Effect of bipolar-plates design on corrosion,mass and heat transfer in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers:A review

Attaining a decarbonized and sustainable energy system,which is the core solution to global energy issues,is accessible through the development of hydrogen energy.Proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWEs)are promising devices for hydrogen production,given their high efficiency,rapid responsiveness,and compactness.Bipolar plates account for a relatively high percentage of the total cost and weight compared with other components of PEMWEs.Thus,optimization of their design may accelerate the promotion of PEMWEs.This paper reviews the advances in materials and flow-field design for bipolar plates.First,the working conditions of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)and PEMWEs are compared,including reaction direction,operating temperature,pressure,input/output,and potential.Then,the current research status of bipolar-plate substrates and surface coatings is summarized,and some typical channel-rib flow fields and porous flow fields are presented.Furthermore,the effects of materials on mass and heat transfer and the possibility of reducing corrosion by improving the flow field structure are explored.Finally,this review discusses the potential directions of the development of bipolar-plate design,including material fabrication,flow-field geometry optimization using threedimensional printing,and surface-coating composition optimization based on computational materials science.

Analysis of Heat Transfer Performance of Oscillating Heat Pipes Based on a Central Composite Design

Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) are very promising cooling devices. Their heat transfer performance is af- fected by many factors, and the form of the relationship between the performance and the factors is complex and non-linear. In this paper, the effects of charging ratio, inclination angle, and heat input and their interaction effects on heat transfer performance of a looped copper-water OHP are analyzed. First, suppose that the relationship between the response and the variables approximates a second-order model. And use the central composite design to arrange the ex- periment. Then, the method of least squares is used to estimate the parameters in the second-order model. Finally, multi- variate variance analysis is used to analyze the model. The results show that the assumption is right, that is to say, the re- lationship is well modeled by a second-order function. Among the three main effect variables, the effect of inclination angle is the most significant, but their interaction effects are not significant. In the range of the considered factors, both the optimum charging ratio and the optimum inclination angle increase as the heating water flow rate increases.

Conceptual design and heat transfer performance of a flat-tile water-cooled divertor target

The divertor target components for the Chinese fusion engineering test reactor(CFETR)and the future experimental advanced superconducting tokamak(EAST)need to remove a heat flux of up to20 MW m-2.In view of such a high heat flux removal requirement,this study proposes a conceptual design for a flat-tile divertor target based on explosive welding and brazing technology.Rectangular water-cooled channels with a special thermal transfer structure(TTS)are designed in the heat sink to improve the flat-tile divertor target’s heat transfer performance(HTP).The parametric design and optimization methods are applied to study the influence of the TTS variation parameters,including height(H),width(W*),thickness(T),and spacing(L),on the HTP.The research results show that the flat-tile divertor target’s HTP is sensitive to the TTS parameter changes,and the sensitivity is T>L>W*>H.The HTP first increases and then decreases with the increase of T,L,and W*and gradually increases with the increase of H.The optimal design parameters are as follows:H=5.5 mm,W*=25.8 mm,T=2.2 mm,and L=9.7 mm.The HTP of the optimized flat-tile divertor target at different flow speeds and tungsten tile thicknesses is studied using the numerical simulation method.A flat-tile divertor mock-up is developed according to the optimized parameters.In addition,high heat flux(HHF)tests are performed on an electron beam facility to further investigate the mock-up HTP.The numerical simulation calculation results show that the optimized flat-tile divertor target has great potential for handling the steady-state heat load of 20 MW m-2under the tungsten tile thickness<5 mm and the flow speed7 m s^(-1).The heat transfer efficiency of the flat-tile divertor target with rectangular cooling channels improves by13%and30%compared to that of the flat-tile divertor target with circular cooling channels and the ITER-like monoblock,respectively.The HHF tests indicate that the flat-tile divertor mock-up can successfully withstand 1000 cycles of20 MW m-2of heat load without visible deformation,damage,and HTP degradation.The surface temperature of the flat-tile divertor mock-up at the 1000th cycle is only930℃.The flat-tile divertor target’s HTP is greatly improved by the parametric design and optimization method,and is better than the ITER-like monoblock and the flat-tile mock-up for the WEST divertor.This conceptual design is currently being applied to the engineering design of the CFETR and EAST flat-tile divertors.

Optimal Experiment Design for the Identification of the Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient in Sand Casting

The interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC)is one of the main input parameters required by casting simulation software.It plays an important role in the accurate modeling of the solidification process.However,its value is not easily identifiable by means of experimental methods requiring temperature measurements during the solidification process itself.For these reasons,an optimal experiment design was performed in this study to determine the optimal position for the temperature measurement and the optimal thickness of the rectangular cast iron part.This parameter was identified using an inverse technique.In particular,two different algorithms were used:Levenberg Marquard(LM)and Monte Carlo(MC).A numerical model of the solidification process was associated with the optimization algorithm.The temperature was measured at different positions from the mould/metal interface at d=0 mm(mould/metal interface),30 mm,60 mm and 90 mm.the thicknesses of the cast part were:L1=40 mm,60 mm and 80 mm.A comparative study on the IHTC identification was then carried out by varying the initial value of the IHTC between 500 Wm^(-2)K^(-1) and 1050 Wm^(-2)K^(-1).Results showed that the MC algorithm used for estimating the IHTC gives the best results,and the optimal position was at d=30 mm,the position closest to the mould/metal interface,for the lowest thickness L1=40 mm.

A Comprehensive Review on Heat Transfer Design Parameters in MEMS through Experimentations and Numerical Modeling

Micro electro mechanical systems are studied in this paper along to comparing the design, fabrication, and operation of such devices especially in the electronic industry. The advancements of such systems are important as scale reduction is becoming more economical and also in heat dissipation efficiencies. Furthermore, the fabrication techniques are becoming more of a challenge in today’s industrial market. In this paper we will introduce a comparative study of experimental research in the micro scale heat exchanger with varieties of industrial application primarily cooling integrated circuits. Significant effect in the process of cooling electronic devices has showed experimentally that scale variations impact into this improvement. Numerical studies have been a leading technique in the development of thermal systems especially at the micro or small scales which helps the industry to cut cost and provide innovative products at high efficiencies. There are so many approaches to numerical analysis and research, where the availability of ready to use software and data acquisition modules is variant. Material selection is also a variable in the efficiency and operations of these micro channel thermal system and heat exchangers.

Comprehensive Molten Salt Storage Shell and Supporting Structure Design and Analysis-Part I:A Conductive and Convective Theoretical Heat Transfer Analysis for Molten Salt Cylindrical Shells at 565℃ and 700℃

In this paper a full theoretical thermal analysis of a large molten salt container,80-foot in diameter and 46-foot high,including a four-foot elliptic shell roof,is presented for two temperatures,the standard 565℃ and a futuristic 700℃,which substantially improves the efficiency of the molten salt containers through the use of a highly stable chloride salt called SS700(SaltStream 700).The theoretical analysis includes conductive and convective heat transfer analysis in the steel container,elliptic roof shell,the fiberglass insulation,and firebrick insulation,and includes thermal insulation designs to safeguard against energy losses at high temperatures.The underlying soil and the high temperature concrete foundation were analyzed theoretically using conductive heat transfer,however the area surrounding the soil surface around the bottom of the molten salt storage tank had convective heat transfer analysis included.The final designs presented in this paper seek to limit heat losses to a maximum of 250 W/m^(2) while being able to operate at a minimum external ambient temperature of-10℃,which determines the thicknesses of the fiberglass and firebrick insulation.

Comprehensive Molten Salt Storage Shell and Supporting Structure Design and Analysis-Part II:A Conductive and Convective Numerical Finite Element Heat Transfer Analysis for Molten Salt Cylindrical Shells at 700℃,and Comparison with Theoretical Analysis

In this paper a finite element thermal analysis model-using COMSOL-of a large molten salt container,80-foot in diameter and 46-foot high that includes a four-foot elliptic shell roof,is presented for a futuristic 700℃ design,which uses a highly stable chloride salt called SS700(SaltStream 700)that improves the efficiency of the tank when compared to the traditional 565℃.The FEA(finite element analysis)includes conductive and convective heat transfer analysis in the steel container,elliptic roof shell,the fiberglass insulation,and firebrick insulation,and includes thermal insulation designs to safeguard against energy losses at high temperatures.The underlying soil and the high temperature concrete foundation were analyzed by finite element using conductive heat transfer,however the area surrounding the soil surface around the bottom of the MS storage tank had convective heat transfer analysis included.The finite elements analyses presented are to verify the final fiberglass and firebrick insulation designs,which seeks to limit heat losses to a maximum of 250 W/m^(2) while being able to operate at a minimum external ambient temperature of-10℃.These results are also compared to previously calculated theoretical results.

Optimal design of the separate type heat pipe heat exchanger

Separate type heat pipe heat exchangers are often used for large-scale heat exchanging. The arrangement of such a heat exchanger conveniently allows heat input to and output from the heat exchanger at remote locations. The traditional method of designing an ordinary HPHE (heat pipe heat exchanger) is commonly applied in the separate type exchanger design, but the calculations have to be carried out separately, which makes it very complicated. In this work, the ε-NTU (effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units) method was applied for optimization analysis of single- or multi-level separate type heat pipe heat exchangers. An optimizing formula for single-level separate type heat pipe heat exchangers was obtained. The optimizing principles of effec- tiveness-NTU and heat transfer rate by the equal distribution method for multi-level separate type heat pipe heat exchanger are presented. The design of separate type heat pipe heat exchangers by the optimizing method is more convenient and faster than by the traditional method.

基于场协同理论的热空气吹掠型太阳能蒸馏器对流传热性能优化分析

以热空气吹掠型太阳能蒸馏器为研究对象,利用数值模拟结果和均匀设计法分析蒸馏器内流动与传热场协同角的变化规律和影响因素。结果表明,影响场协同角的主要因素是热空气进口速度,热空气进口温度和水温的影响不显著。在蒸馏水温30~70℃、进口空气温度40~90℃,进口空气速度为8 m/s时平均传热场协同角最小,为73.14°,传热系数最大,可达到同等条件下自然对流传热系数的4倍。

高温环路热管设计方法研究与传热极限分析

高超声速飞行器在以高超声速飞行时尾喷管会面临严酷的燃烧热考验,结合高温热管导热性强和环路热管传热距离长等优势,高温环路热管可以作为尾喷管热防护的新方法.根据液态钠高导热系数及高表面张力的物性设计了一种新型蒸发器,提出了一套高温环路热管的设计流程.使用这套设计流程设计了一根高温环路热管,结合热管传热极限的计算方法,对钠热管进行仿真计算,分析了温度和结构对热管传热极限的影响.研究发现在高温环路热管的运行温区内,热管的传热性能随着温度升高一般由声速极限、毛细极限和沸腾极限依次决定.结合研究结论提出了热管结构优化方法,为热管设计提供了理论依据.

夏热冬冷地区动态传热保温设计室外典型气象参数确定方法

GB50176-2016《民用建筑热工设计规范》中围护结构外墙保温设计采用稳态方法,但夏热冬冷地区由于特有的建筑运行模式,使外墙传热方向发生逆转,故稳态方法难以满足冬季室内热环境水平提升的实际需求。提出一种基于动态传热的冬季外墙保温设计室外计算温度确定方法,探究室外干球温度和太阳辐射逐时波动的最不利组合,将保温设计的目标由“日”提升到“时”。基于典型城市2007-2017年逐时气象数据,以外墙内表面温度的累计不保证天数作为热工设计指标,将累计不保证天数恰好不为0(指各朝向外墙内表面温度低于室内基本热舒适条件下所能允许温差的天数)时作为典型日挑选的依据,并将典型日出现频率最高的日期作为室外计算温度选取的依据,获得冬季保温设计典型日,并获得了典型日计算时长的影响。可为夏热冬冷地区围护结构外墙保温设计室外计算参数的挑选提供理论支撑。

多层套管式换热器的传热过程分析计算

在传统套管式换热器的基础上,为了增加换热面积、扩大流量和强化传热,提出一种新型结构的多层套管式换热器,且对其结构、原理和特点进行概述;其次对这种换热器的传热过程进行分析简化,建立物理模型,确定传热过程的关系式;结合工程实际应用,选择冷热流体、结构参数和运行工况进行液-液和气-液换热计算,确定换热器的基本结构和应用场合。最后通过正交试验的方法,对套管表面加装直肋和螺旋翅片进一步结构优化,得到最佳的翅片的厚度、高度和间距,同时比较了在最优结构参数下换热器与传统管壳式换热器的传热特性,可供工程应用提供参考。

新工科背景下热质交换原理与设备的课程思政建设与探索

热质交换原理与设备作为讲述热量与质量传递的一门课程,具有较强的工程实践属性。目前一些工科专业课程的思政内容讲授时仍然存在思政元素的授课方式单一、评价体系不完善等问题。文章通过详细分析热质课程特点,结合新工科人才培养要求,确定具体课程思政融入元素,改进思政融入方式进行思政元素契合,深入剖析课程的思政内涵并结合课程特点建立完善的课程思政评价体系,重点突出学生实践创新能力的培养达到新工科人才培养目标。

航空发动机旋转盘腔内部流动换热特性研究进展综述

The rotating disk cavity is an important part of the cooling-air system of the aero engine,and it has obviously significance to study the internal flow and heat transfer characteristics of the disc cavity,which will be helpful to improve the efficiency of the aero engine.This paper summarizes the existing research results of domestic and overseas.The present work considers the test methods and calculation methods of the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the rotating disc cavity of the aircraft engine.It points out that,the main factors which affect the heat transfer characteristics are the disc chamber speed,the intake volume,the design of the disc cavity pre-rotation/despin structure,and the type of disc cavity system.The influence of these factors on the characteristics of flow heat transfer is summarized.Based on these factors,the disc cavity structure can be optimized and designed,which provides suggestions for reducing the weight of the turbine,improving the thrust-to-weight ratio of the aero engine,and improving the cooling efficiency.

汽轮机蒸汽管道与阀门及汽缸外缸外表面传热系数的计算模型和计算方法

构建了汽轮机蒸汽管道、主汽调节阀与汽缸外缸的外表面传热系数计算模型与计算方法。给出了汽轮机蒸汽管道、主汽调节阀、高压外缸、中压外缸与低压外缸的内表面传热系数以及保温结构外表面与低压外缸外表面的复合传热系数计算公式。建立了汽轮机蒸汽管道、高压外缸与中压外缸的金属内层壁与保温结构外层壁的双层圆筒壁、主汽调节阀金属内层壁与保温结构外层壁的双层球壁以及低压外缸单层圆筒壁的传热过程计算模型。考虑到金属内层壁内表面温度与外表面温度和保温结构外层壁外表面温度均为待定温度,采用迭代法确定这些汽轮机部件的表面温度、传热过程的传热系数与热流密度。完成了汽轮机蒸汽管道、主汽调节阀、高压外缸、中压外缸与低压外缸的外表面传热系数计算分析的应用实例,得出了这些汽轮机部件传热过程金属内层壁外表面的传热系数、热流密度与等效表面传热系数的计算结果,为这些汽轮机部件温度场与应力场的有限元数值计算提供了传热边界条件。

布雷顿循环冷端空冷换热器设计与变工况运行特性分析

作为布雷顿循环系统中的重要冷端部件,气体冷却器的性能对循环系统结构紧凑性和运行高效性有重要影响。分析了一种新型横流印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)—板翅混合式气体冷却器的工作性能及影响因素,对该种换热器建立了一个数值计算模型,并编写MATLAB程序验证其可靠性;基于此,对该类冷却器进行了设计,其功率密度均在1 MW/m^(3)以上,属于紧凑型换热器;其次进行了变工况性能分析,给出了冷却器的压降和换热性能随循环工质和冷却空气进口状态的变化规律,并比较了布雷顿循环工质为超临界二氧化碳、氮气、空气时冷却器的换热特性和压降特性,结果表明,冷、热流体流量的改变对换热特性的影响最明显。研究结果对布雷顿循环空冷换热器的设计与运行具有参考意义。

加热不燃烧卷烟抽吸效果模拟研究

为探寻加热不燃烧卷烟逐口抽吸烟碱的释放规律,依据经典导热方程和Arrhenius定律分别确定立了烟支内部的传热传质方程,构建了加热不燃烧卷烟传热传质的数值模拟模型,利用正交设计对实验数据的拟合确定了烟碱传质动力学参数。对模型在加拿大抽吸模式下烟支内部温度场分布、烟碱释放和剩余浓度、烟碱逐口抽吸质量进行计算。结果表明,模型能够较好地实现预测计算,烟碱逐口抽吸质量模拟结果与实验结果的均方根误差为0.0121mg;烟芯内部温度变化曲线模拟值与实验值的最大误差百分比为6.1%;烟芯内部温度分布与释放特性严格对应,气体入口处烟碱的释放较差。

CCM法膜电极设备用热转移橡胶压辊的研制

以内-外套筒特殊双重结构为辊芯,硅橡胶为基胶,采用辊芯、界面粘合层、过渡底胶层和功能面胶层结构,通过金属辊体表面处理、混炼、成型、硫化和车磨等工艺,制备了CCM法膜电极设备用热转移橡胶压辊。结果表明,该橡胶压辊能满足CCM膜电极制造热转移工艺要求。

乙烯装置冷箱工艺技术提升措施

冷箱是乙烯装置的重要过程设备之一,对质量可靠性的要求很高,其运行的好坏直接影响着乙烯装置的长周期安全稳定运行。冷箱的工艺设计和传热设计非常关键,需要给予足够的重视。通过调研国内乙烯装置冷箱在操作和运行中所遇到的问题,归纳冷箱在工程设计中面临的难点和要点,总结冷箱工艺设计技术,并提出了工艺优化的各项建议措施,对乙烯装置中深冷分离单元的工艺设计和操作具有一定指导意义。

燃气电厂烟气余热回收吸收塔设计优化与实验研究

为减少碳排放、有效提高能源利用效率,对某燃气热电厂烟气系统进行了余热回收改进设计。采用填料喷淋技术对原有的余热喷淋塔进行结构优化设计,将吸收换热塔优化为填料塔,有效强化换热性能。结果表明,优化后烟气余热回收吸收塔不仅消除了原系统水泵气蚀、振动和噪声的问题,还解决了换热塔“失水”的问题。在输入燃气量不变、输出电力不变的前提下,输出热量有效提高10%以上,脱硝效率稳定达到70%以上,NO_(x)最低浓度可稳定维持<10 mg/m^(3)。与常规供热方案相比,本余热回收方案年回收烟气热量2.789万GJ,并带来了可观的经济与环境效益,每个采暖季减少天然气使用量约86.70万标方,减少CO_(2)排量约1610 t/年。