A Mixed Radiative-Convective Technique for the Calibration of Heat Flux Sensors in Hypersonic Flow

The ability to measure the very high heat fluxes that typically occur during the hypersonic re-entry phase of space vehicles is generally considered a subject of great importance in the aerospace field.Most of the sensors used for these measurements need to be checked periodically and re-calibrated accordingly.Another bottleneck relates to the need to procure thermal sources that are able to generate reliable reference heat fluxes in the range between 100 and 1000 kW/m^(2)(as order of magnitude).In the present study,a method is presented by which,starting from a calibration system with a capacity of approximately 500 kW/m^(2) only,heat fluxes in the range of interest for hypersonic applications are generated.The related procedure takes advantage of established standards for the characterization of a radiative heat flux.It also builds on the hybrid radiative-convective nature of typical hypersonic heat fluxes and the yet poorly explored possibility to use convective sources of heat to produce high-intensity fluxes.The reliability of such a strategy has been tested using a high enthalpy supersonic flow facility relying on an electric arc-heater and pure Nitrogen as work gas.Stagnation-point heat fluxes have been successfully measured(with reasonable accuracy)in the range between 600 and 1500 kW/m^(2) for values of the centerline enthalpy spanning the interval from to 6 to 24 MJ/kg.

Dynamic Calibration of the Cutting Temperature Sensor of NiCr/NiSi Thin-film Thermocouple

In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.

The Study of Condensation Processes in the Low-Temperature Short Heat Pipes with a Nozzle-Shaped Vapour Channel

The results of researches of condensation processes in the vapour channel similar to the Laval nozzle of short linear heat pipes are presented. Capacitive sensors are additionally installed in cooled top covers of the heat pipes, and electromagnetic pulses were supplied to them from the external generator. At heating the heat pipe evaporator, starting from a certain thermal power threshold value, electromagnetic pulses became modulated. It is related with the formations of the boiling process in the capillary-porous evaporator and large amount of vapour over it. Boiling process results in rapid increase of the pressure under which the average temperature of the evaporator occurs to be less than the boiling temperature of the working fluid under increased pressure. Considering condensation of excess vapour, this leads to repeated initiation and extinction of the boiling process in the evaporator, which reflects in pressure pulsations in the vapour channel. Pressure pulsations cause modulating effect on electromagnetic impulses. Pulsations frequencies are measured as well as their dependence from overheating of the evaporator. Using the capacitive sensors and a special electronic equipment we measured the local thickness of the working fluid at the condensing surface inside the heat pipes. Time-averaged values of the condensate film thickness are measured, depending on the heat load on the capillary-porous evaporator. The measurement error does not exceed 2 × 10–3 mm. It is demonstrated that the condensate film thickness lessens sharply with the increase of the heat load on the evaporator of a Laval-like low-temperature heat pipe, while the heat resistance of the film on the condensing surface reaches 60% of the total heat resistance of heat pipe with the capillary-porous evaporator.

基于双螺旋式加热器的柔性MEMS流量传感器

针对传统流量传感器的量程限制,提出了一种基于双螺旋结构加热器的柔性基底微机电系统(MEMS)热式流量传感器。在基底上打出均匀通孔阵列以降低热传导损耗,两对测温电阻对称分布在加热器两侧,以获得较宽量程,在微小流量与大流量下均表现出较高灵敏度。采用基于惠斯通电桥的检测电路实现输出电压的测量,同时保持加热器与环境温度恒定温差200 K,对电阻自热进行补偿。传感器工作温度-100~400℃,量程为0~60 m/s;低流速下灵敏度约为12.75 V/(m·s^(-1)),分辨率可达0.001 mm/s,高流速下灵敏度约为1.4 mV/(m·s^(-1)),功耗低至1.3 mW。

Design and Implementation of an Ultrasonic Heat Meter Based on MSP430F437

Flowing with the reform of the hot water heating method in China, heat meter will enter into households in the near future. A portable ultrasonic heat meter is designed in this paper. The meter uses chip microprocessor MSP430F437 as the data process core, and uses ultrasonic flow sensor to measure flow rate of the hot water, and capture input and output temperatures of the hot water using the thermal resistance sensor Ptl000, and then household energy consumption is calculated via temperature difference between input temperature and output temperature of the hot water multiplied by volume of hot water that is calculated though flow rate integration of hot water. In order to test the performance of the proposed heat meter, experiments is carried out. Both the temperature and flow measurement results satisfy the requirements of accuracy and the heat meter is effective in the heat measurement.

基于激光法的圆箔式热流传感器动态特性研究

为使圆箔式热通量传感器满足不断发展的高超声速风洞等极端环境中动态热通量监测需求,采用了大功率半导体激光器作为热通量源,搭建了热流动态标定平台,并对系统产生的激光束能量进行了测量分析,确保了后续实验的科学性与合理性。系统产生热流密度达每平方米兆瓦级别,脉冲激励宽度为毫秒级别。通过动态响应实验,研究了戈登计动态响应时间与激励激光参数的关系。结果表明,在一定范围内,时间常数与激光功率、脉冲宽度为负相关关系。当激光脉冲宽度小于传感器时间常数一个数量级附近时,可以被视为理想脉冲激励。同时还得到了激光参数与产生热通量的线性关系,证明了采用激光法进行测试标定的可行性。

单侧热绝缘热流计校准装置的研制

热流计是量化热能转移的仪器。为解决非对称平面热流计、热流传感器校准的难题,基于绝对法原理,对保护板法进行改进,建立一种单侧热绝缘的热流计校准装置,由主加热器、绝热层、保护加热器、功率输出系统、温度反馈调节系统和数据采集系统组成,装置可溯源至标准功率计。在400~1 000 W/m2范围内对装置进行验证,测试结果与传统保护板法热流计校准装置标定结果基本一致。根据测试结果评估电流源偏差、背向和侧向热损失、蓄热损失、测量重复性、面积不一致、装载方式对测量结果的影响。经过实验和分析,该装置的不确定度可以达到3%以内。

热流传感器响应时间优化方法研究

热流传感器在各个领域的应用越来越广泛,由于航天设备、电子产品等对温度有更严格的控制需求,热流传感器的精度和响应时间也需要达到更高的要求。只提升热流传感器的稳态特性满足不了很多工业领域的动态测量需求,提高热流传感器的动态特性具有很大的意义。从电路方面对热流传感器的响应时间进行优化,从热流传感器系统的主要电路模块入手,包括滤波放大模块,A/D转换模块,调理电路模块,提出具体的优化方案,并比较不同的方案,用Multisim软件仿真,从中选择出响应时间最短的电路方案。

Magnetically propelled Carreau fluid flow over penetrable sensor surface influenced by thermal radiation,Joule heating and heat generation

This examination emphasizes the analysis of thermal transmission of Carreau fluid flow on a permeable sensor surface equipped with radiation,Joule heating,an internal heat source,and a magnetic field.With the above effects and assumptions,the equations that administer the flow are formulated.A configured system of equations is productively reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations.The reduced system is then dealt with using the Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg fourth–fifth order tool equipped by the shooting technique.Derived numerical solutions are utilized to plot graphs and tables.The conclusion of the study outlines some important findings such as the power law index,the thermal radiation parameter and the heat source parameter enhance the thermal panel whereas the Weissenberg number deescalates the same.The power law index and permeable velocity decrease the velocity panel significantly.Diagrammatic representation of streamlines of the flow has been given to strengthen the study.A detailed description has been produced about the results obtained in the study.

加气站流量计校准方法与精度提升研究

本文利用MEMS传感器获取加气站流量计中大量的数据,建立流量计校准模型,结合多元线性回归、神经网络等方法拟合海量数据,以提高校准的准确性,另外明确了传感器的安装位置和安装条件。结果表明,采用MEMS传感器获取流量计数据并结合高效的建模方法,是一种可行的流量计校准方案。

基于PID算法的调校装置的研究与应用

调校是保障甲烷传感器能够正确监测煤矿井下环境气体的必要操作。主要研究如何快速、高效地调校传感器,重点对传统传感器调校装置中的手动流量计进行自动化控制改造,通过PID控制算法达到精准控制输入传感器气体流量的目的。该装置在晋能控股装备制造集团矿井实际应用后,使得调校操作简单高效,调校曲线合规准确。另外,根据晋能控股装备制造集团的管理实际,在遥控器操作、传感器状态研判等方面也进行了优化应用,极大改善了传感器现场调校的效果。

影响超声波热量表流量传感器检定结果的因素研究

超声波热量表作为一种先进的流量测量工具,在热能计量领域发挥着举足轻重的作用。其核心原理在于利用超声波在流体中的传播速度来推算流体流量,从而实现对热能消耗的精确计量。然而,在实际应用过程中,超声波热量表的测量精度并非一成不变,而是受到多种因素的影响。本研究通过对比不同条件下的实验结果,揭示各因素的作用机理和影响规律,旨在为超声波热量表的优化设计和实际应用提供科学依据。

基于热平衡法检测植物茎流传感器的标定

植物茎杆的茎流量是植物重要的生理信息之一,该文主要是对基于热平衡法的植物茎流传感器进行标定试验的研究,通过标定试验,测试了茎流检测装置的性能。试验结果表明,计算出传感器输出值与茎流量有很高的决定系数R2=0.96～0.97,分辨率为1×10-3g/min,精度为±3%。因此参照标定试验,可以较准确地获取植株茎流速率,进而可以反映出植物的蒸腾及需水状态信息,并据此可以为植物生长环境的调控、节水灌溉等提供有效的监测工具。

地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪与模拟研究进展

刻画地表水与地下水的相互作用过程及精确计算二者的交换量始终是个挑战,而新兴的温度示踪方法对于这方面的研究具有独特优势。重点介绍了地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪方法原理、应用及相关模拟的研究进展。温度示踪方法的数据获取成本低且温度适宜密集与连续监测,可对地表水与地下水相互作用过程进行精细刻画;在进行地表水与地下水相互作用的水-热耦合模拟时,温度数据可用于进一步校正模型,降低模型的不确定性,以提高交换量的计算精度。监测河水温度和河床沉积物内的水温,运用温度示踪方法研究河水与地下水的相互作用过程,并将水流及热运移数值模型相耦合,利用多源数据进行模型校正,可精细刻画地表水与地下水的交换量、相互作用带内的水流途径、流速及其变化趋势和控制因素,为地表水与地下水相互作用研究提供新的模型与方法。

基于简化热平衡方程的再热蒸汽流量实时软测量

再热蒸汽流量的软测量方法通常精确度不高或实时性不好。针对这个问题,该文研究了一种提高再热蒸汽流量测量实时性和准确性的方法。首先获得了基于简化热平衡方程的再热蒸汽流量稳态计算公式。该公式不包含待定参数,不需要用实验等手段来校正公式中的参数,且其计算精度相对其他公式来说也较高,然而该公式只适用于稳态工况。为此,又从精度不高的弗留格尔公式中提取了可以快速反映再热蒸汽流量变化的动态信息结构,并利用稳态计算公式在不同稳态工况下的计算值对其进行了参数标定,得到了动态计算公式。最后文章有效利用了稳态计算公式和动态计算公式的信息互补性,应用互补滤波器方法将上述2个公式在频域内进行了融合。经频域融合后得到的再热蒸汽流量不仅在机组稳态时准确度高还可以快速地反映再热蒸汽流量的变化。

热流计校准装置测量控制系统的建立

对采用绝对法的检零式箔加热热流源进行了改进,建立了校准热阻式热流计的整套新控制装置。采用PID调节实现主加热器与辅助加热器之间绝热面的零热流控制,基于LabVIEW软件平台实现整个装置的自动化控制、数据采集及处理。对检零热流计的热损失进行了实验评价和修正。校准结果因控制系统引起的标准不确定度优于1%。

微型薄膜瞬态热流计的研究与开发

为满足燃料电池内微小空间内瞬变大热流的测量要求,利用薄膜技术,制作了热阻式微型薄膜瞬态热流计测头.该测头在厚度为0.05 mm的SiO2基片上蒸镀薄膜热电偶,测量厚度为1μm的SiO2热阻层两侧温差,从而得出瞬变热流值.同时,利用自行开发的标定系统对微型薄膜瞬态热流计测头进行了标定和响应测试,并对标定过程中的误差进行了细致的分析.对比得出,开发的热流计测头在响应时间和测头尺寸上,能满足微小空间内瞬态热流的测量需求.

脉动热管内微尺度两相流的电容层析成像测量

利用电容层析成像方法,实现脉动热管内微尺度两相流的可视化监测及液膜厚度的测量。优化设计的微型传感器也可作为流动管道,具有和测量管道基本相同的传热和流动特性。相比普通电容层析成像传感器,其测量精度和空间分辨率都有一定提高,从而拓宽了电容层析成像技术的应用范围。实验结果表明:不同工作条件下,脉动热管存在塞状流、环状流以及混合流3种不同的流型;液膜厚度测量结果与实际相符,通过其变化趋势可以实现流型的识别。

热流计的发展、国际领先技术与改进方向研究

热流计是热能转移过程的量化检测仪器,国外已经大量应用在发电、炼钢、化工产品的分解与合成、建筑采暖、空调等热力过程的能耗检测与热能设施的安全保护检测,而我国还处于推广初期。研究自有知识产权的热流计是基于国家经济的发展对节能的迫切需要,创新研究要高于现有技术必须对国内、外现有的技术进行深入的研究,发扬其优势、改进其不足。广泛检索、消化国内、外专利成果与实用技术的基础上对热流计的发展历程进行了概括、对已有的热流计进行了分类、归纳热流计原理和制作方法,综合比较、分析提炼出性价比和通用性最高的绕线热阻式热流计测头及核心技术热电堆,指出其存在的问题和改进的方向。为下一步创新奠定坚实基础,最终使研究获授予中国发明专利权。

双探头光学探针识别受热工况两相流流型的基本方法研究

由于流型识别手段受到限制,目前常用的流型图以及流型转变判据,都是在绝热工况下根据实验得到的;关于受热工况两相流流型还没有足够的实验数据。光学探针的运用为受热工况两相流流型的研究提供了有力的测量手段。本文对双探头光学探针4种流型识别的基本方法进行了研究,包括探针原始电平信号概率密度函数(PDF)分析识别流型、信号时序波形识别流型、空间波形识别流型以及汽泡尺寸PDF分析识别流型。研究结果表明,汽泡贯穿弦长PDF分析可得出满意的流型识别结果。