Analyses of influence of residential buildings' space organization on heating energy consumption in Lhasa

The heating load simulation models of the residential buildings in Lhasa are established for enhancing the space organization’s adaptability to climate and radiation and improving its energy saving performance.The space organization items a e analyzed for both the existing buildings without insulation and new buildings with good insulation.The items include orientation design,south a d north balcony design,the north and south partition wall’s position design,storey height design and window-wall ratio design.Simulation results show that orientation is the key design element for energy saving design,and adverse orientation can obviouslyincrease heating energy consumption;south and north balconies can reduce winter heating energy consumption;partition walls move to the north,which means that the south room’s big depth design leads to less heating energy consumption,but the effect is not inconspicuous;smaier storey height results in less heating load.For the existing buildings,the window-wall ratio of south side has a balance point for energy saving design in the calculation condition.For the new buildings with good insulation,enlarging the south window-wal ratio can continuously reduce heating energy consumption,but the energy saving rate between models gets smaier.The heating energy consumption comparison study between the common model and optimal space design model demonstrates that the energy saving design can significantly reduce heating energy consumption

Thermal comfort assessment and energy consumption analysis of ground-source heat pump system combined with radiant heating/cooling

A new ground source heat pump system combined with radiant heating/cooling is proposed, and the principles and the advantages of the system are analyzed. A demonstration of the system is applied to a rebuilt building： Xijindu exhibition hall, which is located in Zhenjiang city in China. Numerical studies on the thermal comfort and energy consumption of the system are carded out by using TRNSYS software. The results indicate that the system with the radiant floor method or the radiant ceiling method shows good thermal comfort without mechanical ventilation in winter. However, the system with either of the methods should add mechanical ventilation to ensure good comfort in summer. At the same level of thermal comfort, it can also be found that the annual energy consumption of the radiant ceiling system is less than that of the radiant floor system.

Evaluation of Energy Consumption for Heating of Industrial Building in-Situ

Because of the high energy demand required to heat a production hall, the aim of this project is to find out whether it is possible to verify the heating consuming process for heating with the standard simplified calculation method [1], especially for cold regions such as Kosice (Slovakia). The energy requirement for heating a case study industrial building was evaluated using measurements and calculations.During the winter period, energy consumption was measured in the selected industrial building according to a validation standard [2]. The building is comprised of two halls. The measurements were analyzed according to the criteria used for validating residential and public buildings, with several regression dependencies taken into account in the resulting evaluation of heating energy consumption. The mathematical dependencies of measured values in real conditions are shown in this paper. In addition, the building’s heating energy demand was calculated according to the Austrian standard [3], ?NORM EN ISO 13790, the simplified calculation method for non-residential buildings. It was investigated whether the measured values could be replicated using this calculation. It was found that the precise definition of the internal heat gains is very important.

The Energy Consumption of Heatingin the Northeast Rural Area of China from the Perspective of the Kang and Agricultural Waste

In China, the heating energy consumption patterns of rural housing are changing due to economic development. This study investigated domestic heating in rural areas of Dalian, a city in northeast China. In rural areas of the country, heating devices such as coal boiler, radiator, and/ or air-conditioner are typically used. The Kang, as the main heating system, has been used together with other heating methods for a long time in detached houses, one-story buildings, and quadrangles. Use of the Kang in collective housing is no longer observed. In addition to coal, agricultural wastes have been used to fuel the Kang; the associated CO2 emissions with agricultural fuels are lower than from other heating equipment. Even when a combination of the Kang and other equipment is used, with agricultural waste as fuel, CO2 emissions remain relatively low.

Based on the water source heat pump system operation control and energy consumption optimization

The contradiction between the increasing material demand and resource,is the country has faced problems,to better solve the material demand and the contradiction between the environment and resources,is applied to the development of new energy,new energy,not only can alleviate people and resources,environment and resources,the contradiction between people and the environment,also can promote the sustainable development of world economy,HVAC technology has emerged a new generation of energysaving technology,HVAC has the characteristics of low consumption,low pollution,is a development of technology,to be promoted for environmentfriendly,resource-conserving society has an important role in promoting.This paper focuses on the HVAC technology,water source heat pump system operation control and energy consumption optimization,for the relevant personnel reference.

Theoretical Derivation of Thermal Value Equations for Heating Furnaces

Based on thermal value theory, the aim of this paper is to deduce the theoretical formulas for evaluating the energy effective utilization degree in technological pyrological processes exemplified by metallurgical heating furnaces. Heat transfer models for continuous heating furnaces, batch-type heating furnaces, and regenerative heating furnaces are established, respectively. By analyzing the movement path of injected infinitesimal heat attached on steel or gas, thermal value equations of continuous, batch-type, and regenerative heating furnaces are derived. Then the influences of such factors as hot charging, gas preheating and intake time of heat on energy effective utilization degree are discussed by thermal value equations. The results show that thermal value rises with hot charging and air preheating for continuous heating furnaces, with shorter intake time when heat is attached on steel or longer intake time when heat is attached on gas for batch-type heating furnaces and that with more heat supply at early heating stage or less at late stage for regenerative heating furnaces.

A Survey on a Heat Exchangers Network to Decrease Energy Consumption by Using Pinch Technology

There are several ways to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and to decrease energy consumption. In this paper. the application of pinch technology in analysis of the heat exchangers network （HEN） in order to reduce the energy consumption in a thermal system is studied. Therefore, in this grass root design, the optimum value of △Tmin, is obtained about 10℃and area efficiency （a） is 0.95. The author also depicted the grid diagram and driving force plot for additional analysis. In order to increase the amount of energy saving, heat transfer from above to below the pinch point in the diagnosis stage is verified for all options including re-sequencing, re-piping, add heat exchanger and splitting of the flows. Results show that this network has a low potential of retrofit to decrease the energy consumption, which pinch principles are planned to optimize energy consumption of the unit. Regarding the results of pinch analysis, it is suggested that in order to reduce the energy consumption, no alternative changes in the heat exchangers network of the unit is required. The acquired results show that the constancy of network is completely confirmed by the high area efficiency infirmity of the heat exchanger to pass the pinch point and from of deriving force plot.

Conflict between Population and Urbanization Factors： Impact of Urban Heat Island on Energy Consumption Balance

High density of buildings and population in urban areas increases urban temperature, generally known as the urban heat island. Raised temperature, especially in SUlIuner, alms city centers into unwelcome hot areas, with direct effects on electricity demand and energy consttrnption for cooling buildings and increases the production of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Therefore, by considering that the energy consumption in the world has been faced with intense crisis, it becomes increasingly important to study the effects of urban heat island on energy constunption in order to improve people＇s environment and decrease energy use in cities. This paper, therefore, is focused on urbanization and population size factors to understand tile influence way of these factors on formation of UHI and energy consumption balance. To achieve this aim, this paper explores literally the conceptual framework of confliction between population and urban structure, which produce UHI intensity and affected energy consumption balance. It is then discussed how these two factors can be affected and give implication to the city, and then, focuses on whether actions should be taken for balancing adaptation and mitigation UHI effects. It will be concluded by making the recommendations for preventive action and provide quality of life.

Impact of Climate Change on Energy Consumption in North China

Based on the daily meteorological data with preliminary quality-control from 94 meteorological stations in North China during 1961 -2009, the impact of climate change on energy consumption in North China was analyzed by calculating heating and cooling degree-day. It＇s shown that the heating degree-days （HDDs） in most areas of North China reduced obviously during 1961 -2009. The heating energy consumption tended to decrease with temperature rising and the reduction rate in the northern region was greater than that in the southern region. The cooling degree-days （CDDs） in most areas of North China in summer tended to increase. Besides the west of Inner Mongolia, the regions where the CDDs increased significantly in North China corresponded to the urban agglomerations of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi. The rise in temperature made the cooling energy consumption increase greatly in most areas of North China in summer. The result from future climate projection reveals that the HDDs in most areas of North China will reduce persistently and the reduction rate in the northern region is also higher than that in the southern region. Simul- taneously, the CDDs in most areas of North China in summer will continue to increase. The increasing rate in the southern region is higher than that in the northern region, and the most obviously increasing regions are located in the west of Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Tianjin, middle-southern region of Hebei, and south of Shanxi. This reveals that the cooling energy consumption in most areas of North China in summer will significantly increase due to climate warming.

Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.

THEORETIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF NONFERROUS METALS BY VACUUM DISTILLATION

The expressions of heat of evaporation for metals at different temperatures were deduced from Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the total change of enthalpy.Those of Pb,Cd and Zn were calculated.Results showed that theoretic energy consumption decreased a little with the decrease of e-vaporation temperature,which can be used to determine the energy demand while these metals are distilled at different process temperatures and pressures.

Impact of climate change on building heating energy consumption in Tianjin

This paper investigated the variation of build- ing heating energy consumption caused by global warming in Tianjin, China. Based on the hourly historical and monthly projected future （B1/A1B emissions scenarios） meteorological data, the variation of those relevant meteorological parameters was first analyzed. A TRNSYS simulation model for a reference building was introduced to investigate historical variation of office building energy consumption. The results showed that the 10-year-average heating energy consumption of 2001-2010 had reduced by 16.1% compared to that of 1961-1970. By conducting principal component analysis and regression analysis, future variation of building heating load was studied. For B1/A1B emissions scenarios, the multi-year-average heating load was found to decrease by 9.7% （18.1%）/ 10.2% （22.7%） compared to that of 1971-2010 by 2011- 2050 （2051-2100）.

Improving Energy Efficiency of Tunnel Furnace by Using Heat Optimization Model

Reheating furnace of an integrated steel plant consumes intensive fuel as input energy to heat up stocks prior to hot rolling process. In current scenario, the elevated cost of productivity due to increasing fuel price is emerging as a key concern for the steel industry. A continuous improvement in reduction of fuel consumption is one of the key objectives for the manufacturing units. Numerous research work is going on worldwide to increase the energy efficiency of reheating furnaces. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and numerical modelling are mostly being used for predicting thermal and reactive fluid characteristic inside a furnace. However, the said methods are very expensive and require a huge infrastructure to compute the results. In addition, these results are not available on real time basis to take corrective action due to high computational time. In this article, an alternative approach has been adopted where complete heat and mass balance of entire tunnel type reheating furnace has been carried out. This study includes first principle-based model where heat conduction, convection and radiation with combustion reactions of the fuel components have been considered. Based on these theoretical calculations, the model is used to identify heat losses at various locations of the furnace. Moreover, a method to optimize the mixing ratio of air and fuel (mixed gas) along with monitoring of heat recovery from combined recuperator have been covered. Based on the model outcome, a significant improvement in furnace efficiency has been achieved, leading to reduction in fuel consumption in the range of 12%.

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil:Coupling merits and energy consumption

In situ thermal desorption(ISTD)technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids(DNAPLs).However,more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology.This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies:steam-enhanced extraction(SEE)and electrical resistance heating(ERH).The results showed that injecting high-density steam(>1 g/min)into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content(>13.3%)could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam.For ERH alone,the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power.When ERH and SEE were combined,preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability,effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE.Meanwhile,steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity,thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process.Compared with ERH alone(8 V/cm)and SEE alone(1 g/min steam),the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3%and 52.9%,respectively.These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.

Investigation into the energy consumption of a data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger

A data center test model was used to analyze the energy dissipation characteristics and energy consumption of a data center.The results indicate that adequate heat dissipation from a data center cannot be achieved only from heat dissipation through the building envelope during Beijing winter conditions.This is because heat dissipation through the building envelope covers about 19.5% of the total data center heat load.The average energy consumption for an air conditioner is 4 to 5 kW over a 24-h period.The temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air for the data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger is less than 20°C.The energy consumption of the thermosyphon heat exchanger is only 41% of that of an air conditioner.The annual energy consumption can be reduced by 35.4% with a thermosyphon system.In addition,the effect of the outdoor temperature on the en-ergy consumption of an air conditioner is greater than the indoor room temperature.The energy consumption of an air conditioner system increases by 5%to 6%for every 1°C rise in the outdoor temperature.

Analysis and Prospect of Waste Heat Utilization from Blast Furnace Slag Flushing

Estimating the residual heat of blast furnace slag flushing in China,classifying and introducing the current proposed methods of slag flushing waste heat utilization,and listing existing cases.In order to better save energy and water in the slag flushing process of blast furnaces,an ideal comprehensive cascade utilization system scheme for annual recovery of waste heat is proposed.Based on the measured waste heat data of a steel plant,design calculations are carried out to further analyze the economic feasibility of the new scheme and provide reference for its promotion and application.

The use of induction heating in hot-rolling operations

The use of induction heating in the hot-rolling of slabs,bars,billets,and blooms is presented.In today' s world,the cost of fossil fuels and the impact on the environment is an increasing concern.Induction heating can be used to heat materials from ambient temperature or in conjunction with gas reheat furnaces to enhance flexibility, boost productivity,reduce space requirements,improve metal surface quality,increase energy efficiency,and reduce harmful emissions to the environment.Various possible locations for induction heating are shown.An example case study is presented to quantify an increase in output.Some basic concepts of induction heating are explained to provide metallurgists with a better understanding of how and where induction heating can be applied.A brief introduction to computer modeling and control is touched on.Finally,some examples of recent installations are presented.

Application of the waste heat recovery system and energy-saving in the strip continuous annealing furnace

The common problem of cold strip continuous annealing furnaces is high exhaust gas temperature and great energy consumption. Taking the cold-strip continuous annealing furnaces of Baosteel No. 4 cold mill plant as an example, several waste heat recovery systems in the annealing furnaces are compared and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed through different energy-saving technologies.

Space heating and hot water demand analysis of dwellings connected to district heating scheme in UK

To achieve CO2 emissions reductions, the UK Building Regulations require developers of new residential buildings to calculate expected CO2 emissions arising from their energy consumption using a methodology such as Standard Assessment Procedure （SAP 2005） or, more recently SAP 2009. SAP encompasses all domestic heat consumption and a limited proportion of the electricity consumption. However, these calculations are rarely verified with real energy consumption and related CO2 emissions. This work presents the results of an analysis based on weekly heat demand data for more than 200 individual fiats. The data were collected from a recently built residential development connected to a district heating network. A method for separating out the domestic hot water （DHW） use and space heating （SH） demand has been developed and these values are compared to the demand calculated using SAP 2005 and SAP 2009 methodologies. The analysis also shows the variation in DHW and SH consumption with size of flats and with tenure （privately owned or social housing）. Evaluation of the space heating consumption also includes an estimate of the heating degree day （HDD） base temperature for each block of fiats and compares this to the average base temperature calculated using the SAP 2005 methodology.

Flow and Heat Transfer of Basalt Melt in the Feeder of the Smelter Furnace

The flow and heat transfer of the basalt melt in the boundary layer on a flat plate is considered. The conditions of formation of the layer and the intensity of heat transfer are determined. A self-similar analysis using the symmetry method was used. A system of ordinary differential equations in self-similar form is obtained. The fluid flow and heat transfer of molten basalt at a laminar steady-state flow in the feeder furnaces are numerically researched. The term “protective layer” on the interface “basalt melt-lining” is introduced. The dependences for the calculation of dimensionless shear stresses and the Nusselt number on the lining surface are obtained. The conditions of rational organization of the technological process of basalt melt feeding in the furnace feeder are formulated.