, and idling), and meteorology. In a comparison of model predictions to measured PM2.5 concentrations, we found that the model estimated PM2.5 dispersion to within a factor of two for 75% of data points, which is within the typical benchmark used for model performance evaluation. Applying the model to present-day conditions in the study area, we found that current traffic contributes a relatively small amount to ambient PM2.5 concentrations: about 0.14 μg/m3 in the most exposed neighborhood—relatively low in comparison to the current US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 12 μg/m3. Notably, even though the new campus is expected to bring an additional 40,000 daily trips to the study community by the year 2025, vehicle-related PM2.5 emissions are expected to decrease compared to current conditions due to anticipated improvements in vehicle technologies and cleaner fuels.

Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Landfill Gas at Sharra Landfill, Tirana--Albania

Urban waste management and particularly dumpsites represents one of the most significant problems tot the long term protection of public health and environment in Albania. All waste management options, including landfilling, involve an element of risk to human health. This article addresses the question, if sources of emissions from Sharra landfill lead theoretically to public exposures exceeding health criteria？ This question is approached using an exposure pathway analysis framework, which link a source of one or more harmful pollutants at a site with a human receptor that inhales the pollutant. The risk posed to human health from HCHO （formaldehyde） and dioxin is estimated for on-site and off-site receptors in Sharra landfill. For on-site receptors, the average risk to get harm through the inhalation pathway from HCHO is in the range of 20 times to 300 times greater than allowed risk value, while for off-site receptors the average risk is in the range of 10 times to 180 times greater. While for dioxin the risk is in the range from 50 to 600 for on-site receptors and 10 to 35 for off-site receptors, times greater than often allowed risk.

突发水环境污染事件的健康影响后评估

通过收集水污染事件,总结得出水污染事件的特征和人群健康影响.水污染事件类型分为工业污染、农业污染和城市污染.工业污染产生的原因多属于人为排放和污染泄露,污染物以重金属和化学品为主,通常不会直接影响人体健康,但发生后造成的经济损失最多.农业污染包括耕地污染和畜牧污染,二者均会产生经济损失,未见严重的健康后果.城市污染与人群健康关系密切,其中微生物污染导致的健康后果最常见,主要属于急性损害.污染事件发生后对人群生理、心理健康都会产生影响.水体遗留污染及人群慢性长期健康影响的相关研究较少,遗留污染的健康风险评估值得探讨.

Climate Change in Southwest China during 1961–2010:Impacts and Adaptation

Due to climate change, the regional agro-climatic conditions in Southwest China have undergone changes. The heat sources for the growth of crops have been improved. The number of days with temperatures steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ （two criteria） have increased during 1960-2010. The area suitable for multiple cropping has increased; the growth period has shortened; the climatic potential productivity has declined; the pest damage has worsened. During 1986-2010, the desired cooling degree days in Southwest China has increased at 38.9℃ d per decade. Forest fires and pests have increased. The area of meadow and wetlands has decreased. Heterogeneous invasion has intensified; endangered animal and plant species have increased. The tourism landscape has been damaged.＇ The risk of human health has increased. In the 21st century, with the increase of temperature and precipitation, the number of days with temperature steadily above 10℃ and the accumulated temperature will continue to increase, most notably in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The area of intercropping will expand; multiple cropping will move to higher altitudes. The impacts of agro- meteorological disasters, pests and diseases will intensify. The summer cooling energy consumption continues to increase; energy supply will show larger variability; the gap between energy supply and demand will be widened. The phenology will keep on changing, and the habitat will be worsening. Biological population will move northward and to higher altitudes. Some species are at risk of extinction. Negative effects on health will increase.

Does the Environmental Gain of Switching to the Healthy New Nordic Diet Outweigh the Increased Consumer Cost？

The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ 75% organics, and more locally grown wholegrain products, nuts, fruit and vegetables. In this study, the NND was based on economic modelling to represent a ＂realistic NND bought by Danish consumers＂. The objective was to investigate whether the ADD-to-NND diet-shift has environmental consequences that outweigh the increased consumer cost of the diet-shift. The diet-shift reduced the three most important environmental impacts by 16%-22%, mainly caused by reduced meat content. The surcharge to consumers of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was ∈216/capita/year. In monetary terms, the savings related to the environmental impact of the diet-shift were ∈151/capita/year. 70% of the increased consumer cost of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was countered by the reduced socioeconomic advantage associated with the reduced environmental impact of the NND.

城市规划健康影响评估理论框架构建

健康影响评估为预测城市发展、城市规划方案和项目的健康效益提供框架,但在融入我国城市规划中仍面临内容体系不清、技术流程不明、模型体系未建立和工作方法缺失等问题。本文构建了城市规划健康影响评估理论框架,系统性地明确了面向城市规划的健康影响评估内容体系、技术流程、模型体系和工作方法。面向城市规划的健康影响评估可从“健康风险控制影响评估”“健康资源支撑保障评估”和“健康行为促进效益评估”3个方面开展;主要技术流程包括参照对象确定、评估范围界定、评估框架构建、评估方法选取和评估开展5个步骤;模型体系由核心模型、相关模型和外围模型构成;最后,规划编制团队与健康影响评估团队可协作推进健康影响评估“全过程”融入规划。本文可为面向城市规划开展健康影响评估提供基本的理论、方法和机制指导。

健康影响评估研究的现状、进展与趋势--基于CNKI的CiteSpace文献计量和可视化分析

健康影响评估(HIA)是健康城市规划和建设的重要技术支撑,文章通过对2008—2023年中国知网(CNKI)数据库中与健康影响评估相关的文献进行搜索,运用CiteSpace软件,通过聚类图谱和共现分析等方法,系统分析了中国健康影响评估的研究演进脉络、现状、热点和发展趋势,发现:(1)中国健康影响评估的研究主要关注公共健康领域,研究演进脉络可总结为从理论建构逐步转向实施路径的探讨,实证研究也同步进行,研究热度集中在2018—2021年。(2)研究学者主要来自公共卫生和城乡规划领域,跨学科研究较为少见。(3)现有研究存在理论建构不足、实施路径分析不全面、实证研究量少且不规范3点不足。针对这些问题,文章提出全面建立健康影响评估理论体系;构建全方位全过程健康影响评估实施体系;加强基础实证研究,完善指标体系。