Influence of heat treatment on microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behavior of WE43 alloy fabricated by laser-beam powder bed fusion

Magnesium(Mg)alloys are considered to be a new generation of revolutionary medical metals.Laser-beam powder bed fusion(PBF-LB)is suitable for fabricating metal implants withpersonalized and complicated structures.However,the as-built part usually exhibits undesirable microstructure and unsatisfactory performance.In this work,WE43 parts were firstly fabricated by PBF-LB and then subjected to heat treatment.Although a high densification rate of 99.91%was achieved using suitable processes,the as-built parts exhibited anisotropic and layeredmicrostructure with heterogeneously precipitated Nd-rich intermetallic.After heat treatment,fine and nano-scaled Mg24Y5particles were precipitated.Meanwhile,theα-Mg grainsunderwent recrystallization and turned coarsened slightly,which effectively weakened thetexture intensity and reduced the anisotropy.As a consequence,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were significantly improved to(250.2±3.5)MPa and(312±3.7)MPa,respectively,while the elongation was still maintained at a high level of 15.2%.Furthermore,the homogenized microstructure reduced the tendency of localized corrosion and favoredthe development of uniform passivation film.Thus,the degradation rate of WE43 parts was decreased by an order of magnitude.Besides,in-vitro cell experiments proved their favorable biocompatibility.

Interface property of dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 composite laminate made by non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion and heat treatment

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of processing parameters and subsequent heat treatments on the microstructures and bonding strengths of Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 laminations formed via a non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion process.The microstructural evolution and growth mechanism in the diffusion layer were discussed further to optimize the bonding quality by appropriately adjusting process parameters.Scanning electron microscopes(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were used to characterize interfacial diffusion layers.The shear test was used to determine the mechanical properties of the interfacial diffusion layer.The experimental results indicate that it is possible to co-extrusion Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 compound profiles using non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion.Different heat treatment processes affect the thickness of the diffusion layer.When the temperature and time of heat treatment increase,the thickness of the reaction layers increases dramatically.Additionally,the shear strength of the Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 composite interface is proportional to the diffusion layer thickness.It is observed that a medium interface thickness results in superior mechanical performance when compared to neither a greater nor a lesser interface thickness.Microstructural characterization of all heat treatments reveals that the only intermetallic compound observed in the diffusion layers is TiAl_(3).Due to the inter-diffusion of Ti and Al atoms,the TiAl_(3) layer grows primarily at AA1050/TiAl_(3) interfaces.

Customized heat treatment process enabled excellent mechanical properties in wire arc additively manufactured Mg-RE-Zn-Zr alloys

Customized heat treatment is essential for enhancing the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic materials,especially for alloys with complex phase constituents and heterogenous microstructure.However,the interrelated evolutions of different microstructure features make it difficult to establish optimal heat treatment processes.Herein,we proposed a method for customized heat treatment process exploration and establishment to overcome this challenge for such kind of alloys,and a wire arc additively manufactured(WAAM)Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy with layered heterostructure was used for feasibility verification.Through this method,the optimal microstructures(fine grain,controllable amount of long period stacking ordered(LPSO)structure and nano-scaleβ'precipitates)and the corresponding customized heat treatment processes(520°C/30 min+200°C/48 h)were obtained to achieve a good combination of a high strength of 364 MPa and a considerable elongation of 6.2%,which surpassed those of other state-of-the-art WAAM-processed Mg alloys.Furthermore,we evidenced that the favorable effect of the undeformed LPSO structures on the mechanical properties was emphasized only when the nano-scaleβ'precipitates were present.It is believed that the findings promote the application of magnesium alloy workpieces and help to establish customized heat treatment processes for additively manufactured materials.

Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure,phase transformation behavior and functional properties of NiTiNb ternary shape memory alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying

Post-heat treatment is commonly employed to improve the microstructural homogeneity and enhance the mechanical performances of the additively manufactured metallic materials.In this work,a ternary(NiTi)91Nb9(at.%)shape memory alloy was produced by laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)using pre-alloyed NiTi and elemental Nb powders.The effect of solution treatment on the microstructure,phase transformation behavior and mechanical/functional performances was investigated.The in-situ alloyed(NiTi)91Nb9 alloy exhibits a submicron cellular-dendritic structure surrounding the supersaturated B2-NiTi matrix.Upon high-temperature(1273 K)solution treatment,Nb-rich precipitates were precipitated from the supersaturated matrix.The fragmentation and spheroidization of the NiTi/Nb eutectics occurred during solution treatment,leading to a morphological transition from mesh-like into rod-like and sphere-like.Coarsening of theβ-Nb phases occurred with increasing holding time.The martensite transformation temperature increases after solution treatment,mainly attributed to:(i)reduced lattice distortion due to the Nb expulsion from the supersaturated B2-NiTi,and(ii)the Ti expulsion from theβ-Nb phases that lowers the ratio Ni/Ti in the B2-NiTi matrix,which resulted from the microstructure changes from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state.The thermal hysteresis of the solutionized alloys is around 145 K after 20%pre-deformation,which is comparable to the conventional NiTiNb alloys.A short-term solution treatment(i.e.at 1273 K for 30 min)enhances the ductility and strength of the as-printed specimen,with the increase of fracture stress from(613±19)MPa to(781±20)MPa and the increase of fracture strain from(7.6±0.1)%to(9.5±0.4)%.Both the as-printed and solutionized samples exhibit good tensile shape memory effects with recovery rates>90%.This work suggests that post-process heat treatment is essential to optimize the microstructure and improve the mechanical performances of the L-PBF in-situ alloyed parts.

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure,mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of ultra-high-strength SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composites

A high-zinc composite,12vol%SiC/Al-13.3 Zn-3.27 Mg-1.07Cu(wt%),with an ultra-high-strength of 781 MPa was success-fully fabricated through a powder metallurgy method,followed by an extrusion process.The effects of solid-solution and aging heat treat-ments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite were extensively investigated.Compared with a single-stage sol-id-solution treatment,a two-stage solid-solution treatment(470℃/1 h+480℃/1 h)exhibited a more effective solid-solution strengthen-ing owing to the higher degree of solid-solution and a more uniform microstructure.According to the aging hardness curves of the com-posite,the optimized aging parameter(100℃/22 h)was determined.Reducing the aging temperature and time resulted in finer and more uniform nanoscale precipitates but only yielded a marginal increase in tensile strength.The fractography analysis revealed that intergranu-lar cracking and interface debonding were the main fracture mechanisms in the ultra-high-strength SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composites.Weak regions,such as the SiC/Al interface containing numerous compounds and the precipitate-free zones at the high-angle grain boundaries,were identified as significant factors limiting the strength enhancement of the composite.Interfacial compounds,including MgO,MgZn2,and Cu5Zn8,reduced the interfacial bonding strength,leading to interfacial debonding.

Role of alloying and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Li alloys:A review

Due to the prominent advantages of low density,high elastic modulus,high specific strength and specific stiffness,cast Al-Li alloys are suitable metallic materials for manufacturing complex large-sized components and are ideal structural materials for aerospace,defense and military industries.On the basis of the microstructural characteristics of cast Al-Li alloys,exploring the role of alloying and micro-alloying can stabilize their dominant position and further expand their application scope.In this review,the development progress of cast Al-Li alloys was summarized comprehensively.According to the latest research highlights,the influence of alloying and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties was systematically analyzed.The potential methods to improve the alloy performance were concluded.In response to the practical engineering requirements of cast Al-Li alloys,the scientific challenges and future research directions were discussed and prospected.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multiscale SiC_p Hybrid Reinforced 6061 Aluminum Matrix Composites

The performance of solid solution aging treatment on aluminum matrix composites prepared by powder metallurgy and reinforced with 6061 aluminum alloy powder as matrix;meanwhile, nano silicon carbide particles(nm Si Cp), submicron silicon carbide particles(1 μm Si Cp) and Ti particles were studied. The Al/Si Cp composite powder was prepared by high-energy ball milling, and then cold-pressed, sintered, hotextruded, and then heat-treated with different solution temperatures and aging times for the extruded composites. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and extrusion testing were used to analyze and test the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites. The results show that after the multi-stage solid solution at 530 ℃×2 h+535 ℃×2 h+540 ℃×2 h, the particles are mainly equiaxed grains and uniformly distributed. There is no reinforcement agglomeration, and the surface is dense and the insoluble phase is basically dissolved. In the matrix, the strengthening effect is good, and the hardness and compressive strength are 179.43 HV and 680.42 MPa, respectively. Under this solution process, when the aluminum matrix composites are aged at 170 ℃ for 10 h, the hardness and compressive strength can reach their peaks and increase to 195.82 HV and 721.48 MPa, respectively.

Numerical simulation on directional solidification and heat treatment processes of turbine blades

Study on turbine blades is crucial due to their critical role in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of aircraft engines.Nickel-based single crystal superalloys are extensively used in the hot manufacturing of turbine blades due to their exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties.The hot manufacturing of single crystal blades involves directional solidification and heat treatment.Experimental manufacturing of these blades is time-consuming,capital-intensive,and often insufficient to meet industrial demands.Numerical simulation techniques have gained widespread acceptance in blade manufacturing research due to their low energy consumption,high efficiency,and rapid turnaround time.This article introduces the modeling and simulation of hot manufacturing in single crystal blades.The discussion outlines the prevalent mathematical models employed in numerical simulations related to blade hot manufacturing.It encapsulates the advancements in research concerning macro to micro-level numerical simulation techniques for directional solidification and heat treatment processes.Furthermore,potential future trajectories for the numerical simulation of single crystal blade hot manufacturing are also discussed.

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

The Impact of Heat Treatment and Surface Treatment on Thermal Conductivity of Heat Sinks Made of Aluminium Die Casting Alloys

This research contributes to understand the thermal management capabilities of Plate Fin Heat Sinks(PFHS)fabricated from AlSi10Mg.The uniqueness in this study is that the heat sinks were exposed to abrasive blasting,heat treatment,and graphene coating,and a full evaluation of the influence of the aforementioned treatments on the thermal management capacities of PFHS was found.Untreated PFHS is compared with 1)abrasive blasted and graphene coated heat sink,and 2)heat treated and graphene coated heat sink.To assess the thermal efficiency of the PFHS variants,a dedicated experimental set up was meticulously constructed.It is noteworthy that a junction temperature of 60℃was assumed as the reference point for the analysis.The results revealed that the charging cycle time which denotes the time required attaining the junction temperature,increased 1.3 times for the sample being abrasive-blasted at 0.5 MPa pressure and graphene-coated for 0.5 mm when the maximum heat input of 45 W is evaluated.When low heat input of 15 W is evaluated,the results revealed that there is no significant difference in charging cycle when compared to the untreated heat sink.The charging cycle time increased 2 times for the sample which is heat-treated at 450℃and graphene-coated for 0.5 mm at heat input of 15 W.This finding unequivocally underscores the heightened capacity of the heat treated and graphene coated PFHS made of AlSi10Mg to withstand elevated junction temperatures.

Discussion on the Free Quenching Heat Treatment Process of Automotive Leaf Springs

Free quenching of automotive leaf springs is a new technology that has gradually started to be applied in the industry in China in recent years.Only a few manufacturers are applying it in the industry.Through more than half a year of on-site practice,the changes in the hot forming of spring plates before free quenching have been explored,and finally a heat treatment process that meets the production requirements of our company has been developed,achieving normal production.

Formation of fine fully-lamellar microstructure of TiAl-based alloy in rapid heating cyclic heat treatment process

The optical observation results of neocrystallization nucleation and growth of fine fully lamellar (FFL) α 2/ γ microstructure of a TiAl based alloy in rapid heating cyclic heat treatment process were reported. The characteristics of α+γ→α transformation under rapid heating conditions were analysed. A model for explaining the nucleation and growth mechanism of FFL α 2/ γ microstructure was proposed.

EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC AND HEATING TREATMENT ON THE SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF NITROCELLULOSE

The effect of cryogenic and heating treatment on the solution properties of rigid polymer nitrocellulose(NC)indilute tetrahydrofuran solution were studied with a sealed viscometer and a size exclusion chromatograph(SEC),respectively.The experimental results show that the relative viscosity of NC solution decreases after repeated freezing-thawing treatment.The decreased viscosity value of NC could not be restored but decreased further after the solution beingre-heated.The experimental results of SEC are fully consistent with that of viscosity measurements.It is believed that theeffect of two treatments on NC solution both causes the apparent hydrodynamic volume to decrease.But they are assumed tobe ascribed to different mechanisms.

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a multidirectionally forged Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr-Ag alloy

Multidirectional forging(MDF)was successfully applied to fabricate large-size Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr-Ag alloy in this work and effects of T4,T5 and T6 treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-forged alloy were analyzed.Results show that dynamic recrystallization(DRX)occurs and second phase particles precipitate along the grain boundary during the MDF process.After annealing treatment(T4),the volume fraction and size of dynamic precipitates slightly increase at a lower temperature(430℃)compared with those of MDFed sample,while they are dissolved into theα-Mg matrix at a higher temperature(450℃).At the meantime,short plate-shaped long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases are observed in the DRX grains of the MDFed sample and then dissolved into theα-Mg matrix during annealing at both temperatures.Typical basal texture is identified in the MDFed sample,but the basal pole tilts away from final forging direction and rare-earth texture component with<1121>orientation parallel to penultimate forging direction becomes visible after annealing.The T6 sample annealing at 430℃for 4 h and ageing at 200℃for 34 h exhibits the superior strength and ductility in this study.The ultimate tensile strength,tensile yield strength and elongation to failure,which is 455 MPa,308 MPa and 7.7%,respectively,are overall improved compared with the directly-aged(T5)sample.This paper provides a superior heat treatment schedule to manufacture high-performance large-scale Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr-Ag components for industrial production.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure,mechanical and tribological properties of in-situ (TiC+TiB)/TC4 composites by casting

To enhance the performance of in-situ synthesized 6vol.%(Ti C+Ti B)/TC4 titanium matrix composites fabricated by casting,a variety of heat treatment processes were carried out.Upon conducting microstructure observations following various heat treatments,it was found that the composites exhibit a basketweave microstructure,consisting of an α phase and a transformed β phase.The sizes of(α+β) phases were found to be refined to varying degrees after the heat treatment processes,while the morphology of Ti B remains largely unchanged and Ti C becomes granulated.Compressive testing revealed that all composites subjected to different heat treatments demonstrate a notable increase in ultimate compressive strength as well as a slight improvement in plasticity compared to the as-cast state.The results of the tribological performance test indicated that the heat-treated composites exhibit lower average friction coefficient,specific wear rate,and worn surface roughness compared to the as-cast composite.Among the heat treatment processes studied,the composite solution heated at 1,150 °C/1 h followed by air cooling,then 950 °C/1 h followed by air cooling,and finally 500 °C/4 h followed by air cooling,demonstrates the highest levels of hardness,compressive strength,and wear resistance.These improvements are attributed to the combined effects of solid solution strengthening,grain refinement,and the pinning of dislocation slip.

Insights into the relations between cell wall integrity and in vitro digestion properties of granular starches in pulse cotyledon cells after dry heat treatment

Natural foods,such as whole pulses,are recommended in the dietary guidelines of the US and China.The plant cell wall structure in whole pulses has important implications for the nutritional functionalities of starch.In this study,garbanzo bean cells with varying degrees of cell wall integrity were subjected to dry heat treatment(DHT)and used to elucidate the food structure-starch digestion properties of pulse food.The morphological features suggested that all cell samples do not exhibit remarkable changes after being subjected to DHT.Molecular rearrangement and the crystallite disruption of starch granules entrapped in cells occurred during DHT as assessed by the crystal structure and thermal properties.DHT decreased the inhibitory effects of enzymes of both the soluble and insoluble components,but the digestion rate and extent of slightly and highly damaged cell samples did not exhibit significant differences compared with their native counterparts.We concluded that the starch digestion of pulse cotyledon cells is primarily determined by the intactness of the cellular structure.This study reveals the role of food structure on the ability to retain the desirable nutritional properties of starch after subjection to physical modification.

Experimental Study of Inducing Compressive Stress by Anti-welding Heating Treatment in a Thin Plate Weldment with Variant Temperatures

Significant compressive stress may be induced in thin plate weldment by anti-welding heating treatment (AWHT) with a temperature difference above 350℃, and an interesting phenomenon of obvious residual stress reduction on non-treated surface was discovered. The method of AWHT has no great effect on the mechanical properties including hardness, strength and toughness of the metal material. The results in the paper prompt a possibility application in shipbuilding industry.

Effect of heating treatment on trap level distribution in polyamide 66 film electrets

The effect of heating treatment on the trap level distribution in polyamide 66 film electret is studied by thermally stimulated depolarization current （TSDC） technique. For annealed polyamide 66, there are three trap levels that respectively originate from space charge trapped in amorphous phase, interphase and crystalline phase. There is one peak that originates from space charge trapped in amorphous phase for quenched one. Using multi-point method to fit the experimental curves, the detrapping current peaks can be separated and the trap depth is obtained. The shallower trap levels trapped in amorphous phase and interphase are obviously close to the deeper trap level trapped in crystalline phase for annealed polyamide 66 as the polarization temperature increases, while the trap level distribution remains unaffected by polarization temperature for quenched one.

Improving corrosive wear resistance of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys through heat treatment

The wear behavior of an as-received Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy before and after a facile heat treatment was investigated under sliding in air and 0.5 wt.%NaCl solution.Results revealed that the wear resistance of the alloy was remarkably enhanced after the heat treatment,irrespective of testing condition.The wear mechanism was predominantly abrasive wear accompanied by oxidation under the dry sliding condition,while corrosive wear was dominant under sliding in the NaCl solution.The superior corrosive wear resistance was attributed to the homogenous distribution of fine I-phase precipitates in the alloy by the heat treatment,leading to a reduction in wear,corrosion as well as wear-corrosion synergy.The wear-accelerated corrosion rate was remarkably alleviated after the heat treatment.

Effect of Solution-ECAP-Aging Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of TB8 Titanium Alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the TB8 titanium alloy were controlled by a secondary processing technology of solution-equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)-aging treatment,which combined strong plastic deformation with heat treatment. The effects of ECAP and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of the titanium alloy were systematically investigated by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), hardness tests, and tensile property analysis. The results indicate that the metallographic structure without ECAP treatment is mainly equiaxed β-phase, while that after ECAP treatment is equiaxed β-phase with grain fragmentation, slip bands, and new small grains. After 850 ℃ solutionECAP-520 ℃ aging treatment, the titanium alloy has the smallest grain size, while the directionality of tissue growth along the ECAP direction is the most apparent. Under the same solution-aging conditions, the hardness of the titanium alloy increases from 431.5 to 531.2 HV compared to that without ECAP treatment, i e, increases by 23.11%, and the tensile strength increases from 1 045.30 to 1 176.25 MPa, i e, increases by 12.5%.