Exploring the impact of Nafion modifier on electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction over Cu catalyst

Nafion as a universal polymer ionomer was widely applied for nanocatalysts electrode preparation.However,the effect of Nafion on electrocatalytic performance was often overlooked,especially for CO_(2)electrolysis.Herein,the key roles of Nafion for CO_(2)RR were systematically studied on Cu nanoparticles(NPs)electrocatalyst.We found that Nafion modifier not only inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)by decreasing the accessibility of H_(2)O from electrolyte to Cu NPs,and increase the CO_(2)concentration at electrocatalyst interface for enhancing the CO_(2)mass transfer process,but also activate CO_(2)molecule by Lewis acid-base interaction between Nafion and CO_(2)to accelerate the formation of^(*)CO,which favor of C–C coupling for boosting C_(2)product generation.Owing to these features,the HER selectivity was suppressed from 40.6%to 16.8%on optimal Cu@Nafion electrode at-1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),and as high as 73.5%faradaic efficiencies(FEs)of C_(2)products were achieved at the same applied potential,which was 2.6 times higher than that on bare Cu electrode(~28.3%).In addition,Nafion also contributed to the long-term stability by hinder Cu NPs morphology reconstruction.Thus,this work provides insights into the impact of Nafion on electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR performance.

A review of ultra-high temperature heat-resistant energetic materials

Heat-resistant energetic materials refer to a type of energetic materials that possess a high melting point,high stability and operational safety. By studying the structures of these energetic materials has showed that the thermal stability can be enhanced by introducing amino groups to form intra/inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, constructing conjugate systems and designing symmetrical structures. This article aims to review the physical and chemical properties of ultra-high temperature heat-resistant energetic compounds and provide valuable theoretical insights for the preparation of ultra-high temperature heatresistant energetic materials. We also analyze the selected 20 heat-resistant energetic materials with decomposition temperatures higher than 350℃, serving as templates for the synthesis of various highperformance heat-resistant energetic materials.

Additive manufacturing of heat-resistant aluminum alloys: a review

The capability for synergistic advancements in both making and shaping afforded by additive manufacturing(AM) enables the flexible production of high-performance components. Boosted by the growing demand for heat-resistant aluminum alloys in the moderate-temperature weight-critical applications, AM of heat-resistant aluminum alloys constitutes a burgeoning field. Although numerous advances have emerged in recent years, there remains a gap in the review literature elucidating the newly-developed alloy systems and critically evaluating the efficacy. This state-of-the-art review presents a detailed overview of recent achievements on the heat-resistant aluminum alloy development. It begins with the introduction of various AM technologies and the pros and cons of each technique are evaluated. The enhancement mechanisms associated with printability and high-temperature properties of AM aluminum alloys are then delineated. Thereafter, the various additively manufactured aluminum alloy systems are discussed with regard to the microstructure, heat resistance and high-temperature performance. An emphasis is put on the powder bed fusion-laser beam(PBF-LB) as it has garnered significant attention for heat-resistant aluminum alloys and the vast majority of the current studies are based on this technique. Finally, perspectives are outlined to provide guidance for future research.

Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles as surface modifier enables deposition of high quality perovskite films for ultra-flexible photovoltaics

Advanced photovoltaics,such as ultra-flexible perovskite solar cells(UF-PSCs),which are known for their lightweight design and high power-to-mass ratio,have been a long-standing goal that we,as humans,have continuously pursued.Unlike normal PSCs fabricated on rigid substrates,producing high-efficiency UF-PSCs remains a challenge due to the difficulty in achieving full coverage and minimizing defects of metal halide perovskite(MHP)films.In this study,we utilized Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles(NPs)as an inorganic surface modifier to enhance the wettability and reduce the roughness of poly-bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine simultaneously.This approach proves essentials in fabricating UF-PSCs,enabling the deposition of uniform and dense MHP films with full coverage and fewer defects.We systematically investigated the effect of Al_(2)O_(3) NPs on film formation,combining simulation with experiments.Our strategy not only significantly increases the power conversion efficiency(PCE)from 11.96%to 16.33%,but also promotes reproducibility by effectively addressing the short circuit issue commonly encountered in UF-PSCs.Additionally,our UF-PSCs demonstrates good mechanical stability,maintaining 98.6%and 79.0%of their initial PCEs after 10,000 bending cycles with radii of 1.0 and 0.5 mm,respectively.

Research advancements in phosphogypsum crystal modifiers

The excessive demand for phosphorus-based fertilizers is contributing to the undesired byproduct of phosphogypsum(PG),typically found in large quantities in phosphoric acid industry.Without proper management,this industrial waste poses a significant environmental pollution risk.Current technologies are struggle to effectively handle the volume of PG produced,but one promising solution is its conversion into hemihydrate gypsum(CaSO_(4)·0.5 H_(2)O,HH).HH can exist in two phases,α-HH andβ-HH,withα-hemihydrate gypsum(α-HH)being preferred for its complete crystal structure and lower water requirement for hydration.The morphology ofα-HH gypsum is crucial for its material applications,and controlling crystal morphology is possible through the use of suitable crystal modifiers.This review explores various aspects of crystal modifiers and highlights their role in the preparation ofα-HH from PG.It suggests that leveraging the interfacial properties of PG could lead to innovative applications.Additionally,the review outlines future directions for PG development and identifies challenges to be addressed in the next steps.

Nucleoside modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticles as a new delivery platform for the repair of the injured spinal cord

Spinal cord injury and treatment opportunities:The adult mammalian spinal cord has a very limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration due to various intrinsic molecular and cellular factors.Although the spinal cord neurons have the capacity to regenerate their axons,the expression of growth inhibitory factors,lack or suppression of proper guidance cues,and profound inflammatory responses do not permit successful regeneration(Khyeam et al.,2021).

Development and Application of a Heat-resistant Low Ni Steel Modified by Rare Earth for Furnace Roller

The low Ni steel modified hy rare earth(3Cr24NiTSiN with an addition of 0.3% Ce)for furnace roller has been developed.Due to the RE(rare earth)addition,a dense oxide film is formed on the steel surface at high temperature,and the oxidation rate is decreased.This film has so good adhesion to the matrix that it will not be peeled off easily.The RE modified steel has excellent oxidation resistance and thermal strength even if being used continuously for a long period at high temperature.This steel roller has a service life of about 4 years com- parable to high Ni steel ones,so the low Ni steel can replace high Ni steel to make furnace roller.The Ni content of this material can be reduced by 65% in comparison with Cr25Ni20Si2 steel,The low Ni steel has better pro- eessing properties including melting,casting and working properties than that of high Ni ones.

Experimental Study and a Modified Model for Temperature-Recovery Stress of Shape Memory Alloy Wire under Different Temperatures

To investigate the performance of utilizing the shape memory effect of SMA(Shape Memory Alloy)wire to generate recovery stress,this paper performed single heating recovery stress tests and reciprocating heating-cooling recovery stress tests on SMA wire under varying initial strain conditions.The effects of various strains and different energized heating methods on the recovery stress of SMA wires were explored in the single heating tests.The SMA wire was strained from 2%to 8%initially,and two distinct heating approaches were employed:one using a large current interval for rapid heating and one using a small current interval for slower heating.The experimental outcomes reveal that during a single heating cycle,the temperature-recovery stress relationship of SMA wire exhibits three distinct stages:the martensite phase stage,the transition stage from martensite to austenite phase,and the austenite phase stage.Notably,the choice of heating method does not influence the maximum recovery stress value,and the correlation between initial strain and maximum recovery stress is predominantly linear.Moreover,conducting the reciprocating temperature rise and fall performance test is important to better simulate the scenario in practical engineering where multiple recovery stress in SMA wires for structural repair.In this test,two temperature cycling methods were studied:interval rise and fall,as well as direct rise and fall.In the case of utilizing the interval temperature rise and fall method,it was observed that the recovery stress associated with cooling was significantly higher than that corresponding to heating at the same temperature.Furthermore,the recovery stress was lower upon subsequent heating than that measured during the previous heating cycle.Based on the experimental results,a prediction model for the temperature-recovery stress relationship has been proposed to simplify numerical calculations.It is hoped that an approximate temperaturerecovery stress curve can be obtained from the parameters of the SMA wire.The calculated values derived from this model show good alignment with the measured values,indicating its reliability.

Modified Pulsatilla decoction alleviates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis by modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND Modified Pulsatilla decoction(PD),a PD with licorice and ejiao,is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula with significant efficacy in treating intestinal mucositis(IM)induced by tumor therapy.However,its specific molecular and biological mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of modified PD in IM.METHODS This study used an IM mouse model established using 5-fluorouracil injections to investigate the effects of the modified PD(3,6,and 12 g/kg)in IM.The primary chemical components of the modified PD were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Body weight loss,diarrhea scores,intestinal length,histopathological scores,and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured to evaluate the effects of the modified PD in IM.Effects on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway were evaluated using western blot analysis.The intestinal microbiota was characterized using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing.RESULTS The results showed that modified PD significantly improved weight loss and diarrhea and shortened the intestines in IM mice.Mechanistically,modified PD suppressed the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and downregulated the expression of reactive oxygen species,lipopolysaccharides,and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-6,IL-8,and IL-17),while increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.Furthermore,modified PD protected the intestinal mucosal barrier by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins(occludin-1,claudin-1,and ZO-1)and mucin-2.Finally,16S rDNA sequencing revealed that modified PD improved intestinal dysbiosis.CONCLUSION Our research offers new insights into the potential mechanism of modified PD in alleviating IM and provides experimental evidence supporting its pharmaceutical application in clinical IM treatment.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Sm series heat-resistant magnesium alloys

The microstructures and phase compositions of the as-cast and die-cast Mg-6.02Al-1.03 Sm, Mg-6.05Al-0.98Sm-0.56 Bi and Mg-5.95Al-1.01Sm-0.57 Zn alloys were investigated. Meanwhile, the tensile mechanical and flow properties were tested. The results show that the as-cast microstructure of Mg-6.02Al-1.03 Sm alloy is composed of δ-Mg matrix, discontinuous δ-Mg17Al12 phase and small block Al2 Sm phase with high thermal stability. Rod Mg3Bi2 phase precipitates when Bi is added, while the added metal Zn dissolves into δ-Mg matrix and δ-Mg17Al12 phase. The as-cast alloys exhibit the excellent tensile mechanical property. The tensile strength（δb） and elongation（δ） can reach 205-235 MPa and 8.5%-16.0% at ambient temperature, respectively. Meanwhile, they can also exceed 160 MPa and 14.0% at 423 K, respectively. The die-cast microstructures are refined obviously, and meanwhile the broken second phases distribute dispersedly. The die-cast alloys exhibit better tensile mechanical properties with the values of δb and δ of 240-285 MPa and 8.5%-16.5% at ambient temperature, respectively, and excellent flow property with the flow length of 1870-2420 mm. The die-cast tensile fractures at ambient temperature exhibit a typical character of ductile fracture.

Effects of different modifiers on the properties of wood-polymer composites

Wood-polymer composites (WPC) were prepared from wood fiber and four kinds of plastics such as PE, PS, ABS, and SAN. The effects of different modifiers on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The results showed modifiers could raise the bonding strength of wood fiber with polymer and improve the mechanical properties of the composites. Different modifiers had different effects on the properties of wood-polymer composites, and comparatively the modifier of isocyanate produced a better result. Wood-polymer composite takes not only the advantages of both wood fiber and polymer, but waterproof, dimensional stability and dynamic strength are also significantly improved. Key word Wood fiber - Thermoplastic polyester - Wood-polymer composites - Modifier - Mechanical properties CLC number TB332 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the Harbin Technology Tackle Key Plan (Development Research of Wood-Polymer Composites with High Wood Matrix) and by Heilongjing Nature Science Fund (Composite Mechanism Study of the Wood Polymer).Biography: XU Min (1963-), Female, Associate professor in Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

INFLUENCES OF MODIFIERS ON SURFACE PROPERTIES OF WHITE CARBON BLACK AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICONE RUBBER

Various of modifiers were used to modify the surface activity of white carbon black. The oil absorption, viscosity, hydrophobic rate and burning loss of white carbon black and the mechanical propertiess of silicone rubber were measured. The influences of the modifiers on the properties of white carbon black and the mechanical properties of silicone rubber were discussed.

Construction of Electrocatalytic and Heat-Resistant Self-Supporting Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Boosting the utilization efficiency of sulfur electrodes and suppressing the“shuttle effect”of intermediate polysulfides remain the critical challenge for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).However,most of reported sulfur electrodes are not competent to realize the fast conversion of polysulfides into insoluble lithium sulfides when applied with high sulfur loading,as well as to mitigate the more serious shuttle effect of polysulfides,especially when worked at an elevated temperature.Herein,we reported a unique structural engineering strategy of crafting a unique hierarchical multifunctional electrode architecture constructed by rooting MOF-derived CoS2/carbon nanoleaf arrays(CoS2-CNA)into a nitrogen-rich 3D conductive scaffold(CTNF@CoS2-CNA)for LSBs.An accelerated electrocatalytic effect and improved polysulfide redox kinetics arising from CoS2-CNA were investigated.Besides,the strong capillarity effect and chemisorption of CTNF@CoS2-CNA to polysulfides enable high loading and efficient utilization of sulfur,thus leading to high-performance LIBs performed not only at room temperature but also up to an elevated temperature(55°C).Even with the ultrahigh sulfur loading of 7.19 mg cm?2,the CTNF@CoS2-CNA/S cathode still exhibits high rate capacity at 55°C.

Effect of RE addition on solidification process and high-temperature strength of Al-12%Si-4%Cu-1.6%Mn heat-resistant alloy

The effect of RE addition on solidification process and high-temperature strength of Al-12%Si-4%Cu-1.6%Mn(in wt.%)heat-resistant alloy was investigated by microstructure observation and tensile test.A great number of fine needle-like RE-rich phases are observed in the alloys with RE addition. Solutionizing treatment does not change their morphologies and sizes, indicating that they have good thermal stability. The addition of RE totally alters the solidification process of eutectic CruAl2 phase, from network-like phase in the form of segregation at the final eutectic grain boundaries to discretely blocky phase growing on the hair-filamentous RE-rich needles. In the alloys with Ce addition, blocky CuAl2, particulate Al15Mn3Si2 and needle-like RE-rich needle phases grow together, but they did not occur in the alloy with only La addition. The addition of RE does not considerably improve the strength of the alloy at high temperatures. The formation of RE-rich phases also does not significantly alter the originating and propagating of micro-cracks in the alloy during tensile test.

Determination of Nickel and Palladium in Environmental Samples by Low Temperature ETV-ICP-OES Coupled with Liquid-liquid Extraction with Dimethylglyoxime as Both Extractant and Chemical Modifier

A novel method for the determination of nickel and palladium in environmental samples by low temperature ETV-ICP-OES with dimethylglyoxime（DMG） as both the extractant and chemical modifier has been developed. In this study, it was found that nickel and palladium can form complexes with dimethylglyoxime（0. 05%, mass fraction） at pH 6.0 and can be extracted into chloroform quantitatively. The complexes can be evaporated into plasma at a suita-ble temperature（ 1400℃） for ICP-OES detection. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of nickel and palladium are 0.48 and 0. 40 ng/mL, respectively, while the RSD values are separately 5.0% and 3.1% （p = 50 ng/mL, n = 7）. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the target analytes in environmental sam-ples with satisfactory results.

MODIFICATION OF CeO_2 AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HEAT-RESISTANCE OF SILICONE RUBBER

By means of the wet chemical surface modification,the surface of CeO_2 was modified by vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS).Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the structure of the modified CeO_2 and the result showed that VTMS has been attached onto the surface of CeO_2.Effect of VTMS concentration on the active index of the modified CeO_2 was also studied,and the result indicated that the active index of the modified CeO_2 increases with the increase of VTMS concentration and the optimal concentration o...

Morphology Control of SrCO_3 Crystals using Complexons as Modifiers in the Ethanol-water mixtures

Using SrC12-6H2O and Na2CO3 as the main raw materials and adding different complexons as modifiers with simple co-precipitation method, SrCO3 crystals with distinct morphologies like spherical, bundle-like, overlapping plate-like, hexagonal star-like, dumbbell-like, etc. can be synthesized in the ethanol-water mixtures. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Fourier transform infrared spectrograph （FT-IR）. The interrelated effect mechanism is presented in the end. Results show that the modifier carboxyl groups play a significant role in controlling the SrCO3 crystal morphologies, which can alter the crystal growth unit （Sr^2＋） supply mode and induce the crystal formation with the morphologies matching their spatial configurations.

Impact of viscosity modifier on asphalt properties used for bus rapid transit lanes in Chengdu

In order to find the effect of different viscosity modifier dosages on asphalt binder＇s performance in bus rapid transit lanes in the city of Chengdu, three different viscosity modifiers were analyzed： TAFPACK-super （TPS）, high-viscosity additive （HVA） and road-science- technology （RST）, and four different asphalt binders were investigated through laboratory experiments. The percent- ages of the viscosity modifiers used were： TPS （0%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%） and RST and HVA （8% and 12%） depending on the type of asphalt binder. Technical indicators of modifier asphalt were tested through con- ventional and unconventional binder tests. It has been found out that only a percentage greater than or equal to 14% TPS is reasonable to achieve the requirement set by 20,000 Pa. s for the 60℃ dynamic viscosity on local #70 grade asphalt. The results indicate that conventional bin- ders did not meet the requirements of the 60℃ dynamic viscosity when 12% of TPS or HVA modifiers were used. In addition, the B-type styrene-butadienne-styrene （SBS） modified asphalt binder has better viscosity balance than the A-type SBS modified when 8% of each of the three different kinds of viscosity modifiers is used. Therefore, the B-type modified SBS thus appears to be a suitable choice in asphalt mixtures for bus rapid transit lane with the 60℃ dynamic viscosity.

On Post-modifier in English

Just now,pre-modifiers are used more and more frequent than post-modifier in the development of Modern English.The post-modifier also a means of modification has received relatively little attention.In this paper,a basic analysis will be made regarding the types,directions and some comparisons of post-modifiers in forms of examples.Also included are methods suggested to cope with the problems on choosing exact usages.

Achieving a high-strength dissimilar joint of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel via friction stir welding

The reliable welding of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel is a considerable issue for ensuring the safety in service of ultrasupercritical power generation unit and nuclear fusion reactor,but the high-quality dissimilar joint of these two steels was difficult to be obtained by traditional fusion welding methods.Here we improved the structure-property synergy in a dissimilar joint of T91 steel to 316L steel via friction stir welding.A defect-free joint with a large bonding interface was produced using a small-sized tool under a relatively high welding speed.The bonding interface was involved in a mixing zone with both mechanical mixing and metallurgical bonding.No obvious material softening was detected in the joint except a negligible hardness decline of only HV~10 in the heat-affected zone of the T91 steel side due to the formation of ferrite phase.The welded joint exhibited an excellent ultimate tensile strength as high as that of the 316L parent metal and a greatly enhanced yield strength on account of the dependable bonding and material renovation in the weld zone.This work recommends a promising technique for producing high-strength weldments of dissimilar nuclear steels.