Indoor thermal comfort and passive solar heating technologies have been extensively studied.However,few studies have explored the suitability of passive solar heating technologies based on differentiated thermal comfo...Indoor thermal comfort and passive solar heating technologies have been extensively studied.However,few studies have explored the suitability of passive solar heating technologies based on differentiated thermal comfort demands.This work took the rural dwellings in Northwest China as the research object.First,the current indoor and outdoor thermal environment in winter and the mechanism of residents’differentiated demand for indoor thermal comfort were obtained through tests,questionnaires,and statistical analysis.Second,a comprehensive passive optimized design of existing buildings was conducted,and the validity of the optimized combination scheme was explored using DesignBuilder software.Finally,the suitability of passive solar heating technology for each region in Northwest China was analyzed based on residents’differentiated demand for indoor thermal comfort.The regions were then classified according to the suitability of the technology for these.The results showed that the indoor heating energy consumption was high and the indoor thermal environment was not ideal,yet the solar energy resources were abundant.Indoor comfort temperature indexes that match the functional rooms and usage periods were proposed.For the buildings with the optimized combination scheme,the average indoor temperature was increased significantly and the temperature fluctuation was decreased dramatically.Most regions in Northwest China were suitable for the development of passive solar heating technology.Based on the obtained suitability of the technology for the regions of Northwest China,these were classified into most suitable,more suitable,less suitable,and unsuitable regions.展开更多
Contraction of resilience on generation side due to the introduction of inflexible renewable energy sources is demanding more elasticity on consumption side. It requires more intelligent systems to be implemented to m...Contraction of resilience on generation side due to the introduction of inflexible renewable energy sources is demanding more elasticity on consumption side. It requires more intelligent systems to be implemented to maintain power balance in the grid and to fulfill the consumer needs. This paper is concerned about the energy balance management of the system using intelligent agent-based architecture. The idea is to limit the peak power of each individual household for different defined time regions of the day according to power production during those time regions. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) has been employed to study the behavior of a particular number of households for maintaining the power balance based on proposed technique to limit the peak power for each household and even individual load level. Flexibility of two major loads i.e. heating load (heat storage tank) and electric vehicle load (battery) allows us to shift the peaks on demand side proportionally with the generation in real time. Different parameters related to heating and Electric Vehicle (EV) load e.g. State of Charge (SOC), storage capacities, charging power, daily usage, peak demand hours have been studied and a technique is proposed to mitigate the imbalance of power intelligently.展开更多
To achieve CO2 emissions reductions,the UK Building Regulations require developers of new residential buildings to calculate expected CO2 emissions arising from their energy consumption using a methodology such as Sta...To achieve CO2 emissions reductions,the UK Building Regulations require developers of new residential buildings to calculate expected CO2 emissions arising from their energy consumption using a methodology such as Standard Assessment Procedure(SAP 2005) or,more recently SAP 2009.SAP encompasses all domestic heat consumption and a limited proportion of the electricity consumption.However,these calculations are rarely verified with real energy consumption and related CO2 emissions.This work presents the results of an analysis based on weekly heat demand data for more than 200 individual flats.The data were collected from a recently built residential development connected to a district heating network.A method for separating out the domestic hot water(DHW) use and space heating(SH) demand has been developed and these values are compared to the demand calculated using SAP 2005 and SAP 2009 methodologies.The analysis also shows the variation in DHW and SH consumption with size of flats and with tenure(privately owned or social housing).Evaluation of the space heating consumption also includes an estimate of the heating degree day(HDD) base temperature for each block of flats and compares this to the average base temperature calculated using the SAP 2005 methodology.展开更多
“双碳”目标背景下,为解决热电联产机组“以热定电”模式导致的大规模弃风问题,本文提出基于先进绝热压缩空气储能电站(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)和综合需求响应的综合能源系统(integrated energy sy...“双碳”目标背景下,为解决热电联产机组“以热定电”模式导致的大规模弃风问题,本文提出基于先进绝热压缩空气储能电站(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)和综合需求响应的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)供暖期弃风消纳策略。首先,在“源-储”两侧建立热电联产机组与AA-CAES电站耦合运行模型,分析耦合运行实现热电解耦机理;其次,在“荷”侧引入价格型和替代型需求响应机制来探寻负荷侧优化系统调度潜力;然后,在IES中引入碳捕集系统和阶梯型碳交易机制来约束碳排放,并在碳排放量最少、综合成本最低为目标构建IES运行基础上,引入模糊机会规划约束模型来分析风、光不确定性对系统调度影响;最后,利用西北某地区实际数据进行算例验证。结果表明:热电机组与AA-CAES电站耦合运行相较于未耦合运行可提高风电消纳率84.55%、降低总成本11.42%、减少碳排放20.28%;综合需求响应机制的引入可进一步提高风电消纳率35.00%、降低总成本20.93%、减少碳排放24.43%;风光不确定性的上升会提高与外部电网的交互成本。展开更多
The artificial ground freezing(AGF)systems are designed to operate continuously for an extended period of time to control the groundwater seepage and to strengthen the groundwater structure surrounding excavation area...The artificial ground freezing(AGF)systems are designed to operate continuously for an extended period of time to control the groundwater seepage and to strengthen the groundwater structure surrounding excavation areas.This mode of operation requires a massive amount of energy to sustain the thickness of the frozen body.Therefore,it is of great interest to propose new concepts to reduce energy consumption while providing sufficient structural stability and safe operation.This paper discusses the principle of the freezing on demand(FoD)by means of experiment and mathematical model.A lab-scale rig that mimics the AGF process is conceived and developed.The setup is equipped with more than 80 thermocouples,flow-meters,and advanced instrumentation system to analyze the performance of the AGF process under the FoD concept.A mathematical model has been derived,validated,and utilized to simulate the transient FoD concept.The results suggest that the overall energy saving notably depends on the coolant’s temperature;the energy saving increases while decreasing the coolant inlet temperature.Moreover,applying the FoD concept in an AGF system leads to a significant drop in energy consumption.展开更多
Under the Kyoto Protocol,Japanwas supposed to reduce six percent of the green house gas (GHG) emission in 2012. However, until the year 2010, the statistics suggested that the GHG emission increased 4.2%. What is more...Under the Kyoto Protocol,Japanwas supposed to reduce six percent of the green house gas (GHG) emission in 2012. However, until the year 2010, the statistics suggested that the GHG emission increased 4.2%. What is more challenge is, afterFukushimacrisis, without the nuclear energy,Japanmay produce about 15 percent more GHG emissions than1990 inthis fiscal year. It still has to struggle to meet the target set by Kyoto Protocol. The demonstration area of “smart community” suggests Japanese exploration for new low carbon strategies. The study proposed a demand side response energy system, a dynamic tree-like hierarchical model for smart community. The model not only conveyed the concept of smart grid, but also built up a smart heat energy supply chain by offline heat transport system. Further, this model promoted a collaborative energy utilization mode between the industrial sector and the civil sector. In addition, the research chose the smart community inKitakyushuas case study and executed the model. The simulation and the analysis of the model not only evaluate the environmental effect of different technologies but also suggest that the smart community inJapanhas the potential but not easy to achieve the target, cut down 50% of the CO2 emission.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52078419 and 51678483)supported by the Doctoral Dissertation Innovation Fund of Xi’an University of Technology(310–252072116).
文摘Indoor thermal comfort and passive solar heating technologies have been extensively studied.However,few studies have explored the suitability of passive solar heating technologies based on differentiated thermal comfort demands.This work took the rural dwellings in Northwest China as the research object.First,the current indoor and outdoor thermal environment in winter and the mechanism of residents’differentiated demand for indoor thermal comfort were obtained through tests,questionnaires,and statistical analysis.Second,a comprehensive passive optimized design of existing buildings was conducted,and the validity of the optimized combination scheme was explored using DesignBuilder software.Finally,the suitability of passive solar heating technology for each region in Northwest China was analyzed based on residents’differentiated demand for indoor thermal comfort.The regions were then classified according to the suitability of the technology for these.The results showed that the indoor heating energy consumption was high and the indoor thermal environment was not ideal,yet the solar energy resources were abundant.Indoor comfort temperature indexes that match the functional rooms and usage periods were proposed.For the buildings with the optimized combination scheme,the average indoor temperature was increased significantly and the temperature fluctuation was decreased dramatically.Most regions in Northwest China were suitable for the development of passive solar heating technology.Based on the obtained suitability of the technology for the regions of Northwest China,these were classified into most suitable,more suitable,less suitable,and unsuitable regions.
文摘Contraction of resilience on generation side due to the introduction of inflexible renewable energy sources is demanding more elasticity on consumption side. It requires more intelligent systems to be implemented to maintain power balance in the grid and to fulfill the consumer needs. This paper is concerned about the energy balance management of the system using intelligent agent-based architecture. The idea is to limit the peak power of each individual household for different defined time regions of the day according to power production during those time regions. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) has been employed to study the behavior of a particular number of households for maintaining the power balance based on proposed technique to limit the peak power for each household and even individual load level. Flexibility of two major loads i.e. heating load (heat storage tank) and electric vehicle load (battery) allows us to shift the peaks on demand side proportionally with the generation in real time. Different parameters related to heating and Electric Vehicle (EV) load e.g. State of Charge (SOC), storage capacities, charging power, daily usage, peak demand hours have been studied and a technique is proposed to mitigate the imbalance of power intelligently.
文摘To achieve CO2 emissions reductions,the UK Building Regulations require developers of new residential buildings to calculate expected CO2 emissions arising from their energy consumption using a methodology such as Standard Assessment Procedure(SAP 2005) or,more recently SAP 2009.SAP encompasses all domestic heat consumption and a limited proportion of the electricity consumption.However,these calculations are rarely verified with real energy consumption and related CO2 emissions.This work presents the results of an analysis based on weekly heat demand data for more than 200 individual flats.The data were collected from a recently built residential development connected to a district heating network.A method for separating out the domestic hot water(DHW) use and space heating(SH) demand has been developed and these values are compared to the demand calculated using SAP 2005 and SAP 2009 methodologies.The analysis also shows the variation in DHW and SH consumption with size of flats and with tenure(privately owned or social housing).Evaluation of the space heating consumption also includes an estimate of the heating degree day(HDD) base temperature for each block of flats and compares this to the average base temperature calculated using the SAP 2005 methodology.
文摘“双碳”目标背景下,为解决热电联产机组“以热定电”模式导致的大规模弃风问题,本文提出基于先进绝热压缩空气储能电站(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)和综合需求响应的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)供暖期弃风消纳策略。首先,在“源-储”两侧建立热电联产机组与AA-CAES电站耦合运行模型,分析耦合运行实现热电解耦机理;其次,在“荷”侧引入价格型和替代型需求响应机制来探寻负荷侧优化系统调度潜力;然后,在IES中引入碳捕集系统和阶梯型碳交易机制来约束碳排放,并在碳排放量最少、综合成本最低为目标构建IES运行基础上,引入模糊机会规划约束模型来分析风、光不确定性对系统调度影响;最后,利用西北某地区实际数据进行算例验证。结果表明:热电机组与AA-CAES电站耦合运行相较于未耦合运行可提高风电消纳率84.55%、降低总成本11.42%、减少碳排放20.28%;综合需求响应机制的引入可进一步提高风电消纳率35.00%、降低总成本20.93%、减少碳排放24.43%;风光不确定性的上升会提高与外部电网的交互成本。
基金McGill Engineering Doctoral Award(MEDA)Fonds de recherche du Québec-Nature et technologies(FRQNT)-Bourses de doctorat(B2X)for supporting this research
文摘The artificial ground freezing(AGF)systems are designed to operate continuously for an extended period of time to control the groundwater seepage and to strengthen the groundwater structure surrounding excavation areas.This mode of operation requires a massive amount of energy to sustain the thickness of the frozen body.Therefore,it is of great interest to propose new concepts to reduce energy consumption while providing sufficient structural stability and safe operation.This paper discusses the principle of the freezing on demand(FoD)by means of experiment and mathematical model.A lab-scale rig that mimics the AGF process is conceived and developed.The setup is equipped with more than 80 thermocouples,flow-meters,and advanced instrumentation system to analyze the performance of the AGF process under the FoD concept.A mathematical model has been derived,validated,and utilized to simulate the transient FoD concept.The results suggest that the overall energy saving notably depends on the coolant’s temperature;the energy saving increases while decreasing the coolant inlet temperature.Moreover,applying the FoD concept in an AGF system leads to a significant drop in energy consumption.
文摘Under the Kyoto Protocol,Japanwas supposed to reduce six percent of the green house gas (GHG) emission in 2012. However, until the year 2010, the statistics suggested that the GHG emission increased 4.2%. What is more challenge is, afterFukushimacrisis, without the nuclear energy,Japanmay produce about 15 percent more GHG emissions than1990 inthis fiscal year. It still has to struggle to meet the target set by Kyoto Protocol. The demonstration area of “smart community” suggests Japanese exploration for new low carbon strategies. The study proposed a demand side response energy system, a dynamic tree-like hierarchical model for smart community. The model not only conveyed the concept of smart grid, but also built up a smart heat energy supply chain by offline heat transport system. Further, this model promoted a collaborative energy utilization mode between the industrial sector and the civil sector. In addition, the research chose the smart community inKitakyushuas case study and executed the model. The simulation and the analysis of the model not only evaluate the environmental effect of different technologies but also suggest that the smart community inJapanhas the potential but not easy to achieve the target, cut down 50% of the CO2 emission.