Computation of Stiffness and Damping Derivatives of an Ogive in a Limiting Case of Mach Number and Specific Heat Ratio

This work aims to compute stability derivatives in the Newtonian limit in pitch when the Mach number tends to infinity.In such conditions,these stability derivatives depend on the Ogive’s shape and not the Mach number.Generally,the Mach number independence principle becomes effective from M=10 and above.The Ogive nose is obtained through a circular arc on the cone surface.Accordingly,the following arc slopes are consideredλ=5,10,15,−5,−10,and−15.It is found that the stability derivatives decrease due to the growth inλfrom 5 to 15 and vice versa.Forλ=5 and 10,the damping derivative declines with an increase inλfrom 5 to 10.Yet,for the damping derivatives,the minimum location remains at a pivot position,h=0.75 for large values ofλ.Hence,whenλ=−15,the damping derivatives are independent of the cone angles for most pivot positions except in the early twenty percent of the leading edge.

Reconsideration on the role of the specific heat ratio in Arrhenius law applications

Arrhenius law implicates that only those molecules which possess the internal energy greater than the activation energy Ea can react. However, the internal energy will not be proportional to the gas temperature if the specific heat ratio y and the gas constant R vary during chemical reaction processes. The varying y may affect significantly the chemical reaction rate calculated with the Arrhenius law under the constant γ assumption, which has been widely accepted in detonation and combustion simulations for many years. In this paper, the roles of variable γ and R in Arrhenius law applications are reconsidered, and their effects on the chemical reaction rate are demonstrated by simulating one- dimensional C-J and two-dimensional cellular detonations. A new overall one-step detonation model with variable γ and R is proposed to improve the Arrhenius law. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this improved Arrhenius law works well in predicting detonation phenomena with the numerical results being in good agreement with experimental data.

Enhanced entropy generation and heat transfer characteristics of magnetic nano-encapsulated phase change materials in latent heat thermal energy storage systems

The objective of the current study is to investigate the importance of entropy generation and thermal radiation on the patterns of velocity,isentropic lines,and temperature contours within a thermal energy storage device filled with magnetic nanoencapsulated phase change materials(NEPCMs).The versatile finite element method(FEM)is implemented to numerically solve the governing equations.The effects of various parameters,including the viscosity parameter,ranging from 1 to 3,the thermal conductivity parameter,ranging from 1 to 3,the Rayleigh parameter,ranging from 102 to 3×10^(2),the radiation number,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,the fusion temperature,ranging from 1.0 to 1.2,the volume fraction of NEPCMs,ranging from 2%to 6%,the Stefan number,ranging from 1 to 5,the magnetic number,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,and the irreversibility parameter,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,are examined in detail on the temperature contours,isentropic lines,heat capacity ratio,and velocity fields.Furthermore,the heat transfer rates at both the cold and hot walls are analyzed,and the findings are presented graphically.The results indicate that the time taken by the NEPCMs to transition from solid to liquid is prolonged inside the chamber region as the fusion temperatureθf increases.Additionally,the contours of the heat capacity ratio Cr decrease with the increase in the Stefan number Ste.

Yields,growth and water use under chemical topping in relations to row configuration and plant density in drip-irrigated cotton

Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.

Specific heat ratio effects of compressible Rayleigh—Taylor instability studied by discrete Boltzmann method

Rayleigh-Taylor(RT)instability widely exists in nature and engineering fields.How to better understand the physical mechanism of RT instability is of great theoretical significance and practical value.At present,abundant results of RT instability have been obtained by traditional macroscopic methods.However,research on the thermodynamic non-equilibrium(TNE)effects in the process of system evolution is relatively scarce.In this paper,the discrete Boltzmann method based on non-equilibrium statistical physics is utilized to study the effects of the specific heat ratio on compressible RT instability.The evolution process of the compressible RT system with different specific heat ratios can be analyzed by the temperature gradient and the proportion of the non-equilibrium region.Firstly,as a result of the competition between the macroscopic magnitude gradient and the non-equilibrium region,the average TNE intensity first increases and then reduces,and it increases with the specific heat ratio decreasing;the specific heat ratio has the same effect on the global strength of the viscous stress tensor.Secondly,the moment when the total temperature gradient in y direction deviates from the fixed value can be regarded as a physical criterion for judging the formation of the vortex structure.Thirdly,under the competition between the temperature gradients and the contact area of the two fluids,the average intensity of the non-equilibrium quantity related to the heat flux shows diversity,and the influence of the specific heat ratio is also quite remarkable.

Crustal Composition of China Continent Constrained from Heat Flow Data and Helium Isotope Ratio of Underground Fluid

Based on conservation of energy principle and heat flow data in China continent, the upper limit of 1.3 μW/m3 heat production is obtained for continental crust in China. Furthermore, using the data of heat flow and helium isotope ratio of underground fluid, the heat productions of different tectonic units in China continent are estimated in range of 0.58-1.12 μW/m3 with a median of 0.85 μW/m3. Accordingly, the contents of U, Th and K20 in China crust are in ranges of 0.83-1.76 μg/g, 3.16-6.69 μg/g, and 1.0%-2.12%, respectively. These results indicate that the abundance of radioactive elements in the crust of China continent is much higher than that of Archean crust; and this fact implies China＇s continental crust is much evolved in chemical composition. Meanwhile, significant lateral variation of crustal composition is also exhibited among different tectonic units in China continent. The crust of eastern China is much enriched in incompatible elements such as U, Th and K than that of western China; and the crust of orogenic belts is more enriched than that of platform regions. It can also be inferred that the crusts of eastern China and orogenic belts are much felsic than those of western China and platform regions, respectively, derived from the positive correlation between the heat production and SiO2 content of bulk crust. This deduction is consistent with the results derived from the crustal seismic velocity data in China. According to the facts of the lower seismic velocity of China than the average value of global crust, and the higher heat production of China continent compared with global crust composition models published by previous studies, it is deduced that the average composition models of global continent crust by Rudnick and Fountain （1995）, Rudnick and Gao （2003）, Weaver and Tarney （1984）, Shaw et al. （1986）, and Wedepohl （1995） overestimate the abundance of incompatible elements such as U, Th and K of continental crust.

Optimal selection of annulus radius ratio to enhance heat transfer with minimum entropy generation in developing laminar forced convection of water-Al2O3 nanofluid flow

Heat transfer and entropy generation of developing laminar forced convection flow of water-Al_2O_3 nanofluid in a concentric annulus with constant heat flux on the walls is investigated numerically. In order to determine entropy generation of fully developed flow, two approaches are employed and it is shown that only one of these methods can provide appropriate results for flow inside annuli. The effects of concentration of nanoparticles, Reynolds number and thermal boundaries on heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation of developing laminar flow inside annuli with different radius ratios and same cross sectional areas are studied. The results show that radius ratio is a very important decision parameter of an annular heat exchanger such that in each Re, there is an optimum radius ratio to maximize Nu and minimize entropy generation. Moreover, the effect of nanoparticles concentration on heat transfer enhancement and minimizing entropy generation is stronger at higher Reynolds.

Augmentation of Heat Transfer in Pipe Flow Using Plain Twisted Tape Inserts for Different Twist Ratios

The heat transfer augmentation of plain twisted tape inserts for different twist ratios has been studied in this study. The data are conducted using the plain twisted tape insert with five different twist ratios respectively. The range of Reynolds number is considered under a uniform heat flux condition. In the case of simulation, the tapes are made from a stainless steel strip with a thickness of 2 mm. A tubular pipe with 850mm U-loop length and twist length of 800 mm each is considered in our study for simulation. Water is used as working fluids inside the tube for our simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the important heat transfer parameters including Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f) and thermal performance index (η) are gradually increased with the increment of the twist ratio and reached at the saturated level while twist ratio is 3.5,?afterward the thermal properties are decreased.

Experimental Study of Filling Ratio Effect on the Thermal Performance in a Multi-Heat Pipe with Graphene Oxide/Water Nanofluids

This experimental study is performed to investigate heat transfer performance of a multi-heat pipe cooling device in the condition of different filling ratios (40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) and different constant heat fluxes (10 - 30 W). Here, pure water (distilled water) and graphene oxide (GO)/water nanofluids are employed respectively as working fluid. GO/water nanofluids were synthesized by the modified Hummers method with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% volume concentrations. Multi-heat pipe is fabricated from copper;the heating and cooling sections are the same size and both are connected by four circular parallel tubes. Temperature fields and thermal resistance are measured for different filling ratio, heat fluxes and volume concentrations. The results indicated that the thermal performance of heat pipe increased with increasing the concentration of GO nanoparticles in the base fluid, while the maximum heat transfer enhancement was observed at 0.20% volume concentration. GO/water nanofluids showed lower thermal resistance compared to pure water;the optimal thermal resistance was obtained at 100% filling charge ratio with 0.20% volume concentration. Studies were also demonstrated that heat transfer coefficient of the heat pipe significantly increases with increasing the input heat flux and GO nanoparticles concentration.

响应面法优化高顺式虾青素的制备工艺研究

天然存在的虾青素多为全反式构型,但顺式构型的虾青素具有更好的生物活性且更易被人体选择性吸收。为研究高顺式虾青素的制备工艺,该实验采用微波加热法对虾青素进行虾青素异构化,以全反式虾青素为原料,乙酸乙酯为溶剂,虾青素顺式占比为评价指标,采用单因素及响应面试验优化了虾青素异构化。得出制备高顺式虾青素最佳条件为:催化剂为异硫氰酸甲酯60 mg/mL,虾青素溶液质量浓度1.5 mg/mL,微波温度69℃,微波功率600 W,微波时间22 min。最佳条件下虾青素总顺式占比为49.34%,该研究有利于提高虾青素顺式比例,为虾青素用于功能性食品打下理论基础。

加热卷烟抽吸前后葡萄糖和果糖转化及烟气转移分析

【目的】研究加热卷烟抽吸后葡萄糖、果糖的转化率和转移率,【方法】优化离子色谱检测方法,检测8种加热卷烟烟芯、降温段、滤嘴以及烟气中的葡萄糖和果糖,分析不同烟具的加热方式对烟芯中葡萄糖、果糖转化率的影响。【结果】(1)优化后的检测方法重复性和回收率较高,葡萄糖、果糖的加标回收率分别为95.3%~95.8%、100.6%~102.8%,重复测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.77%、1.28%;(2)8种加热卷烟烟芯中葡萄糖含量为3~5 mg/支,果糖含量为5~10 mg/支,且具有显著的正相关性;(3)烟芯中葡萄糖转化率为89.20%~97.37%,果糖的转化率为88.33%~95.28%,且具有极显著的正相关性;(4)8种加热卷烟的烟气和滤嘴段均未检出葡萄糖和果糖;(5)烟具的加热方式会影响葡萄糖和果糖的转化率。

Development of high-aspect-ratio microchannel heat exchanger based on multi-tool milling process

A high-aspect-ratio microchannel heat exchanger based on multi-tool milling process was developed. Several slotting cutters were stacked together for simultaneously machining several high-aspect-ratio microchannels with manifold structures. On the basis of multi-tool milling process, the structural design of the manifold side height, microchannel length, width, number, and interval were analyzed. The heat transfer performances of high-aspect-ratio microchannel heat exchangers with two different manifolds were investigated by experiments, and the influencing factors were analyzed. The results indicate that the magnitude of heat transfer area per unit volume dominates the heat transfer performances of plate-type micro heat exchanger, while the velocity distribution between microchannels has little effects on the heat transfer performances.

我国陆区热状态及控热要素

区域热状态代表一个地区大地热流的主要来源,解决了区域热源的基本问题,可为区域地热资源的研究提供基础背景。本文基于我国近年来开展的区域热流测量和深孔测温工作,分析了我国陆区壳幔热流比,并将我国陆区划分为壳源生热高温地热区、幔源生热中低温地热区、壳幔热源平衡低温地热区和壳幔热源平衡中高温地热区4种类型区。其中,壳源生热高温地热区位于藏南、川西、滇西,幔源生热中低温地热区主要位于松辽盆地、华北盆地、长江中下游等我国东部广大地区,壳幔热源平衡中高温地热区分布于东南沿海地区、四川盆地和云贵高原,西北广大内陆地区则属于壳幔热源平衡低温地热区。在此基础上,选择青藏高原东北部、腾冲地区、东南沿海和华北盆地等典型地热区,系统分析了区域地温场特征、热流分布、地壳热结构等盆地尺度的区域热状态和主控因素。青藏高原增厚地壳中的低速体构成了以壳源热为主的高热流异常;腾冲地区深部以局部岩浆囊形式存在的岩浆,则构成了以其为代表的近代火山区地热系统的主要控热要素;东南沿海大面积分布的高产热岩体生热构成了热流中重要的热流分量,而以华北盆地为代表的盆地基底起伏和深大断裂则控制了盆地“坳中凸”地热异常区的地温分布。最后,总结了包括壳幔架构、构造热事件、地层岩性、断裂构造等影响区域热状态的深部浅部因素,建立了控制我国陆区区域热状态的多级要素体系,为不同地区地热资源勘查和热源条件分析提供了科学依据。

换热器面积对双蒸发温度空调系统性能影响的模拟研究

建立了双蒸发温度空调系统仿真模型来研究改变换热器面积对系统性能的影响。搭建了双蒸发温度空调系统实验台,在实验工况下改变压缩机频率(30~120 Hz)和送风量(400~1 000 m^(3)/h),得到空调机组总制冷量Q_(c)、总显热制冷量Q_(s)和显热比SHR,验证了所建模型精度。在模型中改变换热器面积(48盘管、60盘管、72盘管)进行系统运行调节范围的研究。结果表明:随着换热器面积的增加,系统Q_(c)、Q_(s)和SHR的调节范围在整体扩大,最大增幅分别为5.0%、13.8%、11.8%。当送风量为1 000 m^(3)/h,压缩机频率为30 Hz,换热器面积从48盘管增至60盘管、72盘管时,Q_(s)的增幅分别为9.8%和13.8%,表明换热器面积增至60盘管时Q_(s)增长效果显著,再增加换热器面积,Q_(s)虽有所增大但增幅放缓。最后提出一种以所需制冷量为目标,依据环境温湿度调节范围设计换热器面积的方法。

基于热功率的焊接热输入分配及稀释率预测

【目的】热输入Q_(HI)仅简单描述了焊接能量的来源与大小,没有阐明焊缝与母材吸收的热量如何分配的不足。【方法】该文利用基于填充金属量提出的热功率PPR概念,通过焊缝尺寸测量,JmatPro与公式计算等手段,实现了焊接热输入分配及稀释率进行的预测。【结果】基于P_(PR)可实现对熔化母材面积A_(mb)的预测,其曲线变化可分为渐增区、快增区、缓增区3个阶段。结合JmatPro计算的材料体积比热容与A_(mb)预测公式,可将不同PPR下的有效焊接热输入Q_(e)进行细分,发现在可焊区形成焊缝的热输入只占其31.77%~34.69%。【结论】提出了基于P_(PR)的焊缝面积百分比稀释率δ预测公式,并给出可焊区的焊接热功率为12.69~47.88 kW/cm^(2),稀释率为48.28%~85.03%。

不同压缩比螺旋翅片对相变储能罐蓄热的影响机制

在传统螺旋翅片基础上提出3种不同压缩比的螺旋翅片结构。首先数值模拟不同压缩比的螺旋翅片储能罐相变材料的熔化过程;其次,讨论4个储能罐中温度场和固液界面的演变情况;再次,分析液相分数、平均温度和平均努塞尔数的变化趋势;最后,对比不同压缩比下相变材料的总蓄热量、熔化时间和平均蓄热速率。结果表明:设计压缩比合适的螺旋翅片可有效促进储能装置相变材料的熔化,减轻下部温度垂直分层现象,增强相变材料的自然对流,提升相变储能罐的蓄热性能;随着压缩比的增加,蓄热速率呈先增加后减小的趋势,而完全熔化时间则先减少后增加;与无压缩螺旋翅片的储能罐相比,当压缩比为3时,石蜡完全熔化时间缩短27.27%,平均蓄热速率提升33.33%,但当压缩比增加到7时,平均蓄热速率反而下降25%,完全熔化时间增加34.67%。

基于归一化原理的流量计群在线核查方法

目前供热系统中的流量计带病工作较多、流量测量数据可信度低、判断流量计工作情况难。本文研究了利用归一化方法解决流量计群的测量数据不闭合问题,给出了流量及热量的修正方法;分析了总流量变化时各热力站的流量比变化率,以及正常运行的流量计的流量比变化率的区间,证明了利用流量比变化率可实现流量计的云在线核查,为保障智慧供热系统中的数据正确及完整提供了简单、实用的方法。

水灰比、砂率及纳米碳纤维对混凝土微波加热性能的影响

通过调整水灰比和砂率,研究了混凝土基本参数对其微波加热性能的影响,并对比分析了水灰比和砂率对混凝土力学性能及微波加热性能的影响程度。为提高混凝土的微波加热性能,以纳米碳纤维为吸波剂,研究了其对混凝土升温速率、温度分布、除冰效率等的影响。并通过介电常数试验和电阻率试验,分析了纳米碳纤维的影响机理。结果表明:随着水灰比和砂率的增大,混凝土的微波加热性能不断增强。与水灰比相比,砂率的改变对混凝土微波加热性能的影响程度更大。改变砂率对于混凝土微波加热性能的影响比对力学性能的影响更为显著。纳米碳纤维通过增大混凝土的介电常数、降低混凝土的电阻率,从而增强混凝土的介电损耗能力和电阻损耗能力,进而提高混凝土的微波加热性能。纳米碳纤掺量越大,混凝土的微波加热性能越佳。

考虑富氧燃烧碳捕集技术和源荷双侧响应的综合能源系统优化调度

为降低燃气轮机的碳排放水平和提高灵活性,提出了计及富氧燃烧碳捕集技术和源荷双侧响应的综合能源系统低碳经济优化策略。首先,研究了富氧燃烧技术的运行原理及其能流特性,并构建空分制氧设备和碳捕集设备的耦合模型;其次,引入可调的热电比作为供给侧响应策略,需求侧对于电力、热能以及气负荷的特性进行综合权衡,借助能源价格的引导,并考虑其相互之间的可替代属性形成需求侧响应机制;最后,通过计及气负荷碳排放的阶梯式碳交易约束碳排放,以系统运行成本为目标优化各时段机组出力。设置多场景进行仿真分析,结果表明富氧燃烧碳捕集技术能够有效减少系统的碳排放量,源荷双侧响应能够灵活调节供给侧与需求侧的供能关系,并有效减少系统运行成本。

科尔沁沙地沙丘生态系统水热通量特征及影响驱动因子

以科尔沁沙地的典型沙丘区为研究对象,利用涡动相关系统(EC)持续监测沙丘生态系统2013~2022年的表面能量通量数据,采用普通最小二乘线性回归法(OLS)和表面能量平衡比率(EBR)两个指标评估能量平衡闭合度,对沙丘生态系统生长季(4~10月)能量通量的日变化、季节变化以及年际变化进行分析,并计算波文比(β)和能量平衡比,探讨了影响潜热通量(LE)、感热通量(H)和土壤热通量(G)变化的环境因素.结果表明:多年平均年净辐射(R_(g))为1592.77MJ/m^(2),其中H、LE和G分别为614.60,636.22和117.76MJ/m^(2),科尔沁沙地沙丘生态系统年能量的主要组成部分为潜热通量,占总能量的40%.β日动态曲线呈单峰变化,波动相对较平缓.各年年均表面能量平衡比率(EBR)介于0.75~0.90之间,多年年均EBR为0.87,说明能量平衡闭合度的残差为13%.研究表明饱和水汽压差(VPD)是影响能量通量的主要因素,其次是空气温度(T_a)和土壤温度(T_s),均与能量通量呈显著正相关;而植被对能量通量的影响表现在LE与叶面积指数(LAI)呈正相关,而H相反.