Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Explained and Modelled Mathematically Using Classical Physics—A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave Functions

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Molecular properties and potential energy function model of BH under external electric field

Using the density functional B3P86/cc-PV5Z method, the geometric structure of BH molecule under different external electric fields is optimized, and the bond lengths, dipole moments, vibration frequencies, and other physical properties parameters are obtained. On the basis of setting appropriate parameters, scanning single point energies are obtained by the same method and the potential energy curves under different external fields are also obtained. These results show that the physical property parameters and potential energy curves may change with external electric field, especially in the case of reverse direction electric field. The potential energy function without external electric field is fitted by Morse potential, and the fitting parameters are obtained which are in good agreement with experimental values. In order to obtain the critical dissociation electric parameter, the dipole approximation is adopted to construct a potential model fitting the corresponding potential energy curve of the external electric field. It is found that the fitted critical dissociation electric parameter is consistent with numerical calculation, so that the constructed model is reliable and accurate. These results will provide important theoretical and experimental reference for further studying the molecular spectrum, dynamics, and molecular cooling with Stark effect.

Modeling Distortion Signals of Power Grid Based on Wiener-G Functionals

The uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid has been setup with the theory of Wiener-G Functional. Firstly,the Matlab simulation models were established. Secondly,the Wiener kernel of power load was found based on the Gaussian white noise as input. And then the uniform mathematical model of the power grid signal was established according to the homogeneous of the same order of Wiener functional series. Finally,taking three typical distortion sources which are semiconductor rectifier,electric locomotive and electric arc furnace in power grid as examples,we have validated the model through the Matlab simulation and analyzed the simulation errors. The results show that the uniform mathematical model of distortion signals in power grid can approximation the actual model by growing the items of the series under the condition of the enough storage space and computing speed.

A novel robust adaptive controller for EAF electrode regulator system based on approximate model method

The electrode regulator system is a complex system with many variables, strong coupling and strong nonlinearity, while conventional control methods such as proportional integral derivative （PID） can not meet the requirements. A robust adaptive neural network controller （RANNC） for electrode regulator system was proposed. Artificial neural networks were established to learn the system dynamics. The nonlinear control law was derived directly based on an input-output approximating method via the Taylor expansion, which avoids complex control development and intensive computation. The stability of the closed-loop system was established by the Lyapunov method. The current fluctuation relative percentage is less than ±8% and heating rate is up to 6.32 ℃/min when the proposed controller is used. The experiment results show that the proposed control scheme is better than inverse neural network controller （INNC） and PID controller （PIDC）.

Antiferroelectricity in ZrO₂and Ferroelectricity in Zr, Al, La Doped HfO₂Nanoparticles

The dependence of the polarization P in Hf1-xZrxO2 nanoparticles on electric field, dopant concentration x, size and temperature are studied using the transverse Ising model and the Green’s function method. Pure ZrO2 shows at high electric fields an antiferroelectric behavior. Pure HfO2 is a linear dielectric in the monoclinic phase. With increasing ZrO2 content the of HZO shows a ferroelectric behavior. The composition dependence x of the remanent polarization Pr(x)?has a maximum for x = 0.5. For x = 0, pure HfO2, and x = 1, pure ZrO2, Pr=0.?P increases with decreasing HZO nanoparticle size. The influence of Al and La doping on Pr?in HfO2 nanoparticles is also studied. The exhibiting of the ferroelectricity in ion doped HfO2 is due to a phase transformation and to an internal strain effect. The observed results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data.

电场实时加载下煤层气解吸-扩散特性实验研究

为探究电场实时加载下煤层气解吸-扩散特性,揭示电场强化煤层气高效抽采的机理影响特征,设计并研发了可控电场强度下煤层气解吸-扩散实验系统;实验探究了电场加载下煤体的CH4和CO_(2)解吸-扩散变化特征,并通过幂函数扩散模型计算各场强作用下的CH4扩散系数。结果表明:不同吸附质在电场实时加载下煤层气解吸量均得到一定程度提升,但电场对CO_(2)解吸量影响特征更加明显,同时电场能够强化煤体瓦斯的初始解吸速度;与未加电场相比,特征场强为30、60、90 kV/m时CH4初始解吸速率提升了6.9%、15.3%、14.6%,而CO_(2)依次提升了3.4%、6.7%、9.2%;电场加载下煤体CH4幂函数扩散模型能够高度的与实验值相吻合,扩散系数具有随着加载场强的增大而逐渐增大变化特征,电场有利于煤中甲烷的解吸、扩散。

中国要素错配的时空演变研究

随着中国经济进入高质量发展阶段,提高要素配置效率成为当前发展的重要任务之一。基于多部门一般均衡模型,引入时空异质产出弹性生产函数,考虑资本、电力资源和异质性技能劳动力,量化分析2009—2021年中国284个地级以上城市要素错配的时空演化特征。研究发现:要素错配程度和方向存在较大时空异质性,资本、高技能劳动力和中等技能劳动力呈配置过度状态,电力资源和低技能劳动力呈配置不足状态。高技能劳动力配置呈空间收敛趋势,其他类型要素配置呈空间扩大趋势。资本和电力资源配置空间差异扩大源于西部地区配置过度加剧,低技能劳动力配置空间差异扩大源于西部地区配置不足加剧,中等技能劳动力配置空间差异较大源于东北地区配置不足严重。资本配置过度增加的城市数量大于配置不足增加的城市数量,电力资源配置过度增加的城市数量远大于配置不足减少的城市数量,高技能劳动力配置不足和配置过度的城市数量大幅下降,中等技能、低技能劳动力配置不足的城市数量增加。资源型城市要素错配问题比非资源型城市严重,尤其是成长型、成熟型资源城市。

基于功能性电刺激的肘部运动迭代学习控制研究

功能性电刺激(functional electrical stimulation,FES)是治疗脑卒中后运动障碍的重要方法。考虑到现有动力学建模方法复杂、控制精度有待提高,该文提出了一种基于FES的肘部运动的带有遗忘因子的迭代学习控制方法。该研究利用Hammerstein结构建立肘部肌肉骨骼模型,在此基础上设计了带有遗忘因子的迭代学习控制的FES系统。通过计算样本实际输出与模型输出角度之间的均方根误差和最大角度误差,检验所建立的肌骨模型的可靠性。通过仿真分析和实际控制实验,评估了闭环FES系统的控制效果,并与传统的迭代学习控制FES系统进行了对比,说明了控制方法的有效性。研究结果表明,所建立的肘部肌骨模型适用于研究电刺激下肘关节的运动特性,并且带有遗忘因子的迭代学习控制方法在肘部控制中表现出更优越的性能。

混合动力汽车动力系统功能分析及仿真研究

在混合动力设计开发前期,利用仿真软件对混合动力系统进行性能仿真和深入研究。通过阐述混合动力汽车动力系统的构型方案,分析了混合动力汽车的动力系统功能、驾驶操作模式以及控制策略。基于AVL CRUISE仿真软件,搭建了某款混合动力汽车的整车及动力系统仿真模型,并进行了整车动力性和经济性的仿真验证。仿真结果表明,混合动力车型性能和功能满足设计要求,为混合动力系统样车试验研究奠定基础。

电场作用对改进的HR神经元模型的同步影响

MSF,即主稳定函数,是一种使用Lyapunov指数理论来确定复杂同型网络同步状态的稳定性的工具.负的MSF值表明网络可以同步.我们构建了一种双变量HR模型来描述神经元在电场作用下的同步行为,将神经元尺寸和外加电场作为影响电场作用的调控因素,利用简化的MSF方法,研究主稳定函数MSF和电荷尺寸及外加电场的关系.结果显示,电场效应对神经网络同步的作用是丰富的.施加较强的恒定电场可以促进网络同步,而施加交变电场则会抑制同步.另外,神经元半径也会影响电场效应的作用结果,在较大的神经元半径下,神经网络会更容易同步.

CNN-ERI地质识别模型的研究与应用

基建工程对地质勘探精度的要求不断提高,研究人工智能技术在地质勘探数据分析处理中的应用具有重要意义。基于卷积神经网络技术的数据降维处理功能,提出一种改进的CNN-ERI地质识别模型,分析了该模型在地质识别方面的优越性,探讨了数据量和环境因素对模型识别精度的影响,并结合某隧洞工程,探析了模型的具体应用问题。

Theoretical and Experimental Sets of Choice Anode/Cathode Architectonics for High-Performance Full-Scale LIB Built-up Models

To control the power hierarchy design of lithium-ion battery(LIB)builtup sets for electric vehicles(EVs),we offer intensive theoretical and experimental sets of choice anode/cathode architectonics that can be modulated in full-scale LIB built-up models.As primary structural tectonics,heterogeneous composite superstructures of full-cell-LIB(anode//cathode)electrodes were designed in closely packed flower agave rosettes TiO2@C(FRTO@C anode)and vertical-star-tower LiFePO4@C(VST@C cathode)building blocks to regulate the electron/ion movement in the three-dimensional axes and orientation pathways.The superpower hierarchy surfaces and multi-directional orientation components may create isosurface potential electrodes with mobile electron movements,in-to-out interplay electron dominances,and electron/charge cloud distributions.This study is the first to evaluate the hotkeys of choice anode/cathode architectonics to assemble different LIB-electrode platforms with high-mobility electron/ion flows and high-performance capacity functionalities.Density functional theory calculation revealed that the FRTO@C anode and VST-(i)@C cathode architectonics are a superior choice for the configuration of full-scale LIB built-up models.The integrated FRTO@C//VST-(i)@C full-scale LIB retains a huge discharge capacity(~94.2%),an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85%after 2000 cycles at 1 C,and a high energy density of 127 Wh kg?1,thereby satisfying scale-up commercial EV requirements.

改性钢渣-橡胶复合功能材料导热性能分析

钢渣作为炼钢过程中的副产物,具有产量大、难处理、用途单一等特点,为解决上述问题,采用钢渣助磨改性剂(含乙二醇、三乙醇胺和无水乙醇)分别处理北区热闷渣、南区热闷渣、电炉渣和风淬渣制备改性钢渣微粉,再与炭黑等复合形成改性钢渣-橡胶复合功能材料。利用导热系数仪测试其导热系数,并提出有效体积分数因子α对Maxwell-Educken模型进行修正,研究结果表明:当钢渣助磨改性剂与电炉渣的质量比为1.5%、改性电炉渣替代炭黑比例为40%时,改性电炉渣-橡胶复合功能材料的导热系数为0.1869 W/(m·K),保温性能最好,且修正后的Maxwell-Educken模型对导热系数的理论计算值更为准确;同时,热氧老化前后,其交联密度低于未添加改性电炉渣的橡胶复合功能材料,说明改性电炉渣的加入破坏了橡胶与炭黑等物质形成的三维网状结构,提高了其保温性能。研究成果可为钢渣的高值化利用研究提供借鉴。

基于T-S模糊模型的下肢关节运动鲁棒跟踪控制

功能性电刺激是临床应用中主要的肢体智能康复技术之一,设计控制算法以有效提高关节运动控制精度和控制器的自适应问题一直是该领域的难题。基于T-S模糊模型,针对功能性电刺激下的膝关节的鲁棒跟踪控制,考虑患者个体的差异性,建立了具有参数不确定性的膝关节运动模型;基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,分析得到了鲁棒跟踪控制器存在的线性矩阵不等式条件,在Matlab平台上求得控制器的可行解,通过仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

BIM技术优化的特高压换流站电气安装方法

为解决特高压换流站电气安装工作量大、难度高等问题,设计了基于BIM技术的特高压换流站电气安装方法。通过电力管线BIM模型创建,对安装中的管线进行精准排布,保证特高压换流站电气安装效果;结合BIM技术和遗传算法进行安装资源均衡优化,并选取合适的适应度函数和遗传操作优化电气安装进度,实现更好的特高压换流站电气安装进度控制。经实验验证:其能解决特高压换流站电气安装中存在的各种问题,并且实时掌握安装进度,对各个阶段的安装成本进行管控。

基于T-S模糊模型的下肢关节运动跟踪控制

功能性电刺激是临床应用中主要的肢体智能康复技术之一,如何设计控制算法以有效提高关节运动控制精度和控制器的自适应问题一直是领域的难题。针对功能性电刺激下的下肢关节运动非线性控制,为实现膝关节角度在不同平衡点的跟踪控制,建立了电刺激下的膝关节运动的T-S模糊模型,引入虚拟期望轨迹,将跟踪控制问题转换为稳定性问题;基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,分析得到了二种跟踪控制器存在的线性矩阵不等式条件,并在Matlab平台上求得控制器的可行解,通过仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于仿真及神经网络的大型电磁脉冲模拟器近区场计算

本文针对大型电磁脉冲模拟器试验区域电场分布测量,设计了一种基于传递函数的近区场波形预估方法.该方法使用全波仿真获取初始传递函数,研究了基于频域数据的神经网络训练方法,建立了可以计算特定区域任意测点传递函数的神经网络模型.利用两套测量系统同时进行测量验证,结果表明:在40 m×40 m×10 m的范围内,该计算方法可以基于单一测点的实测结果计算任意点的电场波形,且基于该方法计算的电场波形与实测波形主波形幅值差异均小于3%,实测验证波形结果与预估结果基本一致.文中方法在满足试验区域为线性时不变(Linear Time Invariant,LTI)系统的情况下,可以应用于大型电磁脉冲模拟器的近区场快速预估计算.

基于数字建模技术的变电站直流辅助系统设计

针对变电站直流系统设计和校验问题,文中提出一种基于数字建模技术的变电站直流辅助系统设计方案。基于C/S结构构建变电站直流辅助系统,其中包括数据层、服务层、业务层、UI层;其次,设计系统的功能方案,包括基础数据库管理、设备库管理和工程库管理模块。直流电源系统计算方案由直流负荷统计与蓄电池容量选择、充电装置模块选择、电缆截面及直流断路器计算、直流断路器选择四部分,以及电缆合格校验和保护电器合格校验两大校验部分组成。利用某220 kV变电站实际工程进行直流辅助系统的工程测试。结果表明,所提系统功能完善,结果符合工程要求,且系统的精确度和准确度均满足实际使用要求。

电力市场短期电价预测算法的应用

电力在我国的经济发展和社会建设中有着重要作用,是基础性行业.电力价格对我国的工业生产以及人民的生活有很大的影响,因此受到社会的广泛关注.文章分析了电价的制定原则和电价的影响因素,并且对电力市场上短期电价的预测算法进行了研究,希望对我国电力市场的稳定、健康发展提供帮助.