Influence of heat treatment conditions on bending characteristics of 6063 aluminum alloy sheets

Bending deformation behaviors of solution treated(ST),natural aged(NA)and T6tempered6063aluminum alloy sheetswere studied by three-point bending tests.The changes of bending force,interior angle,bending radius and sheet thickness in thefillet region were analyzed by experimental measurements and numerical simulations.The results showed that the bendingcharacteristics were strongly dependent on the heat treatment conditions.The T6alloy sheets were bent more sharply and localplastic deformation occurred severely in the fillet region.However,the ST and NA alloy sheets exhibited relatively uniform bendingdeformation and large bending radius.The bending force of T6alloy was the highest,followed by the NA alloy and that of the STalloy was minimum.After unloading,as compared with the ST and NA alloys,the springback of T6alloys was markedly larger.Theaging time showed a positive sensitivity on the springback and non-uniform bending deformability.The bending characteristics areattributed to the combined effects of yield strength,yield ratio and coefficient of neutral layer.

Role of Heating Condition in Polyethylene Behaviors under Nitrogen and Air Atmosphere

Recycle of plastic waste is an indisputable means to alleviate both environment and energy crisis.In this work,effects of heating condition on polyethylene behaviors in nitrogen and air were studied.It was observed that polyethylene behavior was a single step in nitrogen,while the multiple steps occurred in air.According to the weight loss and heat flow curves,polyethylene behaviors in air were divided into three regions:low-temperature(<340 ℃),middle-temperature(340 – 380 ℃) and high-temperature(> 380 ℃) regions.Kinetic analysis revealed that the partial oxidization took the dominance in the low-temperature region,which seldom formed CO and CO_(2);the combustion took the dominance in the middle-temperature region,which was positive to the formation of CO and CO_(2);the pyrolysis was initiated and enhanced in the high-temperature region,which inhibited the formation of CO and CO;.According to the kinetic simulation,a synergistic effect between the pyrolysis and combustion was proposed to account for the acceleration of polyethylene conversion.This work may provide useful information about polyethylene behaviors under heating condition,and help to design and optimize plastic waste incineration process.

Peristaltic flow in an asymmetric channel with convective boundary conditions and Joule heating

The peristaltic transport of viscous fluid in an asymmetric channel is concentrated. The channel walls exhibit convective boundary conditions. Both cases of hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) fluids are considered. Mathematical analysis has been presented in a wave frame of reference. The resulting problems are non-dimensionalized. Long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations are employed. Joule heating effect on the thermal equation is retained. Analytic solutions for stream function and temperature are constructed. Numerical integration is carried out for pressure rise per wavelength. Effects of influential flow parameters have been pointed out through graphs.

Heat transfer in a porous saturated wavy channel with asymmetric convective boundary conditions

The viscous flow in a wavy channel with convective boundary conditions is investigated. The channel is filled with a porous viscous fluid. Two cases of equal and different external convection coefficients on the walls are taken into account. Effect of viscous dissipation is also considered. The governing equations are derived employing long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Exact closed form solutions are obtained for the simplified equations. Important physical features for peristaltic flow caused by the wavy wave are pumping, trapping and heat transfer rate at the channel walls. These are discussed one by one in depth and detail through graphical illustrations. Special attention has been given to the effects of convective boundary conditions. The results show that for Bi1≠Bi2, there exists a critical value of Brinkman number Brc at which the temperatures of both the walls become equal. And, for Bi1>Bi2 and Br>Brc, the temperature of the cold wall exceeds the temperature of hot wall.

THE EXERGETIC EFFICIENCY OF MSF PROCESS AND THE CONDITIONS OF DESALINATION BY WASTE HEAT

The exergy losses and thermodynamic efficiency of MSF plant with brine recirculation are discussed bymeans of temperature difference functions proposed by the auther.In a MSF plant,the irreversible losses are found mainly in irreversible heat-transfer and flash evaporationprocesses.However,the basic variables are the temperature drop from stage to stage and the temperaturedifferences between flashed vapor and cooling water.In this paper,the flash temperature difference func-tion,the heat transfer temperature difference function and the total temperature difference function are sug-gested.The proposed temperature difference functions of MSF plant provide a convenient tool to analyse theirreversible behavior and evaluate the exergetic efficiency of this system,because without such improvement thecalculation of the exergetic efficiency of a MSF plant according to the classical formula will be not onlyinconvenient but also insignificant.As a result of present analysis,the reasonable parameters based on theenergy consumption are easily chosen.The above-mentioned principles are confirmed by commercial plants and a pilot plant in Tianjin.

Optimization of Selecting Air Conditioning Cold/Heat Sources with Grey Relation Analysis

Selection of air conditioning（AC） cold/heat sources generally concerns about certain aspects and cannot reveal the whole profile of the problems. Grey relation analysis （GRA） is a data processing method to categorize the correlation extent of compared sequences and a certain reference sequence in a system with uncertain information. It is applied to evaluating and selecting AC cold/heat sources from four main aspects, which are technology, economy, reliability, and operation and management. Case study shows that the result for selecting AC cold/heat sources with the GRA method can be more reasonable and convincible. Thus it offers a new approach for designers in heating, ventilating and air conditioning field to compare and evaluate different AC cold/heat sou rces.

制冷剂充注量对轻量化车用空气源热泵系统性能的影响

【目的】研究R407C制冷剂不同充注量对轻量化车用热泵空调系统制冷性能的影响。【方法】在高温45℃工况下,通过充注量的变化,分析制冷剂充注量对系统制冷性能参数的影响,确定最佳充注量。【结果】结果表明:R407C制冷剂充注量从2.3 kg增加到2.6 kg时,系统的制冷量、COP最高值分别达4.935 kW、2.1,系统最佳充注量为2.5 kg。【结论】通过改变制冷剂充注量,制冷量、COP和过冷度均有所提升,因此,在开发新型环保制冷剂及其应用系统时,应充分考虑不同工况下的性能表现,并通过试验验证确定最佳运行参数。

空调器冷凝器结构参数对其制冷剂积存量及系统性能的影响

在保持R290空调器系统性能的前提下,为降低冷凝器中制冷剂积存量,建立冷凝器性能综合评价模型,对冷凝器不同支路数流程的结构参数进行优化研究。结果表明:管径减小使得制冷剂积存量下降、COP下降;管间距和翅片厚度增大以及翅片间距减小均使得制冷剂积存量下降、COP升高;对冷凝器的制冷剂积存量和系统COP进行多目标优化,得到最优设计结构参数为四支路流程,管径5.74 mm,管间距19.67mm,翅片间距1.43mm,翅片厚度0.092mm。本研究可为R290房间空调器减少制冷剂充注量提供参考。

房间空调器小管径室外换热器流路优化

随着空调器的快速发展和国际铜价的持续升高,制冷空调行业采用的换热器在向着小体积、低成本发展的过程中往往面临着性能衰减的技术瓶颈。为突破此瓶颈,以一款冷暖型房间空调器翅片管式室外换热器为研究对象,将其换热管外径由7 mm减小至5 mm并在此基础上优化其流路,最终实现Φ5 mm换热器性能达到初始样机水平并有效降低换热器成本。首先,分别在5种标准工况下测试初始样机性能;然后,利用CoilDesigner软件来分析小管径化对换热器性能的影响,仿真结果表明,在不改变流路布置的情况下,Φ5 mm换热器的换热能力略有提升,但制冷剂侧压降增大4~7倍;进一步地,有针对性地设计了5种流路布置方案来探究分路数、分路汇合位置等因素对换热器传热及压降特性的影响规律,总结了小管径翅片管式换热器流路优化的思路,并设计了3种Φ5 mm管径室外换热器流路优化方案。仿真评估3种方案的可行性后制作样机进行性能测试,实验结果表明:方案(3)性能与原换热器相当,同时其材料成本可降低34.6%。

Practice and analysis of recycling non-drinking water from air-condition and reverse-osmosis system into rainwater collection system

This paper is based on the rainwater collection project in the retrofit of the Dongyi teaching block in Zhejiang University Xixi Campus.The analysis incorporates the local meteorological data, recycling water utilization, and precipitation adjustment.The rainwater collection system in this program also adds the condensation water from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning （ HVAC） system and the concentration from the reverse-osmosis system used for watering greens and supplying waterscapes.By calculating, the quantity of the HVAC condensation water in summer is 3.48 m3/d, and the quantity of the reverse-osmosis concentrated water is 198 to 396 L/d.This method solves the water shortage caused by high evaporation in summer and low precipitation in winter.Supported by empirical monitoring data, the proposed method significantly increases the economic efficiency of the system during the summer period.

基于主动进气格栅的热泵空调系统能耗控制策略

为了降低热泵空调系统的能耗,针对车速、进气格栅开口面积等不同参数,以匹配主动进气格栅(AGS)电动汽车的热泵空调系统为研究对象,开发了一种热泵空调热管理系统及能耗控制策略,仿真计算高、低温环境和不同AGS开度条件下的系统能耗,并采用实车环境舱标定方法分析了-7℃低温和35℃高温环境不同AGS开度下空调系统及风阻能耗实测值差异。试验结果表明:高温和低温环境下,AGS开度越大,风阻能耗越高,但空调与风阻综合能耗越低;AGS开度增大相同数值时,高温条件下的能耗贡献量大于低温条件下的能耗贡献量。

Effects of Heat Treatment on Properties of Polyester Filaments

Many properties of polyester filaments such as heat shrinkage, tenacity, elongation at break and etc. are greatly influenced by drawing, so post-drawing is important in downstream processing. As more and more profile fibers and multi-variance fibers used in textile industry, the properties of above two kinds of differential polyester filaments after drawing in different heat conditions were studied. Finally following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, the tenacity and elongation at break decreases with the rise of Tp. Secondly, the tenacity rises but the elongation at break decreases with the increase of Tb. Then, when the Tb is low, both the shrinkage in boiling water and hi hot air decreases with the rise of Tp, while, when the Tb is high, both the shrinkage rises with the rise of Tp. The last, both the shrinkage decreases with the rise of Tb.

家用落地式空调L型换热器设计

目前家用落地式空调内机主要采用圆柱形外观,产品不断向小型化、高能效发展。针对圆柱形柜机的内机换热器进行设计,采用L型结构,借助CFD仿真确定换热器夹角,采用Midea Heat Exchanger仿真软件选择合适的制冷剂流路,最终制作换热器样件与原型机进行整机性能对比。结果表明,L型换热器夹角为80°时既有较高风量,又有足够的换热面积确保较高的换热量;在不同的制冷剂流路布置中,6支路对应的换热量最大,制冷剂分布均匀性和空气侧温度均匀性最佳;相比原型机,L型换热器额定制冷工况下的风量提升13.4%,额定制热工况下的风量提升10.8%,整机APF提升0.146。

冷凝器优化设计的理论分析与实验研究

空调是为人们创造舒适环境所不可或缺的设备,当前空调设备节能问题已经成为备受关注的全社会问题。其中冷凝器是制冷空调设备的重要组成部分,冷凝器的换热性能对整个空调的能力表现有着重大影响,提升冷凝器性能可以通过增加冷凝器的排数、增大铜管管径、更改翅片的片距和片型等方式来实现。但是受限于设计成本和安装空间,上述优化方式可操作性有限。本文以空调用翅片管冷凝器为研究对象,通过不增加成本的方法设计三种不同冷凝器结构-(1、考虑减小冷媒压降的无过冷管设计;2、考虑增加冷凝过冷度的过冷管设计;3、考虑消除冷凝器冷热对流影响的分段设计),分析其传热性能,并通过系统仿真和实验测试得出最佳优化设计方案为消除复热的过冷设计方案。

一款改进的家用热回收空调热力性能实验研究

为提高家用空调器利用率并节能减排,通过改进得到一款具有制冷、供暖、全天候供热水和冷凝热回收制取热水四种功能的热回收空调器。热力性能实验结果表明,改进后的热回收空调器各模式运行可靠,节能效果显著。

热泵型空调器室外换热器结霜的霜物性时变特征分析

室外换热器结霜是影响热泵型空调器高效运行的重要因素之一,所涉及的翅片管换热器结霜过程受到换热器结构与运行工况的影响,存在明显差异,为换热器设计和系统运行控制带来了难点。基于微元段参数均值化假设和分布参数方法,利用三种结霜工况下翅片换热器结霜实验结果分析霜物性动态变化规律,通过公开文献数据对比研究换热器结构对霜物性参数的影响。结果表明:微元均值化霜密度、厚度和导热系数变化趋势均与理论预测趋势一致,导热系数与厚度的比值在结霜后期相互趋近,均达到约300 W/(m^(2)·K),表明结霜后期霜物性与换热器结构及工况的关联性减弱。以上结果能够为翅片管换热器结霜预测与运行控制提供简化手段。

变频空调主板冷媒冷却散热器仿真与测试对比及其散热可靠性预测

对变频空调室外机主板芯片散热分析,分别采用传统肋片式散热器和冷媒冷却散热器进行数值模拟,同步开展实验验证。在不同工况下,仿真计算和实验测试结果初步表明:①制热工况时,冷媒冷却散热器满足可靠性要求。从仿真结果来看,相同功耗下,冷媒冷却散热器较肋片散热器温度升高明显,满足元器件温度不高于95℃的要求。但由于冷媒冷却散热器整体体积小,平均温度较高。②制冷工况时,冷媒冷却散热器整体优于肋片式散热器,特别是高温制冷、最大运行制冷等工况,冷媒冷却散热相对更优,控制器各元器件温度相比较低,对于整机性能和可靠性而言,更具优势。③模拟制冷工况无氟高温制冷时(室外侧48℃),因冷媒冷却散热器管内无制冷剂流动,此时冷媒冷却散热器温度可能高达107℃,温度高于95℃,但未达到功率元件结温的温度极限(一般高于125℃)。预测不满足可靠性要求,可以通过提高散热板的体积,表面积等散热设计,或者温控器等设定对应的保护逻辑,并加以实验验证,以期满足可靠性要求。

多场协同下的空调换热器主流翅片性能CFD仿真分析

空调换热器翅片是空调四大部件主要换热装置中进行热传递的金属片,是空调中最主要的组成部分。对于翅片式换热器的理论研究,往往涉及对流换热和传质换热等多种方式,本文借助仿真软件进行翅片多场协同换热性能进行研究。单一变量下仿真对比研究发现,四行桥片与五行桥片换热性能对比,五行桥片减少了尾流区,更有利于换热器翅片的换热,换热量性能更好。

可燃制冷剂在轨道交通车辆空调中的应用

[目的]为分析轨道交通车辆空调中的可燃制冷剂允许充注量,需研究可燃性环保制冷剂在轨道交通车辆空调中安全应用的可行性及方案。[方法]分析空调的安装场所及访问类别,结合不同可燃制冷剂热物性,计算当前轨道交通车辆空调中制冷剂的允许充注量。进一步通过空调间接换热系统的设计,提高轨道交通车辆空调中可燃制冷剂充注量限值,并就不同制冷剂的空调性能进行对比分析。[结果及结论]不同燃烧等级的制冷剂在轨道交通车辆空调中的允许充注量不尽相同,基于制冷剂燃烧下限的限制,可燃制冷剂在轨道交通车辆空调中难以直接使用,而通过间接换热设计可以有效提高可燃制冷剂在空调中的允许充注量,解决制冷剂燃烧性带来的安全风险问题,实现环保制冷剂在轨道交通车辆空调上的应用。

Heat absorption control equation and its application of cool-wall cooling system in mines

In order to solve the heat damages in deep mines, a cool-wall cooling technology and its working model are proposed based on the principles of heat absorption and insulation in this paper. During this process, the differential equation of thermal equilibrium for roadway control unit is built, and the heat adsorption control equation of cool-wall cooling system is derived by an integral method, so as to obtain the quantitative relationship among the heat absorption capacity of cooling system, the heat dissipating capacity of surrounding rock and air temperature change. Then, the heat absorption capacity required by air temperature less than the standard value for safety is figured out by section iterative method with the simultaneous solution of heat absorption control equation and the heat dissipation density equation of surrounding rock. Finally, the results show that as the air temperature at the inlet of roadway is 25 ℃, the roadway wall is covered by heat-absorbing plate up to 39% of the area, as well as the cold water is injected into the heat-absorbing plate with a temperature of 20 ℃ and a mass flow of 113.6 kg/s, the air flow temperature rise per kilometer in the roadway can be less than 3 ℃.