In China, with the restructuring of health care system moving forward, private community health facilities have been playing a complementary but increasingly important role in providing public health and basic medical...In China, with the restructuring of health care system moving forward, private community health facilities have been playing a complementary but increasingly important role in providing public health and basic medical care services in urban areas. However, only limited evidence is available con-cerning the service functions of private community health facilities in China. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of private community health stations (PCHSs) to provide evidence-based rec-ommendations for policy-making and practice in the development of urban community health services systems. A total of 818 PCHSs and 4320 government-sponsored community health stations (GCHSs) located in 28 cities of China were investigated in 2008. The percentages of stations that provided health services and the annual workload per community health worker (CHW) were compared between the two types of institutions. The results showed that the percentages of PCHSs providing public health services were significantly higher than those of GCHSs (P<0.05); but no significant differences were found in the percentages of basic medical services providing between PCHSs and GCHSs (P>0.05). The annual workloads of all the public health services and basic medical services per CHW in PCHSs were lighter than those in GCHSs (P<0.05), except for resident health records establishment and health education materials distribution (P>0.05). At present, the GCHSs are still the mainstream in urban China, which will last for a long period in future. However, our findings showed that the annual workloads of CHWs in PCHSs were no heavier than those in GCHSs, and the PCHSs were willing to provide public health services. In view of current inadequacy of health resources in China, it is feasible to further develop PCHSs under the guidance of the government, given that PCHSs can perform the basic functions of community health services, which is useful for the formation of public-private partnerships (PPP) and the improvement of community health services.展开更多
Gas stations are important emissions source of benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), ethylbenzene (C8H10), and ortho, meta and para-xylene (C8H10)—better known by the acronym BTEX. The objective of this study was to determ...Gas stations are important emissions source of benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), ethylbenzene (C8H10), and ortho, meta and para-xylene (C8H10)—better known by the acronym BTEX. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of BTEX compounds in the ambient air of ten gas stations in the cities of Salvador and Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil and evaluate the health risks to workers. Passive samplers diffusive of the Radiello?, containing activated carbon as adsorbent, were used. The samplers were exposed for 8 h and then the analytes were recovered by chemical desorption with CS2 and determined by GC-FID. The BTEX concentrations found in the ambient air of gas stations ranged from 46.72 - 435.43 μg·m?3 for benzene;25.54 - 342.46 μg·m?3 for toluene, 7.10 - 30.07 μg·m?3 for ethylbenzene, 9.36 - 89.73 μg·m?3 for m, p-xylene and 9.79 - 52.29 μg·m?3 for o-xylene. The concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes found in gas stations were lower than the limits recommended by the US NIOSH and NR-15 of the Ministry of Labour of Brazil;however, it should be considered the risks due to chronic exposure of workers. Benzene concentrations in three gas stations were above the exposure limit recommended by NIOSH (3.20 × 102 μg·m?3). Samplings were also held outdoors at 250 m of two gas stations. The total concentrations of the BTEX compounds were equal to 24.97 and 35.51 μg·m?3, and benzene concentrations were about 3 - 4 times higher than the annual pattern of 5.0 μg·m?3 established by Union European, as tolerance limit for outside areas. These data confirm that the next areas of gas stations are subject to the effects of volatilization of these compounds. Additionally, the values found in the 10 gas stations for the cancer risk ranged from 4.06 × 10?5 - 3.78 × 10?4 (mean of 1.82 × 10?4) for workers exposed to benzene for 30 years (acceptable limit equal 1.00 × 10?6). The cancer risk is very high, because the values found are about 40 - 378 times above the acceptable limit and reinforce the need to adopt urgent measures to reduce or eliminate exposure of workers to the BTEX compounds. The average non-cancer risk to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes was 1.84, 5.76 × 10?3, 4.59 × 10?3 and 1.37 × 10?1, respectively (acceptable limit 1). Only to benzene the average value of this risk is above 1, showing that workers are likely the adverse effects health due to exposure to benzene.展开更多
The widespread mobile station’s antennas and the continued increase in the number of mobile phones users throughout the Gaza strip causing great panic in the population relating the debate overexposure to electromagn...The widespread mobile station’s antennas and the continued increase in the number of mobile phones users throughout the Gaza strip causing great panic in the population relating the debate overexposure to electromagnetic radiation EMR emitted from the antennas of mobile base stations. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the levels of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the antennas of cellular base stations in Gaza governorate as well as to evaluate the citizen’s awareness and practices regarding potential health risks and mitigation methods of exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations, respectively. Fifty cellular base stations out of 197 stations were selected depending on the criteria of selecting one site per kilometer using Global Positioning System (GPS). Electromagnetic power density, electric field strength, and the magnetic field strength emitted from cellular base stations were measured using Narda-550. Assessment tool for observation was used to collect operational information of each station. A structured questionnaire with four-level Likert rating scale was used to survey 384 mobile phone users from the areas surrounding the selected cellular base stations. The results showed that the electromagnetic radiation levels of all stations were low and less than the national and international acceptable limits. Furthermore, the awareness of participant about health risks that could result from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations and mobile phones was low. Nevertheless, the participant’s practices in mitigating the adverse impacts of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations and mobile phones on their health were good.展开更多
新能源汽车主要以锂离子电池作为储能单元,随着锂离子电池的老化,在充电过程中极易发生燃烧甚至爆炸,给电网和充电场站带来巨大安全隐患。电池健康状态(State of Health,SOH)是评价电池老化和性能衰减的重要指标。通过研究锂离子电池的...新能源汽车主要以锂离子电池作为储能单元,随着锂离子电池的老化,在充电过程中极易发生燃烧甚至爆炸,给电网和充电场站带来巨大安全隐患。电池健康状态(State of Health,SOH)是评价电池老化和性能衰减的重要指标。通过研究锂离子电池的充电特性,从中提取反映电池老化的特征向量,采用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)估计电池的健康状态,并采用模拟退火算法优化SVM的超参数。研究表明,采用优化后的SVM预测SOH,决定系数为99.73%,预测误差小于0.05%,达到了较高的预测精度。研究成果可以为充电场站的安全运维提供锂离子电池的监测参数,提高充电过程的安全性能。展开更多
基金supported by agrant from"The National Urban Community Health Service System Building Project"of the Ministry of Health of China(No.)
文摘In China, with the restructuring of health care system moving forward, private community health facilities have been playing a complementary but increasingly important role in providing public health and basic medical care services in urban areas. However, only limited evidence is available con-cerning the service functions of private community health facilities in China. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of private community health stations (PCHSs) to provide evidence-based rec-ommendations for policy-making and practice in the development of urban community health services systems. A total of 818 PCHSs and 4320 government-sponsored community health stations (GCHSs) located in 28 cities of China were investigated in 2008. The percentages of stations that provided health services and the annual workload per community health worker (CHW) were compared between the two types of institutions. The results showed that the percentages of PCHSs providing public health services were significantly higher than those of GCHSs (P<0.05); but no significant differences were found in the percentages of basic medical services providing between PCHSs and GCHSs (P>0.05). The annual workloads of all the public health services and basic medical services per CHW in PCHSs were lighter than those in GCHSs (P<0.05), except for resident health records establishment and health education materials distribution (P>0.05). At present, the GCHSs are still the mainstream in urban China, which will last for a long period in future. However, our findings showed that the annual workloads of CHWs in PCHSs were no heavier than those in GCHSs, and the PCHSs were willing to provide public health services. In view of current inadequacy of health resources in China, it is feasible to further develop PCHSs under the guidance of the government, given that PCHSs can perform the basic functions of community health services, which is useful for the formation of public-private partnerships (PPP) and the improvement of community health services.
文摘Gas stations are important emissions source of benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), ethylbenzene (C8H10), and ortho, meta and para-xylene (C8H10)—better known by the acronym BTEX. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of BTEX compounds in the ambient air of ten gas stations in the cities of Salvador and Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil and evaluate the health risks to workers. Passive samplers diffusive of the Radiello?, containing activated carbon as adsorbent, were used. The samplers were exposed for 8 h and then the analytes were recovered by chemical desorption with CS2 and determined by GC-FID. The BTEX concentrations found in the ambient air of gas stations ranged from 46.72 - 435.43 μg·m?3 for benzene;25.54 - 342.46 μg·m?3 for toluene, 7.10 - 30.07 μg·m?3 for ethylbenzene, 9.36 - 89.73 μg·m?3 for m, p-xylene and 9.79 - 52.29 μg·m?3 for o-xylene. The concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes found in gas stations were lower than the limits recommended by the US NIOSH and NR-15 of the Ministry of Labour of Brazil;however, it should be considered the risks due to chronic exposure of workers. Benzene concentrations in three gas stations were above the exposure limit recommended by NIOSH (3.20 × 102 μg·m?3). Samplings were also held outdoors at 250 m of two gas stations. The total concentrations of the BTEX compounds were equal to 24.97 and 35.51 μg·m?3, and benzene concentrations were about 3 - 4 times higher than the annual pattern of 5.0 μg·m?3 established by Union European, as tolerance limit for outside areas. These data confirm that the next areas of gas stations are subject to the effects of volatilization of these compounds. Additionally, the values found in the 10 gas stations for the cancer risk ranged from 4.06 × 10?5 - 3.78 × 10?4 (mean of 1.82 × 10?4) for workers exposed to benzene for 30 years (acceptable limit equal 1.00 × 10?6). The cancer risk is very high, because the values found are about 40 - 378 times above the acceptable limit and reinforce the need to adopt urgent measures to reduce or eliminate exposure of workers to the BTEX compounds. The average non-cancer risk to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes was 1.84, 5.76 × 10?3, 4.59 × 10?3 and 1.37 × 10?1, respectively (acceptable limit 1). Only to benzene the average value of this risk is above 1, showing that workers are likely the adverse effects health due to exposure to benzene.
文摘The widespread mobile station’s antennas and the continued increase in the number of mobile phones users throughout the Gaza strip causing great panic in the population relating the debate overexposure to electromagnetic radiation EMR emitted from the antennas of mobile base stations. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the levels of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the antennas of cellular base stations in Gaza governorate as well as to evaluate the citizen’s awareness and practices regarding potential health risks and mitigation methods of exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations, respectively. Fifty cellular base stations out of 197 stations were selected depending on the criteria of selecting one site per kilometer using Global Positioning System (GPS). Electromagnetic power density, electric field strength, and the magnetic field strength emitted from cellular base stations were measured using Narda-550. Assessment tool for observation was used to collect operational information of each station. A structured questionnaire with four-level Likert rating scale was used to survey 384 mobile phone users from the areas surrounding the selected cellular base stations. The results showed that the electromagnetic radiation levels of all stations were low and less than the national and international acceptable limits. Furthermore, the awareness of participant about health risks that could result from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations and mobile phones was low. Nevertheless, the participant’s practices in mitigating the adverse impacts of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular base stations and mobile phones on their health were good.
文摘新能源汽车主要以锂离子电池作为储能单元,随着锂离子电池的老化,在充电过程中极易发生燃烧甚至爆炸,给电网和充电场站带来巨大安全隐患。电池健康状态(State of Health,SOH)是评价电池老化和性能衰减的重要指标。通过研究锂离子电池的充电特性,从中提取反映电池老化的特征向量,采用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)估计电池的健康状态,并采用模拟退火算法优化SVM的超参数。研究表明,采用优化后的SVM预测SOH,决定系数为99.73%,预测误差小于0.05%,达到了较高的预测精度。研究成果可以为充电场站的安全运维提供锂离子电池的监测参数,提高充电过程的安全性能。
