Measurement of temperature inside die and estimation of interfacial heat transfer coefficient in squeeze casting

As an advanced near-net shape technology, squeeze casting is an excellent method for producing high integrity castings. Numerical simulation is a very effective method to optimize squeeze casting process, and the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC) is an important boundary condition in numerical simulation. Therefore, the study of the IHTC is of great significance. In the present study, experiments were conducted and a "plate shape" aluminum alloy casting was cast in H13 steel die. In order to obtain accurate temperature readings inside the die, a special temperature sensor units(TSU) was designed. Six 1 mm wide and 1 mm deep grooves were machined in the sensor unit for the placement of the thermocouples whose tips were welded to the end wall. Each groove was machined to terminate at a particular distance(1, 3, and 6 mm) from the front end of the sensor unit. Based on the temperature measurements inside the die, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC) at the metal-die interface was determined by applying an inverse approach. The acquired data were processed by a low pass filtering method based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT). The feature of the IHTC at the metal-die interface was discussed.

An Efficient Acceleration of Solving Heat and Mass Transfer Equations with the Second Kind Boundary Conditions in Capillary Porous Composite Cylinder Using Programmable Graphics Hardware

With the recent developments in computing technology, increased efforts have gone into simulation of various scientific methods and phenomenon in engineering fields. One such case is the simulation of heat and mass transfer in capillary porous media, which is becoming more and more important in analysing various scenarios in engineering applications. Analysing such heat and mass transfer phenomenon in a given environment requires us to simulate it. This entails simulation of coupled heat mass transfer equations. However, this process of numerical solution of heat and mass transfer equations is very much time consuming. Therefore, this paper aims at utilizing one of the acceleration techniques developed in the graphics community that exploits a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is applied to the numerical solutions of heat and mass transfer equations. The nVidia Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming model caters a good method of applying parallel computing to program the graphical processing unit. This paper shows a good improvement in the performance while solving the heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous composite cylinder with the second kind of boundary conditions numerically running on GPU. This heat and mass transfer simulation is implemented using CUDA platform on nVidia Quadro FX 4800 graphics card. Our experimental results depict the drastic performance improvement when GPU is used to perform heat and mass transfer simulation. GPU can significantly accelerate the performance with a maximum observed speedup of more than 7-fold times. Therefore, the GPU is a good approach to accelerate the heat and mass transfer simulation.

An Efficient Acceleration of Solving Heat and Mass Transfer Equations with the First Kind Boundary Conditions in Capillary Porous Radially Composite Cylinder Using Programmable Graphics Hardware

With the latest advances in computing technology, a huge amount of efforts have gone into simulation of a range of scientific phenomena in engineering fields. One such case is the simulation of heat and mass transfer in capillary porous media, which is becoming more and more necessary in analyzing a number of eventualities in science and engineering applications. However, this procedure of numerical solution of heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous media is very time consuming. Therefore, this paper pursuit is at making use of one of the acceleration methods developed in the graphics community that exploits a graphical processing unit (GPU), which is applied to the numerical solutions of such heat and mass transfer equations. The nVidia Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming model offers a correct approach of applying parallel computing to applications with graphical processing unit. This paper suggests a true improvement in the performance while solving the heat and mass transfer equations for capillary porous radially composite cylinder with the first type of boundary conditions. This heat and mass transfer simulation is carried out through the usage of CUDA platform on nVidia Quadro FX 4800 graphics card. Our experimental outcomes exhibit the drastic overall performance enhancement when GPU is used to illustrate heat and mass transfer simulation. GPU can considerably accelerate the performance with a maximum found speedup of more than 5-fold times. Therefore, the GPU is a good strategy to accelerate the heat and mass transfer simulation in porous media.

Optimal design of the separate type heat pipe heat exchanger

Separate type heat pipe heat exchangers are often used for large-scale heat exchanging. The arrangement of such a heat exchanger conveniently allows heat input to and output from the heat exchanger at remote locations. The traditional method of designing an ordinary HPHE (heat pipe heat exchanger) is commonly applied in the separate type exchanger design, but the calculations have to be carried out separately, which makes it very complicated. In this work, the ε-NTU (effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units) method was applied for optimization analysis of single- or multi-level separate type heat pipe heat exchangers. An optimizing formula for single-level separate type heat pipe heat exchangers was obtained. The optimizing principles of effec- tiveness-NTU and heat transfer rate by the equal distribution method for multi-level separate type heat pipe heat exchanger are presented. The design of separate type heat pipe heat exchangers by the optimizing method is more convenient and faster than by the traditional method.

Performance of Thermal Energy Storage Unit Using Solid Ammoniated Salt (CaCl₂-NH₃System)

The exothermic chemical reaction of CaCl2 (calcium chloride) with NH3 (ammonia) can be utilized as an energy storage system. Since this reaction is a typical gas-solid reaction, the reaction rate is controlled by the heat transfer rate. In order to improve the low heat transfer rate of the ammoniation and the deammoniation of CaCl2, the influence of a heat transfer media (Ti: titanium) on the heat transfer rate of the solid ammoniated salt (CaCl2&#46mNH3) was studied and tested experimentally. The performance tests were carried out under the conditions of various weight ratios of Ti. No decrease of the activation of chemical reaction and no corrosion of experimental apparatus were observed on the repeated runs (≥30 times each). The heat transfer rate of ammoniated salt was greatly improved by adding Ti under the constant pressure (0.5 MPa). The reaction time required for the ammoniation of CaCl2 mixed with Ti was approximately 16% - 54% shorter than that of CaCl2 alone, and the reaction time required for the deammoniation was also approximately 19% - 59% shorter than that of CaCl2 alone.

三套管式加肋相变蓄热单元的强化传热特性

相变蓄热技术在利用工业余热、太阳能等解决热能与用户之间的供需不平衡问题方面起着重要的作用,然而受相变材料自身物性的限制,蓄热熔化时仍存在蓄热速度低、熔化不均匀等问题。本文以三套管式相变蓄热单元为基本结构,利用FLUENT软件模拟研究了在考虑自然对流情况下添加纵向肋片的不同参数(肋片数量、长度、厚度、偏心距及肋片排布方式)对三套管式相变蓄热单元蓄热性能的影响。结果表明,三套管式蓄热单元内外双壁面共同加热,与普通套管式蓄热单元相比,换热面积增大,相变材料全部熔化需要的时间缩短;加装纵向直肋片的三套管蓄热单元的熔化速度进一步加快,相同数量肋片下,肋片的长度和厚度是影响蓄热单元蓄热量与平均蓄热速率的主要因素,肋片长度占相变材料区域径向长度的50%时,蓄热单元的熔化速度加快幅度明显且蓄热量与平均蓄热速率较高。通过优化设计,发现内管向下偏移距离e对相变材料的熔化过程作用显著,偏心距离较短时相变材料完全熔化所需时间最少,相比光滑管蓄热单元,相变材料的熔化速率提升了48.5%,偏移距离过长则会延长蓄热时间;通过加密蓄热单元底部外层肋片的排布,蓄热单元的熔化进程有不同程度的加快,总体蓄热速率较原肋片结构有所提高。

基于圆台波浪形换热管的潜热储热单元性能分析

为提高潜热储热单元(latent heat storage unit,LHSU)的储热性能,提出了三种优化换热管结构的新型LHSU,分别为圆台形换热管潜热储热单元、波浪形换热管潜热储热单元和圆台波浪形换热管潜热储热单元(frustum wavy heat transfer tube latent heat storage unit,FW-LHSU)。基于数值模拟方法,比较了传统圆柱形换热管潜热储热单元(cylindrical heat transfer tube latent heat storage unit,C-LHSU)和三种新型LHSU的储热性能。此外,针对FW-LHSU研究了换热管壁面倾斜角度对储热性能的影响。结果发现,所提出的三种新型换热管结构均能增强储热性能,其中FW-LHSU储热效果最好,与C-LHSU相比,FW-LHSU的熔化时间缩短了32.64%,储热速率密度提高了48.1%。当增加FW-LHSU的换热管壁面倾斜角度时,其储热性能可进一步提高。当换热管倾斜角度从2°增加到8°时,FW-LHSU的储热时间可缩短37.00%、储热速率密度可提高48.44%。

基于中低温相变材料的管壳式储热单元传热性能数值分析

针对管壳式相变储热单元换热效率低的问题,设计一种带有径向矩形翅片的复合盐管壳式相变储热单元,进行数值模拟并与实验研究对比验证,然后选择适当的性能指标分析模拟结果。采用ANSYS FLUENT进行三维瞬态仿真,改变换热流体入口温度及储热单元翅片间距进行储热过程的数值计算,对相变材料温度变化、传热过程及熔化情况进行对比分析。结果表明:提高换热流体温度和缩小翅片间距是有效强化换热的手段。在本工作中,换热流体与相变材料复合盐CH_(3)COONa·3H_(2)O-KCl相变温差每增加5℃,相变材料熔化速率分别提升54.98%、 34.67%、 23.92%、 18.13%、 14.45%,潜热储热速率分别提升61.56%、 45.79%、 35.15%、27.04%、22.31%,速率提升效果均逐渐减弱。翅片间距每缩短10 mm,相变材料熔化速率分别提升32.37%、41.26%、38.66%,储热量随之减少6.40%、11.95%、6.55%,储能密度降低0.53%、10.97%、1.57%,实际应用中需综合换热能力、成本等方面问题选择合适的翅片间距。本工作可为实际工程中储热单元的设计优化提供理论支持。

烧结冷却烟气低温余热ORC系统建模与热经济性能

本文以烧结冷却烟气低温余热为有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统热源,建立超临界ORC系统热力和经济模型,并选取R134a为ORC工质,研究变温热源下膨胀机的进口温度和压力,以及工质冷凝温度对系统热经济性能的影响。研究结果表明:系统净输出功随膨胀机进口温度的增加而增加,随膨胀机进口压力和工质冷凝温度的增加而减小,但系统单位温度的传热量随之均减小。当系统热力参数一定时,热源进口温度越大,系统净输出功和单位温度的传热量越大。在实际操作过程中,存在适宜的热源进口温度和系统热力参数使得ORC系统获得较大的净输出功和较小的单位温度传热量。

气侧均流装置对冷却三角单元流动传热特性影响的实验研究

对于间接空冷系统冷端基本传热元件−冷却三角单元,通过在其加装及相邻未加装气侧均流装置冷却三角单元内的两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向布置风速、风温、壁温测点,进一步在左右两侧出水柱布置壁温测点,对比分析两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向迎风风速、风温、壁温及出水壁温的变化规律,研究气侧均流装置对冷却三角单元流动传热特性及出水壁温分布的影响机制。研究结果表明:加装气侧均流装置后冷却三角单元两侧冷却柱沿散热管束横向迎风风温、壁温分布更加均匀,两侧出水柱壁温均值更低,且降低了两侧出水柱壁温差,气侧均流装置优化了两侧冷却柱的换热均匀性。

叉排微通道换热器的换热性能

[目的]探究叉排微通道换热器在船用燃气轮机间冷过程中的实验换热性能及其影响因素.[方法]针对增材制造加工的叉排微通道换热器,在低流动工况条件下进行对流换热实验,从结构和流动因素研究叉排微通道换热器的换热性能.[结果]通道宽度减小0.50 mm使叉排换热器换热性能增强106.9%~61.9%;通道数增加1.6倍导致同流量下换热性能平均降低21.9%~50.8%,而同流速下换热性能平均降低11.6%;进口流量增加6.3倍,换热器换热性能提升44.0%;但换热性能受热侧空气进口温度的影响较小,相邻工况条件计算值变化最大仅为5.4%.[结论]工艺条件允许下减小通道尺寸可提升叉排微通道换热器性能,而增加通道数量则会带来负面影响;冷侧水进口流量增大能提升叉排微通道换热器换热量,从而增强换热性能;热侧空气进口温度的影响则较为复杂.

空气源分体式热管-热泵供暖系统在煤矿井口防冻中的特性研究

为提高空气源热泵的性能,同时更好地满足煤矿井口防冻特殊工艺要求,将空气源热泵与热管技术相耦合,使用小压比热泵机组搭建了空气源分体式热管-热泵供暖系统实验平台。该耦合系统中蒸发器和冷凝器两端均采用相变传热的方式,并对其进行不同运行工况下的性能特性研究,结果表明:该耦合供暖系统即使在0℃左右的室外条件下,耦合机组的系统制热性能仍可达到4.5以上,远远优于传统空气源热泵机组。

溴化锂吸收式冷水机组吸收器传热管腐蚀特性研究

本文采用挂样试验的方式,通过模拟溴化锂吸收式冷水机组吸收器与发生器中溴化锂溶液浓度45%与61%条件下,氧含量分别为0.5%、1%、5%、10%、20%、30%时对B30传热管的腐蚀情况,研究了B30传热管的有氧腐蚀特性,分析了溴化锂溶液浓度与氧含量的腐蚀影响因素与机理,结果表明当溴化锂溶液浓度为45%时,只要氧含量高于5%,B30传热管就会出现麻点状腐蚀,氧含量高于20%,B30传热管明显点蚀,深度达到0.5mm;当溴化锂溶液浓度为61%时,只有当氧含量达到30%,B30传热管才会出现明显的腐蚀麻坑。

高速动车组明线交会对空调机组冷凝器性能的影响

针对高速动车组明线交会时的空气压力波对司机室和客室车顶空调机组冷凝器性能的影响进行数值模拟,分析不同交会速度下空调机组冷凝器进、出风口表面压力分布及其对空调机组冷凝器散热效果的影响。结果表明:冷凝器进出风口压差随高速动车组交会速度的提升不断增大,交会过程对头车空调机组冷凝器进出风口压差的影响较大,尾车次之,中间车最小;交会速度200km/h以上时,司机室空调机组冷凝风量均不满足要求,冷凝器散热效果较差,而客室空调机组冷凝器散热效果在不同交会速度下均能满足要求。

液体循环热回收系统性能参数模拟与优化设计

为了降低洁净室全新风空调系统的能耗,基于深圳某生物医药洁净车间的液体循环热回收系统,采用效能-传热单元数法建立盘管数学模型,模拟系统性能参数,并设计正交试验分析因素主次和优方案,最后提出一种加强换热的措施。研究结果表明:水流量在2.5kg/s时,盘管换热量达到峰值。室外温湿度增加,热回收量最大增幅88%,室内温湿度增加,热回收量最大减幅14%。通过正交试验结果表明:影响热回收量的因素主次为水流量、室外温度、室内温度、室外相对湿度、室内相对湿度,优方案为水流量3.5kg/s,室内温度24℃,室内相对湿度50%。加强换热后系统总体节能20kW。

换热单元体展布特征对水平井多级压裂的EGS采热的影响

借鉴页岩气等低渗透非常规油气资源体积压裂技术,水平井分段多级压裂技术可用于构建增强型地热系统(EGS)人工热储。基于EGS储层压裂呈现出的较强非均匀性,构建EGS水平双井非均匀多级压裂模型,通过调整换热单元体(HTU)厚度、展布类型分别设计多组算例,研究换热单元体展布特征对水平井多级压裂的EGS采热的影响。为表征换热单元体展布的非均匀性,引入优势厚度比的概念。研究结果表明:非均匀压裂的热储层中,系统产出温度与压裂级数呈不严格的正相关性,还受到换热单元体展布特征的影响,与储层换热单元体的优势厚度比呈负相关性;非均匀压裂的热储层中,通过封堵劣势换热单元体或增强储层压裂使换热单元体均匀化,均可增强系统的采热性能。

折流杆换热器壳程湍流和传热的数值模拟

折流杆换热器壳程结构复杂,用理论方法难以获得壳程流体流动和强化传热机理。为了分析折流杆在换热器壳程中作用,采用数值方法研究了壳程流体的流动和换热状况。首先对壳程结构进行适当简化,提出了换热器壳程的“单元流道”模型用于研究纵流式换热器壳程流场和温度场的实际细观信息。针对三维几何模型和数学模型,数值模拟采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型,用SIMPLE算法求解速度和压力的耦合关系,流道的固体边界采用壁面函数法,在不同进口流量下对单元流道进行模拟。结果表明,纵横交错布置的折流杆在单元流道中不断分割和剪切流道内流体,其扰流作用促进了流体湍流,减薄了液体边界层,减小了对流换热热阻,因而有效地提高了流体的对流换热强度。数值分析结果可为折流杆换热器的结构优化和性能提高提供理论依据。

芳烃联合装置低温热回收技术研究

通过对现阶段芳烃装置低温余热的利用措施进行分析,指出芳烃装置低温热余热利用的技术难点;以某炼油厂的芳烃装置为例,详细分析和计算该装置的低温热现状,并以C_6、C_7烃类为内取热介质,为该装置设计了内、外双低温热换热系统,充分回收芳烃装置的有效低温热41 MW,通过该设计,有望将芳烃装置的能耗降低10%~15%。该技术充分克服芳烃装置操作压力低的工艺难点,为芳烃装置的抽余液塔、抽出液塔、成品塔等的低温余热有效回收利用提供新途径、新工艺。

单位熵产分析法在强化传热研究中的应用

Based on the second law or the rmodynamics,the authors proposed the unit entropy generation analysis method for evaluation and analysis of the comprehensive thermal characteristics of different enhanced heat transfer methods.The optimum operation condition of the enhanced heat transfer methods,such as fin type and swirl flow,is obtained through thermal characteristic analysis.This work provides a theoretical basis for engineering design.

利用夹点技术优化设计换热网络

本文主要介绍了利用夹点技术设计换热网络的原则及需要注意的问题,并利用夹点技术对延安某炼油厂300万t/年常压蒸馏装置换热网络进行优化设计,使其物流能流合理地匹配,从而达到减少换热单元数目的目的。经过优化设计后,与原有的换热网络相比,换热网络的换热设备数目减少5个,使设备数目达到最优化,从而节省了设备的投资。