Nonlinear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slit Shear Walls under Seismic Actions *

A reinforced concrete slit shear wall is a new breed of earthquake resistant structure recently proposed by the authors. In this paper, the seismic responses of the slit shear walls under the shake of earthquake excitation have been dealt with. Based on a simplified structural model, which is shown to have a sufficient accuracy for the real slit shear wall structure, the analysis focuses on the influence of nonlinear behavior of the connecting beams between the slits on the dynamic performance of the whole slit shear wall structure. It has been found that the yielding of connecting beams in a slit shear wall can provide significant improvement in reducing the structural responses, and by choosing an appropriate strength value for the connecting beams, it is possible to optimize the seismic response of the slit shear wall.

Post-fire cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete shear walls

The effects of fire exposure,reinforcement ratio and the presence of axial load under fire on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete(RC) shear walls were investigated.Five RC shear walls were tested under low cyclic loading.Prior to the cyclic test,three specimens were exposed to fire and two of them were also subjected to a constant axial load.Test results indicate that the ultimate load of the specimen with lower reinforcement ratio is reduced by 15.8%after exposure to elevated temperatures.While the reductions in the energy dissipation and initial stiffness are 59.2%and 51.8%,respectively,which are much higher than those in the ultimate load.However,this deterioration can be slowed down by properly increasing reinforcement due to the strength and stiffness recovery of steel bars after cooling.In addition,the combined action of elevated temperatures and axial load results in more energy dissipation than the action of fire exposure alone.

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Performance of Reinforced Concrete Short-Limb Shear Wall

On the basis of test, nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforcedconcrete (R. C) short-limb shear walls under monotonic horizontal load are carried out by ANSYSprogram in order to understand the evolution of cracking, deformation and failure course of thespecimens. At the same time, the results of numerical calculation are compared with the results oftest. The results indicate that, under monotonic horizontal load the failures of the specimens withflange wall and without flange wall all occur at the intersections of lintel bottom and limb ofwall, the failures also occur at the bottom of limb; the load-displacement curve of wall withoutflange is steeper than that of wall with flange, and the ductility is worse than that of wall withflange; the results, such as cracking, deformation, yield load and so on of finite element analysisagree well with the results of test. These results provide theoretical basis of study andapplication of R. C short-limb shear wall.

Performance index limits of high reinforced concrete shear wall components

The deformation performance index limits of high reinforced concrete （RC） shear wall components based on Chinese codes were discussed by the nonlinear finite element method. Two typical RC shear wall specimens in the previous work were first used to verify the correctness of the nonlinear finite element method. Then, the nonlinear finite element method was applied to study the deformability of a set of high RC shear wall components designed according to current Chinese codes and with shear span ratio λ≥2.0. Parametric studies were made on the influence of shear span ratio, axial compression ratio, ratio of flexural capacity to shear capacity and main flexural reinforcement ratio of confined botmdary members. Finally, the deformation performance index and its limits of high RC shear wall components under severe earthquakes were proposed by the finite element model results, which offers a reference in determining the performance status of RC shear wall components designed based on Chinese codes.

Experimental studies on behavior of fully grouted reinforced-concrete masonry shear walls

An experimental study is conducted on fully grouted reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) made from concrete blocks with a new configuration. Ten RMSWs are tested under reversed cyclic lateral load to investigate the influence of different reinforcements and applied axial stress values on their seismic behavior. The results show that flexural strength increases with the applied axial stress, and shear strength dominated by diagonal cracking increases with both the amount of horizontal reinforcement and applied axial stress. Yield displacement, ductility, and energy dissipation capability can be improved substantially by increasing the amount of horizontal reinforcement. The critical parameters for the walls are derived from the experiment: displacement ductility values corresponding to 15% strength degradation of the walls reach up to 2.6 and 4.5 in the shear and flexure failure modes, respectively; stiffness values of flexure- and shear-dominated walls rapidly degrade to 17%–19% and 48%–57% of initial stiffness at 0.50 Dmax (displacement at peak load). The experiment suggests that RMSWs could be assigned a higher damping ratio (～14%) for collapse prevention design and a lower damping value (～7%) for a fully operational limit state or serviceability limit state.

Analysis on Construction Quality Control Technology of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structure

In the process of continuous development of construction enterprises, new requirements have been put forward for construction projects. By strengthening the construction quality control of reinforced concrete shear wall structure, the construction level of reinforced concrete can be continuously improved, the construction quality can be guaranteed, and the construction project can be successfully completed, which is worthy of extensive application and promotion in construction enterprises, thus providing a broader development space for construction enterprises.

Experimental and analytical study on seismic behavior of steel-concrete multienergy dissipation composite shear walls

In this paper, a steel-concrete multi-energy dissipation composite shear wall, comprised of steel-reinforced concrete （SRC） columns, steel plate （SP） deep beams, a concrete wall and energy dissipation strips, is proposed. In order to study the multi-energy dissipation behavior and restorability after an earthquake, two stages of low cyclic loading tests were carded out on ten test specimens. In the first stage, test on five specimens with different number of SP deep beams was carried out, and the test lasted until the displacement drift reached 2%. In the second stage, thin SPs were welded to both sides of the five specimens tested in the first stage, and the same test was carried out on the repaired specimens （designated as new specimens）. The load-bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic behavior and failure characteristics were analyzed for both stages and the results are discussed herein. Extrapolating from these results, strength calculation models and formulas are proposed herein and simulations using ABAQUS carried out, they show good agreement with the test results. The study demonstrates that SRC columns, SP deep beams, concrete wall and energy dissipation strips cooperate well and play an important role in energy dissipation. In addition, this study shows that the shear wall has good recoverability after an earthquake, and that the welding of thin SP＇s to repair a deformed wall is a practicable technique.

High-Rise Residential Reinforced Concrete Building Optimisation

In the last few decades structure optimisation has become a main task in a civil engineering project. As a matter of fact, due to the complexity and particularity of every structure, the great amount of variables and design criteria to considerate and many other factors, a general optimisation’s method is not simple to formulate. As a result, this paper focuses on how to provide a successful optimisation method for a particular building type, high-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The optimization method is based on decomposition of the main structure into substructures: floor system, vertical load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and foundation system;then each of the subsystems using the design criteria established at the building codes is improved. Due to the effect of the superstructure optimisation on the foundation system, vertical and lateral load resisting system is the last to be considered after the improvement of floor. Finally, as a case example, using the method explained in the paper, a 30-story-high high-rise residential building complex is analysed and optimised, achieving good results in terms of structural behaviour and diminishing the overall cost of the structure.

Performance evaluation of low-rise infilled reinforced concrete frames designed by considering local effects on column shear demand

The interactions between reinforced concrete(RC)frames and infill walls play an important role in the seismic response of frames,particularly for low-rise frames.Infill walls can increase the overall lateral strength and stiffness of the frame owing to their high strength and stiffness.However,local wall-frame interactions can also lead to increased shear demand in the columns owing to the compressive diagonal strut force from the infill wall,which can result in failure or in serious situations,collapse.In this study,the effectiveness of a design strategy to consider the complex infill wall interaction was investigated.The approach was used to design example RC frames with infill walls in locations with different seismicity levels in Thailand.The performance of these frames was assessed using nonlinear static,and dynamic analyses.The performance of the frames and the failure modes were compared with those of frames designed without considering the infill wall or the local interactions.It was found that even though the overall responses of the buildings designed with and without consideration of the local interaction of the infill walls were similar in terms the overall lateral strength,the failure modes were different.The proposed method can eliminate the column shear failure from the building.Finally,the merits and limitations of this approach are discussed and summarized.

Collapse Patterns and Their Discrimination of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Under Combined Stresses of Compression and Shear due to Strong Earthquake

The collapse patterns of reinforced concrete(RC)shear walls under seismic load are proposed.The crack distribution and propagation of shear walls are specifically based on the failure criterions of Mohr-Coulomb with tension cutoff.Three zones and five different corresponding failure modes of RC shear walls are determined according to the transfer path of shear stress in shear wall.These failure modes of shear walls under seismic load are verified by many experimental results and can be utilized in collapsing analysis for frame-shear wall structure.

Effect of Eccentric Shear Stiffness of Walls on Structural Response of RC Frame Buildings

Current research study consists of determining the optimum location of the shear wall to get the maximum structural efficiency of a reinforced concrete frame building. It consists of a detailed analysis and design review of a seven-story reinforced concrete building to understand the effect of shear wall location on the response of reinforced concrete structures when subjected to different earthquake forces. Three trail locations of shear walls are selected and their performance is monitored in terms of structural response under different lateral loads. Required objectives are achieved by obtaining design and construction drawings of an existing reinforced concrete structure and modeling it on Finite Element Method (FEM) based computer software. The structure is redesigned and discussed with four different configurations (one without shear wall and three with shear walls). Main framing components (Beams, Columns and Shear walls) of the superstructure are designed using SAP 2000 V. 19.0 whereas substructure (foundation) of RC building was?designed using SAFE. American Concrete Institute (ACI) design specifications were used to calculate the cracked section stiffness or non-linear geometrical properties of the cracked section. Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) procedures were adopted to calculate the lateral earthquake loading on the structures. Structural response of the building was monitored at each story level for each earthquake force zone described by the UBC-97. The earthquake lateral forces were considered in both X and Y direction of the building. Each configuration of shear wall is carefully analyzed and effect of its location is calibrated by the displacement response of the structure. Eccentricity to the lateral stiffness of the building is imparted by changing the location of shear walls. Results of the study have shown that the location of shear wall significantly affects the lateral response of the structure under earthquake forces. It also motivates to carefully decide the center of lateral stiffness of building prior to deciding the location of shear walls.

Structural Analysis of a RC Shear Wall by Use of a Truss Model

Purpose of present work is to develop a reliable and simple method for structural analysis of RC Shear Walls. The shear wall is simulated by a truss model as the bar of a truss is the simplest finite element. An iterative method is used. Initially, there are only concrete bars. Repeated structural analyses are performed. After each structural analysis, every concrete bar exceeding tensile strength is replaced by a steel bar. For every concrete bar exceeding compressive strength, first its section area is increased. If this is not enough, a steel bar is placed at the side of it. For every steel bar exceeding tensile or compressive strength, its section area is increased. After the end of every structural analysis, if all concrete and steel bars fall within tensile and compressive strengths, the output data are written and the analysis is terminated. Otherwise, the structural analysis is repeated. As all the necessary conditions (static, elastic, linearized geometric) are satisfied and the stresses of ALL concrete and steel bars fall within the tensile and compressive strengths, the results are acceptable. Usually, the proposed method exhibits a fast convergence in 4 - 5 repeats of structural analysis of the RC Shear Wall.

HPC端部加强双钢板组合剪力墙的抗震性能

为研究高性能混凝土端部加强双钢板组合剪力墙受力机理及破坏形态,以轴压比、腹部普通混凝土强度等级为关键参数,设计了4片普通试件,7片HPC端部加强试件,运用ABAQUS构建其有限元模型,研究其抗震性能。结果表明:同轴压比下,HPC端部加强试件相比普通试件屈服荷载提高16.30%,峰值荷载提升13.40%;随着轴压比提高,HPC端部加强试件峰值荷载和屈服荷载分别提高7.22%和2.72%,随着轴压比减小,HPC端部加强试件延性提升22.26%;提高腹部腔体混凝土强度等级,HPC端部加强试件的屈服荷载和峰值荷载分别提高13.01%和11.14%,延性提升16.91%。

单钢板混凝土剪力墙结构钢筋工程施工策划及实施

单钢板混凝土剪力墙结构是钢-混凝土组合剪力墙结构形式中的一种,可通过钢结构与钢筋混凝土结构的协同工作,充分发挥各自的优势。在钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构中配置端部型钢和钢板,会造成钢结构与混凝土结构相互交叉影响,改变钢筋混凝土剪力墙的施工工艺,因此要提前策划、采取应对措施,在满足结构设计和规范要求的前提下,做到钢结构快速精准安装,为后续插入钢筋绑扎工程创造条件,合理预留与钢筋工程的连接条件。钢筋骨架设置于钢结构外侧,要解决钢筋垂直于钢结构受到阻挡时采取的穿越/连接节点作法,以及整体钢筋施工工艺的梳理,使钢筋绑扎工程能够既符合要求,又能快速、有序安装,提高功效、保证质量。

集中配筋连接预制剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

针对现有预制混凝土剪力墙接缝施工容错率低、混凝土现场浇筑作业量大和钢筋锚固过长等不足,提出一种使用超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的集中配筋连接预制剪力墙。通过对比1片现浇剪力墙试件、3片不同接缝形式的集中配筋连接预制剪力墙试件的拟静力试验结果,揭示该类预制剪力墙的破坏规律和抗震性能、竖缝对墙体抗震性能的影响和连接钢筋的受力特点。采用ABAQUS软件对试件进行有限元模拟,分析轴压比和集中配筋率对试件抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:预制试件与现浇试件具有相同的破坏规律,均为弯剪破坏;这2类试件的滞回曲线均较饱满,骨架曲线走势基本一致,耗能能力接近,且预制试件的最小承载力仅比现浇试件低5.6%,表明预制试件的抗震性能与现浇试件的抗震性能基本相同;竖缝对剪力墙承载力的影响较小,使剪力墙的延性和耗能能力有一定的削弱;不同竖缝形式预制墙的抗震性能相近但各有特点,竖缝形式预制墙采用UHPC出筋搭接具有更好的整体性,采用U形键槽的预制墙具有更大的刚度和更强的耗能能力;连接钢筋的应力分布具有典型受弯构件的特征;随着轴压比增加,模型的刚度和承载力不断增加,在轴压比从0.05增加到0.30时,最大的峰值荷载增幅发生在轴压比从0.05到0.10时,从承载力的提高、刚度、耗能和墙角抬高等方面考虑,试件的集中配筋率保持在90%~110%为宜。

塑性铰区加强方式对高强混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响

为研究塑性铰区加强方式对高强混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的影响,首先,开展4片高强钢筋高强混凝土剪力墙的低周反复荷载试验与ABAQUS有限元模拟;其次,分析塑性铰区采用添加钢纤维、加密箍筋、外包钢板3种加强方式对剪力墙破坏形态、滞回特性、承载力与变形能力、强度与刚度退化、耗能能力以及塑性铰发展长度等方面的影响机理;最后,提出适用于高强钢筋高强混凝土剪力墙的等效塑性铰长度与承载力计算方法。研究结果表明:3种加强方式均有利于减轻墙体损伤程度,降低剪切变形占比,提高变形与耗能能力;当3种方式加强段高度相同时,添加钢纤维的方式对墙体破坏形态作用最明显;墙底部外包合理厚度的钢板可以使墙体塑性铰充分发展,形成双塑性铰区,从而使试件峰值荷载提高17.7%、极限位移角提高75.0%。基于简化的曲率分布与塑性变形基本假定,考虑力的平衡关系、弯曲与剪切变形的协调关系,本文提出的等效塑性铰长度计算方法与水平承载力计算方法精度较高。

拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比RC剪力墙受剪试验研究

近年来,高层建筑中底部剪力墙因受拉,处于拉-压变轴力和水平荷载耦合受力的问题得到了广泛的关注。为了研究拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的受剪性能,该文完成了3个剪跨比为1.0的RC剪力墙在拉-压变轴力下的往复受剪试验,研究参数为拉-压变轴力变化幅值和加载路径。结果表明:不同加载路径下RC墙均在压剪方向发生剪压破坏,压剪方向极限位移角为1.2%~1.4%;拉-压变轴力变化幅值改变墙体拉剪和压剪承载力,加载路径对墙体的拉剪强度有一定的影响,但对压剪强度影响很小;拉-压变轴力下剪力墙的滞回曲线呈现明显不对称现象,拉-压变轴力的变化幅值对滞回曲线的形状影响较小,但加载路径改变滞回曲线的形状;拉-压变轴力的变化幅值将增加剪力墙拉剪与压剪刚度的差别,在双肢墙结构中可能导致更多的剪力从受拉墙体转移到受压墙体;基于OpenSees建立了可准确模拟拉-压变轴力下RC剪力墙受剪行为的有限元模型。

钢板混凝土剪力墙拉弯剪性能试验研究

超高层建筑“细柔”特征容易引起底部剪力墙在强震下处于拉-弯-剪复合受力状态,中国《超限高层建筑工程抗震设防专项审查技术要点》(建质[2015]67号)建议墙肢采用配置型钢/钢板的方式来改善该种抗震性能,但缺乏相关试验研究。为此,进行了6片钢板混凝土剪力墙的低周往复荷载试验,研究了轴拉比、含钢率及剪跨比对墙肢拉弯剪性能的影响。研究表明:拉弯剪作用引起钢板混凝土剪力墙密集的裂缝分布和显著的钢材强化,并导致其剪切-拉弯耦合破坏。轴拉比增大,墙肢承载力、初始抗侧刚度和延性分别降低22%、41%和39%;剪跨比减小,墙肢承载力和抗侧刚度至少提升23%;同时增大含钢率和降低剪跨比,墙肢延性提高10%。相比其他国家规范,中国规范对拉弯剪作用下钢板混凝土剪力墙的抗剪承载力预测效果更好,但其未能考虑高含钢率对裂面销栓力的影响,故建议采用暗柱的初始含钢率进行修正。

钢筋混凝土剪力墙抗震滞回性能的多元时序深度神经网络预测

钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能优越且造价合理,广泛用于抗震烈度较高的地区。准确地预测剪力墙的滞回性能与骨架曲线,直接决定了结构设计与分析的准确度与可靠性。该文提出了一种基于深度学习的剪力墙结构滞回性能预测方法,可以根据结构的基本设计参数(如材料属性、几何尺寸、荷载工况等),直接预测出其承载力。通过3组剪力墙的滞回试验预测1组结构的滞回曲线,结果表明:通过比较时域的特征,深度学习方法具有较高的预测精度。通过与有限元仿真结果对比,深度学习仅需输入不同参数就能够快速预测滞回曲线,其优势还在于具有较高的计算效率,而有限元仿真需要几何建模、本构模型选取、材料属性输入和荷载工况定义,整个过程相较于深度学习耗时耗力。

高延性混凝土局部置换加固剪力墙抗震性能试验分析

为探究高延性混凝土在提升剪力墙抗震性能方面的作用,文中研究制备了改性活性粉末混凝土,其中添加了聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维。制作三组剪力墙试件,利用高延性混凝土对第三组试件进行局部置换加固,另外两组作为对照组。通过向试件施加垂直载荷与水平载荷模拟地震作用,观察其破坏形态、位移量、钢筋应变。经对比可知,加固试件的承载能力、变形消能效果均强于对照组,说明加固后的剪力墙具有更好的抗震性能。