The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Aut...The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.展开更多
In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness...In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness and wear property were investigated. A cold deformation at room temperature with 15% reduction in height was applied on annealed samples. The samples were solution-treated at 920 ℃ for 15 min followed by different cooling rates of water quenching(WQ), air cooling(AC) and furnace cooling(FC) to room temperature. Finally, the samples were aged at 590 ℃ for 4 h. Secondary α-platelets precipitated in residual β-phase in the case of solution-treated samples with AC condition and aged ones. The maximum hardness of HV 470 was obtained for WQ + aging condition due to the presence of high amount of residual β-matrix(69%), while the minimum hardness of HV 328 was reported for FC condition. Aging process after solution treatment can considerably enhance the wear property and this enhancement can reach up to about 122% by applying aging after WQ compared with the annealed samples.展开更多
In this article, a novel heat treatment method, deformation heat （DH） treatment （extrusion ＋ aging）, was employed on a hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloy （LM28-0.3wt.%Nd）, and its effect on microstructure and...In this article, a novel heat treatment method, deformation heat （DH） treatment （extrusion ＋ aging）, was employed on a hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloy （LM28-0.3wt.%Nd）, and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy was investigated. It can be concluded that the eutectic microstructure disappears after the DH treatment, in the meantime the morphology of α（Al） solid solution was transformed from fir-troe and cellular to equiaxed, Si was refined with grain sizes of about 1-10 μn and distributed dispersedly, even some of them became globular shape, which can reduce stress accumulation effectively. Mechanical properties test indicated that the DH treatment could significantly improve the room-ternperature strength and have little effect on the high-temperature strength of LM28-0.3wt.%Nd alloy. The fracture mechanism is ductile fracture by fracture morphology analysis.展开更多
Influence of severe cold deformation of titanium alloy Ti-1.5%A1-6.8%Mo-4.5%Fe in metastable β condition on the evolution of phase composition, microstructure, and tensile properties during continuous rapid heating w...Influence of severe cold deformation of titanium alloy Ti-1.5%A1-6.8%Mo-4.5%Fe in metastable β condition on the evolution of phase composition, microstructure, and tensile properties during continuous rapid heating was studied. As-deformed alloy was characterized by quasi-amorphous single-phase β condition with an abnormal temperature dependence of electric resistance that was normalized after 48 h exposure at room temperature as a result of isothermal ω phase precipitation. Subsequent rapid heating with a rate of 5 ℃/s caused recovery and recrystallization. Tensile properties of the alloy after different treatments were determined and discussed.展开更多
It is noted that the behavior of most piezoelectric materials is temperaturedependent and such piezo-thermo-elastic coupling phenomenon has become even more pronounced in thecase of finite deformation. On the other ha...It is noted that the behavior of most piezoelectric materials is temperaturedependent and such piezo-thermo-elastic coupling phenomenon has become even more pronounced in thecase of finite deformation. On the other hand, for the purpose of precise shape and vibrationcontrol of piezoelectric smart structures, their deformation under external excitation must beideally modeled. This demands a thorough study of the coupled piezo-thermo-elastic response underfinite deformation. In this study, the governing equations of piezoelectric structures areformulated through the theory of virtual displacement principle and a finite element method isdeveloped. It should be emphasized that in the finite element method the fully coupledpiezo-thermo-elastic behavior and the geometric non-linearity are considered. The method developedis then applied to simulate the dynamic and steady response of a clamped plate to heat flux actingon one side of the plate to mimic the behavior of a battery plate of satellite irradiated under thesun. The results obtained are compared against classical solutions, whereby the thermal conductivityis assumed to be independent of deformation. It is found that the full-coupled theory predicts lesstransient response of the temperature compared to the classic analysis. In the steady state limit,the predicted temperature distribution within the plate for small heat flux is almost the same forboth analyses. However, it is noted that increasing the heat flux will increase the deviationbetween the predictions of the temperature distribution by the full coupled theory and by theclassic analysis. It is concluded from the present study that, in order to precisely predict thedeformation of smart structures, the piezo-thermo-elastic coupling, geometric non-linearity and thedeformation dependent thermal conductivity should be taken into account.展开更多
The standard heat treatment of cast nickel base superalloy K403 is the solid solution treatment of 1210℃/4h, air cooling. It is very difficult to meet the requirements of Aviation Standard HB5155, in which the stre...The standard heat treatment of cast nickel base superalloy K403 is the solid solution treatment of 1210℃/4h, air cooling. It is very difficult to meet the requirements of Aviation Standard HB5155, in which the stress rupture life at 750℃ and 645MPa is longer than 50h. The results showed that the intermediate temperature stress rupture properties impaired by treatment of 1210℃/4h were due to precipitation of too small γ′ phase(<0.2μm) in grains and absence of the secondary carbides at grain boundaries. Microstructure containing the intergranular M6C carbides with envelope of γ′ and the residual coarse γ′ was obtained by means of 1180℃/4h treatment, therefore the stress rupture life was obviously increased to meet the demand of HB5155. The effect of γ′ size was also discussed from the view point of deformation mechanism in this paper.展开更多
Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy after plastic deformation and heat treatment were comparatively investigated. Severe plastic deformation by hot extrusion and cold drawing was adop...Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy after plastic deformation and heat treatment were comparatively investigated. Severe plastic deformation by hot extrusion and cold drawing was adopted to induce large plastic strain of Cu 0.84Co-0.23Be alloy. The tensile strength and elongation are up to 476.6 MPa and 18%, respectively. The fractured surface consists of deep dimples and micro voids. Due to the formation of su- persaturated solid solution on the Cu matrix by solution treatment at 950℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength decreased to 271.9 MPa, while the elongation increased to 42%. The fracture morphology is parabolic dimple. Furthermore, the tensile strength increased significantly to 580.2 MPa after aging at 480 ℃ for 4 h. During the aging process, a large number of precipitates formed and distributed on the Cu matrix. The fracture feature of aged specimens with low elongation （4.6%） exhibits an obvious brittle intergranular fracture. It is confirmed that the mechanical properties and fracture behavior are dominated by the microstrueture characteristics of Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy after plastic de- formation and heat treatment. In addition, the fracture behavior at 450 ℃ of aged Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy was also studied. The tensile strength and elongation are 383.6 MPa and 11.2%, respectively. The fractured morphologies are mainly candy-shaped with partial parabolic dimples and equiaxed dimples. The fracture mode is multi mixed mechanism that brittle intergranular fracture plays a dominant role and ductile fracture is secondary.展开更多
A series of monotonic tensile experiments of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane （TSMPU） at different loading rates were carried out to investigate the interaction between the internal heat production and the m...A series of monotonic tensile experiments of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane （TSMPU） at different loading rates were carried out to investigate the interaction between the internal heat production and the mechanical deformation. It is shown that the tem- perature variation on the surfaces of the specimens due to the internal heat production affects the mechanical properties of TSMPU remarkably. Then, based on irreversible thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy was decomposed into three parts, i.e., the instantaneous elastic free energy, visco-plastic free energy and heat free energy. The total deformation gradient was decomposed into the mechanical and thermal parts, and the mechanical deformation gradient was further divided into the elastic and visco-plastic components. The Hencky＇s logarithmic strain was used in the current configuration. The heat equilibrium equation of internal heat production and heat exchange was derived in accordance with the first and second thermodynamics laws. The temperature of specimens was contributed by the internal heat production and the ambient temperature simultaneously, and a thermo-mechanically coupled thermo-elasto-visco-plastie model was established. The effect of temperature variation of specimens on the mechanical properties of the material was considered in this work. Finally, the capability of the proposed model was validated by comparing the simulated results with the corresponding experimental data of TSMPU.展开更多
The effect of rolling and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg3.5Y0.8Ca0.4Zr alloy was investigated. With the addition of 0.4Zr, the average grain size of the as-cast alloy was markedly ref...The effect of rolling and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg3.5Y0.8Ca0.4Zr alloy was investigated. With the addition of 0.4Zr, the average grain size of the as-cast alloy was markedly refined to 5-10 μm. After hot rolling process, the grain size of Mg3.5Y0.8Ca0.4Zr alloy was refined further into 3-5 lain and the tensile strength was enhanced while the plasticity was degraded because the accumulation of rolling reduction increased the density oft-wins, and refined the grain structures. After the solution heat treatment at 743 K, the elongation of alloy was greatly enhanced from 3% to 17%.展开更多
通过对Ag-4Pd键合合金线冷加工和热处理过程中的微观组织与性能进行研究,分析了冷变形加工率和热处理温度对Ag-4Pd键合合金线力学性能、组织结构和熔断电流的影响。研究结果表明:Ag-4Pd键合合金线随冷加工率增长,强度增加,伸长率降低,...通过对Ag-4Pd键合合金线冷加工和热处理过程中的微观组织与性能进行研究,分析了冷变形加工率和热处理温度对Ag-4Pd键合合金线力学性能、组织结构和熔断电流的影响。研究结果表明:Ag-4Pd键合合金线随冷加工率增长,强度增加,伸长率降低,滑移和孪生变形为主要形变类型;随着热处理温度的增加,?0.050 mm Ag-4Pd键合合金线拉断力下降,伸长率增加,525℃热处理时,Ag-4Pd键合合金线具有优秀的力学性能;进一步增加热处理温度,Ag-4Pd键合合金线出现孪晶组织,且孪生形核及亚晶吞并长大形核为主要形核方式;热处理过程中施加在线材上的拉紧力过大,导致Ag-4Pd键合合金线表面呈凹凸不平的微小竹节状;经试验数据拟合,Ag-4Pd键合合金线电阻值随热处理温度升高而降低,其熔断电流与熔断时间之间存在指数函数关系,Ag-4Pd键合合金线熔断电流与弧长之间存多项式函数关系。展开更多
文摘The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.
文摘In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness and wear property were investigated. A cold deformation at room temperature with 15% reduction in height was applied on annealed samples. The samples were solution-treated at 920 ℃ for 15 min followed by different cooling rates of water quenching(WQ), air cooling(AC) and furnace cooling(FC) to room temperature. Finally, the samples were aged at 590 ℃ for 4 h. Secondary α-platelets precipitated in residual β-phase in the case of solution-treated samples with AC condition and aged ones. The maximum hardness of HV 470 was obtained for WQ + aging condition due to the presence of high amount of residual β-matrix(69%), while the minimum hardness of HV 328 was reported for FC condition. Aging process after solution treatment can considerably enhance the wear property and this enhancement can reach up to about 122% by applying aging after WQ compared with the annealed samples.
文摘In this article, a novel heat treatment method, deformation heat （DH） treatment （extrusion ＋ aging）, was employed on a hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloy （LM28-0.3wt.%Nd）, and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy was investigated. It can be concluded that the eutectic microstructure disappears after the DH treatment, in the meantime the morphology of α（Al） solid solution was transformed from fir-troe and cellular to equiaxed, Si was refined with grain sizes of about 1-10 μn and distributed dispersedly, even some of them became globular shape, which can reduce stress accumulation effectively. Mechanical properties test indicated that the DH treatment could significantly improve the room-ternperature strength and have little effect on the high-temperature strength of LM28-0.3wt.%Nd alloy. The fracture mechanism is ductile fracture by fracture morphology analysis.
文摘Influence of severe cold deformation of titanium alloy Ti-1.5%A1-6.8%Mo-4.5%Fe in metastable β condition on the evolution of phase composition, microstructure, and tensile properties during continuous rapid heating was studied. As-deformed alloy was characterized by quasi-amorphous single-phase β condition with an abnormal temperature dependence of electric resistance that was normalized after 48 h exposure at room temperature as a result of isothermal ω phase precipitation. Subsequent rapid heating with a rate of 5 ℃/s caused recovery and recrystallization. Tensile properties of the alloy after different treatments were determined and discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10132010 and 50135030)the Foundation of In-service Doctors of Xi'an Jiaotong University
文摘It is noted that the behavior of most piezoelectric materials is temperaturedependent and such piezo-thermo-elastic coupling phenomenon has become even more pronounced in thecase of finite deformation. On the other hand, for the purpose of precise shape and vibrationcontrol of piezoelectric smart structures, their deformation under external excitation must beideally modeled. This demands a thorough study of the coupled piezo-thermo-elastic response underfinite deformation. In this study, the governing equations of piezoelectric structures areformulated through the theory of virtual displacement principle and a finite element method isdeveloped. It should be emphasized that in the finite element method the fully coupledpiezo-thermo-elastic behavior and the geometric non-linearity are considered. The method developedis then applied to simulate the dynamic and steady response of a clamped plate to heat flux actingon one side of the plate to mimic the behavior of a battery plate of satellite irradiated under thesun. The results obtained are compared against classical solutions, whereby the thermal conductivityis assumed to be independent of deformation. It is found that the full-coupled theory predicts lesstransient response of the temperature compared to the classic analysis. In the steady state limit,the predicted temperature distribution within the plate for small heat flux is almost the same forboth analyses. However, it is noted that increasing the heat flux will increase the deviationbetween the predictions of the temperature distribution by the full coupled theory and by theclassic analysis. It is concluded from the present study that, in order to precisely predict thedeformation of smart structures, the piezo-thermo-elastic coupling, geometric non-linearity and thedeformation dependent thermal conductivity should be taken into account.
文摘The standard heat treatment of cast nickel base superalloy K403 is the solid solution treatment of 1210℃/4h, air cooling. It is very difficult to meet the requirements of Aviation Standard HB5155, in which the stress rupture life at 750℃ and 645MPa is longer than 50h. The results showed that the intermediate temperature stress rupture properties impaired by treatment of 1210℃/4h were due to precipitation of too small γ′ phase(<0.2μm) in grains and absence of the secondary carbides at grain boundaries. Microstructure containing the intergranular M6C carbides with envelope of γ′ and the residual coarse γ′ was obtained by means of 1180℃/4h treatment, therefore the stress rupture life was obviously increased to meet the demand of HB5155. The effect of γ′ size was also discussed from the view point of deformation mechanism in this paper.
基金Sponsored by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301401)State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1502274)+1 种基金Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province of China(C20150014)Program for Innovation Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province of China(14IRTSTHN007)
文摘Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy after plastic deformation and heat treatment were comparatively investigated. Severe plastic deformation by hot extrusion and cold drawing was adopted to induce large plastic strain of Cu 0.84Co-0.23Be alloy. The tensile strength and elongation are up to 476.6 MPa and 18%, respectively. The fractured surface consists of deep dimples and micro voids. Due to the formation of su- persaturated solid solution on the Cu matrix by solution treatment at 950℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength decreased to 271.9 MPa, while the elongation increased to 42%. The fracture morphology is parabolic dimple. Furthermore, the tensile strength increased significantly to 580.2 MPa after aging at 480 ℃ for 4 h. During the aging process, a large number of precipitates formed and distributed on the Cu matrix. The fracture feature of aged specimens with low elongation （4.6%） exhibits an obvious brittle intergranular fracture. It is confirmed that the mechanical properties and fracture behavior are dominated by the microstrueture characteristics of Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy after plastic de- formation and heat treatment. In addition, the fracture behavior at 450 ℃ of aged Cu-0.84Co 0.23Be alloy was also studied. The tensile strength and elongation are 383.6 MPa and 11.2%, respectively. The fractured morphologies are mainly candy-shaped with partial parabolic dimples and equiaxed dimples. The fracture mode is multi mixed mechanism that brittle intergranular fracture plays a dominant role and ductile fracture is secondary.
基金Financial supports by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11572265,11202171)Excellent Youth Found of Sichuan Province (2017JQ0019)+1 种基金Open Project of Traction Power State Key Laboratory(TPL1606)Exploration Project of Traction Power State Key Laboratory (2017TPL_T04)
文摘A series of monotonic tensile experiments of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane （TSMPU） at different loading rates were carried out to investigate the interaction between the internal heat production and the mechanical deformation. It is shown that the tem- perature variation on the surfaces of the specimens due to the internal heat production affects the mechanical properties of TSMPU remarkably. Then, based on irreversible thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy was decomposed into three parts, i.e., the instantaneous elastic free energy, visco-plastic free energy and heat free energy. The total deformation gradient was decomposed into the mechanical and thermal parts, and the mechanical deformation gradient was further divided into the elastic and visco-plastic components. The Hencky＇s logarithmic strain was used in the current configuration. The heat equilibrium equation of internal heat production and heat exchange was derived in accordance with the first and second thermodynamics laws. The temperature of specimens was contributed by the internal heat production and the ambient temperature simultaneously, and a thermo-mechanically coupled thermo-elasto-visco-plastie model was established. The effect of temperature variation of specimens on the mechanical properties of the material was considered in this work. Finally, the capability of the proposed model was validated by comparing the simulated results with the corresponding experimental data of TSMPU.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50901048,51174143)the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(2012017)+3 种基金the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU (SKLSP201003)Program for Changjiang Scholar and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0972)Program for the Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learning Institutions of ShanxiNatural Science Foundation of Shanxi (2010021022-5)
文摘The effect of rolling and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg3.5Y0.8Ca0.4Zr alloy was investigated. With the addition of 0.4Zr, the average grain size of the as-cast alloy was markedly refined to 5-10 μm. After hot rolling process, the grain size of Mg3.5Y0.8Ca0.4Zr alloy was refined further into 3-5 lain and the tensile strength was enhanced while the plasticity was degraded because the accumulation of rolling reduction increased the density oft-wins, and refined the grain structures. After the solution heat treatment at 743 K, the elongation of alloy was greatly enhanced from 3% to 17%.
文摘通过对Ag-4Pd键合合金线冷加工和热处理过程中的微观组织与性能进行研究,分析了冷变形加工率和热处理温度对Ag-4Pd键合合金线力学性能、组织结构和熔断电流的影响。研究结果表明:Ag-4Pd键合合金线随冷加工率增长,强度增加,伸长率降低,滑移和孪生变形为主要形变类型;随着热处理温度的增加,?0.050 mm Ag-4Pd键合合金线拉断力下降,伸长率增加,525℃热处理时,Ag-4Pd键合合金线具有优秀的力学性能;进一步增加热处理温度,Ag-4Pd键合合金线出现孪晶组织,且孪生形核及亚晶吞并长大形核为主要形核方式;热处理过程中施加在线材上的拉紧力过大,导致Ag-4Pd键合合金线表面呈凹凸不平的微小竹节状;经试验数据拟合,Ag-4Pd键合合金线电阻值随热处理温度升高而降低,其熔断电流与熔断时间之间存在指数函数关系,Ag-4Pd键合合金线熔断电流与弧长之间存多项式函数关系。
