Vespidae is one of the major families of Hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species. In the present paper, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, Simpson, Camargo, Smith and Wilson, and modified Nee ev...Vespidae is one of the major families of Hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species. In the present paper, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, Simpson, Camargo, Smith and Wilson, and modified Nee evenness indices, and richness index based on rarefaction method were adopted to study the biodiversity of vespid wasps in spatial and temporal dimensions in northern Zanjan Province of Iran. In spatial dimension, Zanjan and Gilvan showed the highest and the lowest species diversity, evenness, and richness, respectively; while in temporal dimension, 16 July-6 August showed the highest species diversity and richness, and 18 May-27 May and 23 August-2 September showed the highest and the lowest species evenness, respectively. Significant differences in species abundance between localities of study area were observed by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.展开更多
The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the...The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the lower atmosphere over central China to be smaller than the fluxes over southern and northern China by generating more clouds. The existence of a larger quantity of clouds over central China reflects a greater amount of solar radiation back into space. The vertical gradients of upward shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere below 8 km are greater than those above 8 km. The latitudinal-altitude distributions of downward longwave radiative fluxes show a slantwise decreasing trend from low latitudes to high latitudes that gradually weaken in the downward direction. The upward longwave radiative fluxes also weaken in the upward direction but with larger gradients. The maximum heating rates by solar radiation and cooling rates by longwave infrared radiation are located over 28 40°N at 7 8 km mean sea level (MSL), and they are larger than the rates in the northern and southern regions. The heating and cooling rates match well both vertically and geographically.展开更多
To study the temporal and spatial changes of heat resources to serve agricultural production and economic development. The climate data from 1958 to 2017 were selected, and the temporal and spatial changes of heat res...To study the temporal and spatial changes of heat resources to serve agricultural production and economic development. The climate data from 1958 to 2017 were selected, and the temporal and spatial changes of heat resources in Liaoning, China were analyzed by using the method of climate diagnosis and analysis. The results show that: the southern coastal area of Liaoning has the most heat resources, the northwestern hilly area and the eastern mountainous area the least, and the central plain area in the middle distribution pattern;compared with 1958-1980, 1981-2017 ≥0°C, ≥10°C accumulated temperature, etc. The value line is advanced 100-160km northward. The accumulated temperature of ≥0°C and ≥10°C in Liaoning experienced abrupt changes in climate in 1993 and 1994, and the climate abrupt change in the southern coastal area was earlier than that in the inland. , the increase in the northwestern hilly area and the eastern mountainous area is less than that in the central plain area and the southern coastal area. The study on the impact on meteorological services found that the increase or decrease of heat resources has a significant impact on agro-meteorological services, which can prolong the growing season of crops, relatively reduce the damage of frost, improve comprehensive utilization of land, and increase crop yields;at the same time, with the increase of heat resources and the northward expansion of the isoline of accumulated temperature, the area affected by pests and diseases has expanded, which has aggravated the harm to agriculture economic burden.展开更多
为研究天津城区热岛效应驱动力,采用Landsat8影像反演地表温度,利用植被指数、改进水体指数、不透水面指数和兴趣点(point of interest,POI)密度等参数研究下垫面和与地表温度的相关性和相对重要性.结果表明:研究区在2015-2020年间热岛...为研究天津城区热岛效应驱动力,采用Landsat8影像反演地表温度,利用植被指数、改进水体指数、不透水面指数和兴趣点(point of interest,POI)密度等参数研究下垫面和与地表温度的相关性和相对重要性.结果表明:研究区在2015-2020年间热岛效应加剧,热岛重心由西北向东南转移;植被和水体指数与地表温度呈负相关,植被覆盖对地表温度负影响更明显;POI密度与地表温度呈正相关,而餐饮服务类影响最大;不透水面因素对城市热岛影响最大,其相对重要性为45%.综合考虑多种因素研究天津市热岛效应,对分析城市热岛中不同要素的影响程度有重要的意义.展开更多
Some results and developments on the extension of the inverse scattering transform to solve non-linear evolution equations in one time and two space dimensions are described.
以山东和福建为研究区,基于气象站气候观测数据及ERA5-land再分析数据,采用变化趋势分析、观测减再分析(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)和对比分析等方法,在区域尺度上探讨不同气候背景下城市化引起的局地升温差异。结果表明,1987—...以山东和福建为研究区,基于气象站气候观测数据及ERA5-land再分析数据,采用变化趋势分析、观测减再分析(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)和对比分析等方法,在区域尺度上探讨不同气候背景下城市化引起的局地升温差异。结果表明,1987—2017年山东省台站年平均气温平均变化率略高于福建省,分别为0.38℃·(10a)^(-1)和0.33℃·(10a)^(-1),但两省各季节气温变化趋势存在很大差异。城市化对山东省年和各季节T_(mean)变化的影响均大于福建省,北方相对干旱且较长的日照时间更利于城市热岛形成,这是导致上述差异的重要原因。此外,城市化对两省秋、冬季节T_(mean)变化的影响较春、夏季节更大,这与秋、冬季节相对干旱且静稳的气候特征有关。山东省城市化升温幅度的季节性差异较福建省大,可能与北方地区季节气候波动更大有关。展开更多
This study examined the spatial distribution of the continent coastline in northern China using remote sensing and GIS techniques, and calculated the fractal dimension of the coastline by box-counting method, with a t...This study examined the spatial distribution of the continent coastline in northern China using remote sensing and GIS techniques, and calculated the fractal dimension of the coastline by box-counting method, with a time span from 2000 to 2012. Moreover, we ana- lyzed the characteristics of spatial-temporal changes in the coastline's length and fractal di- mension, the relationship between the length change and fractal dimension change, and the driving forces of coastline changes in northern China. During the research period, the coast- line of the study area increased by 637.95 km, at a rate of 53.16 km per year. On the regional level, the most significant change in coastline length was observed in Tianjin and Hebei. Temporally, the northern China coastline grew faster after 2008. The most dramatic growth was found between 2010 and 2011, with an increasing rate of 2.49% per year. The fractal dimension of the coastline in northern China was increasing during the research period, and the most dramatic increase occurred in Bohai Rim. There is a strong-positive linear relation- ship between the historical coastline length and fractal dimension (the correlation coefficient was 0.9962). Through statistical analysis of a large number of local coastline changes, it can be found that the increase (or decrease) of local coastline length will, in most cases, lead to the increase (or decrease) of the whole coastline fractal dimension. Civil-coastal engineering construction was the most important factor driving the coastline change in northern China. Port construction, fisheries facilities and salt factories were the top three construction activi- ties. Compared to human activities, the influence of natural processes such as estuarine deposit and erosion were relatively small.展开更多
We consider an incompressible fluid in a rectangular nanochannel. We solve numerically the three dimensional Fourier heat equation to get the steady solution for the temperature. Then we set and solve the Langevin equ...We consider an incompressible fluid in a rectangular nanochannel. We solve numerically the three dimensional Fourier heat equation to get the steady solution for the temperature. Then we set and solve the Langevin equation for the temperature. We have developed equations in order to determine relaxation time of the temperature fluctuations, τT = 4.62 × 10-10s. We have performed a spectral analysis of the thermal fluctuations, with the result that temporal correlations are in the one-digit ps range, and the thermal noise excites the thermal modes in the two-digit GHz range. Also we observe long-range spatial correlation up to more than half the size of the cell, 600 nm;the wave number, q, is in the 106 m-1 range. We have also determined two thermal relaxation lengths in the z direction: l1 = 1.18 nm and l2 = 9.86 nm.展开更多
文摘Vespidae is one of the major families of Hymenoptera with more than 115000 described species. In the present paper, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, Simpson, Camargo, Smith and Wilson, and modified Nee evenness indices, and richness index based on rarefaction method were adopted to study the biodiversity of vespid wasps in spatial and temporal dimensions in northern Zanjan Province of Iran. In spatial dimension, Zanjan and Gilvan showed the highest and the lowest species diversity, evenness, and richness, respectively; while in temporal dimension, 16 July-6 August showed the highest species diversity and richness, and 18 May-27 May and 23 August-2 September showed the highest and the lowest species evenness, respectively. Significant differences in species abundance between localities of study area were observed by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40875084and40705012)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(Grant No.2008BAC40B00)
文摘The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the lower atmosphere over central China to be smaller than the fluxes over southern and northern China by generating more clouds. The existence of a larger quantity of clouds over central China reflects a greater amount of solar radiation back into space. The vertical gradients of upward shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere below 8 km are greater than those above 8 km. The latitudinal-altitude distributions of downward longwave radiative fluxes show a slantwise decreasing trend from low latitudes to high latitudes that gradually weaken in the downward direction. The upward longwave radiative fluxes also weaken in the upward direction but with larger gradients. The maximum heating rates by solar radiation and cooling rates by longwave infrared radiation are located over 28 40°N at 7 8 km mean sea level (MSL), and they are larger than the rates in the northern and southern regions. The heating and cooling rates match well both vertically and geographically.
文摘To study the temporal and spatial changes of heat resources to serve agricultural production and economic development. The climate data from 1958 to 2017 were selected, and the temporal and spatial changes of heat resources in Liaoning, China were analyzed by using the method of climate diagnosis and analysis. The results show that: the southern coastal area of Liaoning has the most heat resources, the northwestern hilly area and the eastern mountainous area the least, and the central plain area in the middle distribution pattern;compared with 1958-1980, 1981-2017 ≥0°C, ≥10°C accumulated temperature, etc. The value line is advanced 100-160km northward. The accumulated temperature of ≥0°C and ≥10°C in Liaoning experienced abrupt changes in climate in 1993 and 1994, and the climate abrupt change in the southern coastal area was earlier than that in the inland. , the increase in the northwestern hilly area and the eastern mountainous area is less than that in the central plain area and the southern coastal area. The study on the impact on meteorological services found that the increase or decrease of heat resources has a significant impact on agro-meteorological services, which can prolong the growing season of crops, relatively reduce the damage of frost, improve comprehensive utilization of land, and increase crop yields;at the same time, with the increase of heat resources and the northward expansion of the isoline of accumulated temperature, the area affected by pests and diseases has expanded, which has aggravated the harm to agriculture economic burden.
文摘在气候变暖和快速城市化背景下,北京一直面临着城市热岛效应带来的环境问题。基于北京市1981—2020年逐日气温观测资料,采用线性回归、克里金插值和相关性分析等方法,研究了北京市城郊气温变化趋势以及北京市城市热岛强度(Urban Heat Island, UHI)的时空变化特征,并评估了气象因素、人口密度和土地利用/覆盖类型对城市热岛效应的影响。结果表明:近40 a来北京市城郊区的平均气温均呈上升的变化趋势,且城区气温增幅大于郊区,表明北京市UHI上升趋势显著。就季节而言,北京市冬季UHI最强(1.22℃),秋季次之,春、夏最弱,其中秋季UHI增幅最大。同时,北京市城市热岛效应范围也在逐渐扩大,其中城六区为高值区,热岛区由西北向东南方向延伸至城市副中心通州区,朝阳区和通州区增温趋势明显。2000年以来,北京市冬季UHI出现了显著的增加趋势,高值区UHI增加至1.6℃。此外,主成分分析表明人口、建设用地和气压对城市热岛效应的形成起促进作用,而风速和耕地是缓解城市热岛效应的重要影响因素。
文摘为研究天津城区热岛效应驱动力,采用Landsat8影像反演地表温度,利用植被指数、改进水体指数、不透水面指数和兴趣点(point of interest,POI)密度等参数研究下垫面和与地表温度的相关性和相对重要性.结果表明:研究区在2015-2020年间热岛效应加剧,热岛重心由西北向东南转移;植被和水体指数与地表温度呈负相关,植被覆盖对地表温度负影响更明显;POI密度与地表温度呈正相关,而餐饮服务类影响最大;不透水面因素对城市热岛影响最大,其相对重要性为45%.综合考虑多种因素研究天津市热岛效应,对分析城市热岛中不同要素的影响程度有重要的意义.
文摘Some results and developments on the extension of the inverse scattering transform to solve non-linear evolution equations in one time and two space dimensions are described.
文摘以山东和福建为研究区,基于气象站气候观测数据及ERA5-land再分析数据,采用变化趋势分析、观测减再分析(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)和对比分析等方法,在区域尺度上探讨不同气候背景下城市化引起的局地升温差异。结果表明,1987—2017年山东省台站年平均气温平均变化率略高于福建省,分别为0.38℃·(10a)^(-1)和0.33℃·(10a)^(-1),但两省各季节气温变化趋势存在很大差异。城市化对山东省年和各季节T_(mean)变化的影响均大于福建省,北方相对干旱且较长的日照时间更利于城市热岛形成,这是导致上述差异的重要原因。此外,城市化对两省秋、冬季节T_(mean)变化的影响较春、夏季节更大,这与秋、冬季节相对干旱且静稳的气候特征有关。山东省城市化升温幅度的季节性差异较福建省大,可能与北方地区季节气候波动更大有关。
文摘This study examined the spatial distribution of the continent coastline in northern China using remote sensing and GIS techniques, and calculated the fractal dimension of the coastline by box-counting method, with a time span from 2000 to 2012. Moreover, we ana- lyzed the characteristics of spatial-temporal changes in the coastline's length and fractal di- mension, the relationship between the length change and fractal dimension change, and the driving forces of coastline changes in northern China. During the research period, the coast- line of the study area increased by 637.95 km, at a rate of 53.16 km per year. On the regional level, the most significant change in coastline length was observed in Tianjin and Hebei. Temporally, the northern China coastline grew faster after 2008. The most dramatic growth was found between 2010 and 2011, with an increasing rate of 2.49% per year. The fractal dimension of the coastline in northern China was increasing during the research period, and the most dramatic increase occurred in Bohai Rim. There is a strong-positive linear relation- ship between the historical coastline length and fractal dimension (the correlation coefficient was 0.9962). Through statistical analysis of a large number of local coastline changes, it can be found that the increase (or decrease) of local coastline length will, in most cases, lead to the increase (or decrease) of the whole coastline fractal dimension. Civil-coastal engineering construction was the most important factor driving the coastline change in northern China. Port construction, fisheries facilities and salt factories were the top three construction activi- ties. Compared to human activities, the influence of natural processes such as estuarine deposit and erosion were relatively small.
文摘We consider an incompressible fluid in a rectangular nanochannel. We solve numerically the three dimensional Fourier heat equation to get the steady solution for the temperature. Then we set and solve the Langevin equation for the temperature. We have developed equations in order to determine relaxation time of the temperature fluctuations, τT = 4.62 × 10-10s. We have performed a spectral analysis of the thermal fluctuations, with the result that temporal correlations are in the one-digit ps range, and the thermal noise excites the thermal modes in the two-digit GHz range. Also we observe long-range spatial correlation up to more than half the size of the cell, 600 nm;the wave number, q, is in the 106 m-1 range. We have also determined two thermal relaxation lengths in the z direction: l1 = 1.18 nm and l2 = 9.86 nm.