Numerical analysis on thermal regime in double-loop channel inductor

In order to investigate the temperature distribution, a three-dimensional finite element model （FEM） was developed to simulate the temperature regime in the channels of double-loop inductor, and the simulated results were compared with experimental data from low load trials of a 400 kW inductor. The results of numerical simulations, such as the temperature and Joule heating rate, show reasonable correlation with experimental data. The results indicate that Joule heating rate and the temperature reach the maximum at the comers and the minimum at the centre of the cross-section area. The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet is in an inverse proportion to mass transport. Joule heating rate and the temperature are directly proportional to power frequency. It is concluded that mass transport and power frequency play a critical role in determining the temperature regime and Joule heating rate, the relative permeability of the magnetic core shows no significant influence on temperature regime and Joule heating rate, when the relative permeability varies from 5 000 to 10 000.

High-Frequency Heating for Soldering in Electronics

Processes of high-frequency (HF) heating are examined and its parameters for the soldering of electronic modules are optimized. The advantages of HF heating are the following: selectivity by skin-effect;high density of energy;process- ing in any environment, including vacuum or inert gas;high ecological cleanliness, improvement solder flowing by electrodynamics forces increase the quality of soldering connections. Investigation of HF electromagnetic heating has allowed to optimize heating speed in local zones of soldering connections formation and to improve their quality due to joint action of superficial effects and electromagnetic forces.

Effects of Austenite Stabilization on the Onset of Martensite Transformation in T91 Steel

The influences of thermal stabilization of austenitic on the onset temperature for a martensite transformation in T91 ferritic heat-resistant steel were studied by high-resolution differential dilatometer. The phase transformation kinetic information was obtained by adopting lever rule from the recorded dilatometric curves. The results show that an inverse stabilization, featured by the damage of ＂the atmosphere of carbon atoms＂ and the increase of the starting temperature for martensite transformation takes place when the T91 ferritic steel is isothermally treated above the Ms point, and it becomes strong with increasing the holding time. While the continued temperature for martensite transformation decreases gradually when isothermally holding at a temperature below Ms point. The observed inverse stabilization behavior could be attributed to the relatively high temperature of Ms point in the explored T91 ferritic heat-resistant steel.

Interpretation of gas-film cooling against aero-thermal heating for high-speed vehicles

The possible application of the film-cooling technique against aero-thermal heating for surfaces of high-speed flying vehicles is discussed. The technique has been widely used in the heat protection of gas turbine blades. It is shown in this paper that, by applying this technique to high-speed flying vehicles, the working principle is fundamentally different. Numerical simulations for two model problems axe performed to support the argument. Besides the heat protection, the appreciable drag reduction is found to be another favorable effect. For the second model problem, i.e., the gas cooling for an optical window on a sphere cone, the hydrodynamic instability of the film is studied by the linear stability analysis to observe possible occurrence of laminar-turbulent transition.

Finite-time Stability of Heating Furnace Temperature Control System

A finite-time stabilization controller for the heating furnace temperature control system is proposed.Based on the extended Lyapunov finite-time stability theory and power integral method,a finite-time stable condition of the heating furnace temperature control system is given.The temperature of the heating furnace is directed by the finite-time stabilization controller to make it stable in finite time.And the quality and quantity of slabs is improved.The simulation example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the developed results.

Further Stabilization and Power Density Improvement of Stack-Type Thermoelectric Power Generating Module with Biphasic Medium by Using Various Flexible Metals as Electrodes

In order to realize further stability of a stack-type thermoelectric power generating module (i.e. no electrical connections inside), flexible materials of metal springs and/or rods having restoring forces were installed between lower-temperature-sides of thermoelectric elements. These flexible materials were expected to play three important roles of interpolating different thermal expansions of the module components, enlarging heat removal area and penetration of any media through themselves. Then, a low-boiling-point medium (i.e. NOVEC manufactured by 3M Japan Ltd.) was also applied for a high-speed direct heat removal via its phase change from the lower-temperature-sides of the thermoelectric elements in the proposing stack-type thermoelectric power generating module. No electrical disconnections inside the module were confirmed for more than 9 years of use, indicating further module stability. The power generating density was improved to about 120 mW·m-2 with SUS304 springs having 0.7 mm diameter. Increasing power generating density can be expected in terms of suitable selection of flexible metal with high Vickers hardness, cavities control on the spring surface, more vigorous multiphase flow with adding powders to the medium and optimization of the module configurations according to numerical simulations.

Magnetic Flux Controllers for Induction Heating Applications

Application of magnetic flux controllers/concentrators to induction heating coils can drastically improve the process efficiency and heat pattern control. Presentation includes: benefits provided by flux controllers, materials available for controllers, application techniques, computer assisted design of induction coils with concentrators, examples of applications. Depending on induction system design, magnetic flux controllers can concentrate heating in a specified area, change heat source distribution and shield a particular part zone or external area preventing unintended eddy current heating. Besides of the coil efficiency improvement and optimal power distribution, magnetic flux controllers reduce the coil current demand from a supplying circuitry thus strongly reducing losses in busswork, cables, transformers and inverter components. Improvement that can be achieved due to magnetic flux controllers is case dependable. 2D and 3D computer simulation allows the designer to predict accurately effect of controllers on the coil parameters and temperature distribution and optimize the whole electromagnetic system. Special attention in presentation is paid to new magnetodielectric materials optimized for induction heating conditions. These materials have high magnetic permeability and saturation flux density, excellent machinability, good chemical and temperature resistance. Concentrators from these materials can work in a wide range of frequencies and specific powers. Examples of magnetic flux controller application include surface hardening of shafts and gears, induction surface hardfacing and brazing.

Non-equilibrium Plasma Assisted Combustion of Low Heating Value Fuels

This paper describes the effects of non-equilibrium air plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) on the combustion of low heating value fuels. The experimental results indicate that addition of a very small amount of energy to the air flow in the form of DBD significantly improves the flame stability. Moreover, main combustion characteristics such as flame propagation speed, combustion intensity and lean blow-off limits are also enhanced by the effect of plasma. Some active radicals such as excited O atom and excited N2 molecule are observed by spectrograph in the discharge area. Based on the results of numerical investigation we can conclude that these active radicals generated in discharge area can accelerate the production rate of active OH radical which plays a key role in the oxidation process of low heating value fuel, and thus the whole combustion process is accelerated.

Effects of Stabilization Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Si‑Bearing 15Cr–9Ni–Nb Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal

Two 15Cr–9Ni–Nb austenitic stainless steel weld metals with 2.5%Si and 3.5%Si(namely 2.5Si and 3.5Si samples,respectively)were designed and prepared through tungsten inert gas(TIG)welding and then hold at 800℃ or 900℃ for 3 h for stabilization.The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated both for the as-welded and after-stabilization heat treatment(SHT)weld metals.There are 3.0–4.0%martensite and 2.5–3.5%δferrite in the 2.5Si as-welded weld metal and 6.0–7.0%δferrite in the 3.5Si as-welded weld metal.After SHT,a large amount of martensite formed in the 2.5Si weld metal,andδ→γtransition occurred during the SHT process both for the 2.5Si and 3.5Si weld metals.There were a large amount of coarse NbC and few nanoscale NbC in the as-welded weld metal.During the SHT,a large amount of nanoscale NbC formed in the matrix,while a large number of G phases formed at the austenite grain boundaries and theδ/γinterfaces.The decrease in solid solution C andδferrite content led to the decline of the yield strength of the weld metal after SHT.The martensite formed in 2.5Si weld metal after SHT had less effect on strength because of its low carbon content.The G phases formed during the SHT reduced the impact energy of the weld metal because it promoted the intergranular fracture,while theδ→γtransition reduced the amount of theδ/γinterfaces and avoided the intergranular fracture,which was beneficial for the impact toughness of the weld metals.

Raman spectroscopic studies on the structural changes of poly(3-methylthiophene) during heating and cooling processes

Poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT) electrosyn-thesized by direct oxidation of 3-methylthiophene in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) has been studied by Raman spectroscopy in the temperature scale of 123-458 K. Experimental results demonstrate that the thermal stability of PMeT in the oxidized state is much lower than that of the polymer in the neutral state. Furthermore, during the cooling process, the conformation of neutral species changes from a coil-like state into a rod-like state, while the conformation of the oxidized species does not change.

Experimental Study of a Stoppage Natural Circulation during a Nuclear Heating Reactor LOCA

The 5MW nuclear heating reactor is an integral natural circulation reactor. The rupture of the coolant penetrating tube is a typical accident causing coolant loss. When the water level drops down to the upper edge of the inlet of the heat exchanger, the natural circulation stops. This influences the core cooling and the stability of the main loop. A series of tests showed that there is a stable drop of pressure, and the heated element temperature is not too high to cause burnout. But the backward flow or flow oscillation in the primary coolant circuit occurs when the flow breaks completely in the end. The whole flow process is described and the mechanism is discussed.

Boundary feedback stabilization of a Schrdinger equation interconnected with a heat equation

In this paper, we study stabilization for a Schoedinger equation, which is interconnected with a heat equation via boundary coupling. A direct boundary feedback control is adopted. By a detailed spectral analysis, it is found that there are two branches of eigenvalues： one is along the negative real axis, and the other is approaching to a vertical line, which is parallel to the imagine axis. Moreover, it is shown that there is a set of generalized eigenfunctions, which forms a Riesz basis for the energy state space. Finally, the spectrum-determined growth condition is held and the exponential stability of the system is then concluded.

卧式反应釜电磁感应加热设计

针对大型反应釜的感应加热难以进行大量实验验证的问题,通过将理论计算与有限元仿真相结合的方式,对计算得出的参数进行优化,选择合适的输出功率和谐振频率,完成感应器的设计。通过仿真可以更好对比不同匝数、自热对流和搅拌轴对加热的影响,更直观地查看工件温度分布情况,缩小计算参数误差,实现反应釜加热的工艺要求。

富油煤原位热解技术战略价值与科学探索

【背景】我国油气需求缺口大、供给制约多、煤炭绿色低碳转型任务艰巨,富油煤作为集煤、油、气属性于一体的煤炭资源,具有立足国内增加油气供给的巨大潜力。【进展】富油煤原位热解技术已在陕西榆林成功实施工程试验,目前仍处于探索阶段。其具备两大战略价值:一是弥补我国油气需求缺口,提高油气自主保障能力;二是变革煤炭开采技术,推动煤炭产业绿色、低碳转型发展。富油煤原位热解包括钻孔式和矿井式两种实践途径,目标是持续高效提取煤中油气资源,主要面临热解选区、加热技术与高效传热传质等难题。【展望】“四性”是原位热解技术研发的关键,包括地质条件适宜性、加热技术匹配性、传热传质有效性和热解安全稳定性。主要内容为:(1)从富油煤资源条件、地层封闭条件、水文地质条件和构造条件等方面阐明适宜富油煤原位热解的地质基础,揭示热辐射范围内围岩封闭动态稳定性的约束条件,为原位热解选址和工程设计提供地质依据。(2)深刻认识富油煤在温度、应力约束下的热物理性质演化行为,基于地质−工程条件论证原位加热技术适宜性,并针对煤层低导热特性开展高效加热工艺设计,通过风、光、电多种供能方式互补实现供热能源经济性。(3)地应力、大尺度煤体、焦油高黏度是制约原位热解油气运移、产出的主要因素,煤层致裂、载热介质优化与温压调控、焦油降黏轻质化是改善煤层传热传质性能和提高热解油气可产出性的潜在方法。(4)原位热解持续稳定运行依赖于全过程监测与动态预警,需要监测手段立体化、地质信息反演精准化、多相多场环境模型化、突变阈值预测预警等技术予以支撑。进一步探索与地质条件相匹配的富油煤原位持续高效热解关键技术,破解煤炭资源开发与地质环境之间的制约矛盾,是推动富油煤原位热解技术深入发展的关键。

Experimental Study of the Effect ofWater Salinity on the Parameters of an Equilibrium Droplet Cluster Levitating over aWater Layer

New experimental results,which are important for the potential use of small levitating droplets as biochemical microreactors,are reported.It is shown that the combination of infrared heating and reduced evaporation of saline water under the droplet cluster is sufficient to produce equilibriumsaltwater droplets over a wide temperature range.The resulting universal dependence of droplet size on temperature simplifies the choice of optimal conditions for generating stable droplet clusters with droplets of the desired size.A physical analysis of the experimental results on the equilibrium size of saltwater droplets makes it possible to separate the effects related to the salinity of the water layer under the droplet cluster from the effects related to the reduction of water evaporation from the water droplets.This is expected to be important for further studies of heat transfer and diffusion in layers of evaporating solutions and condensed droplets.

定形相变材料储热性能和强化传热研究进展

潜热蓄热技术被视为缓解能源供需矛盾的有效措施,其利用相变材料在相变过程中吸热/放热来实现能量的存储和释放,在建筑节能、温室控温、调温服装等领域具有极大的应用潜力。归纳了定形相变材料的种类和特点,对多孔基相变材料、微胶囊相变材料和聚合物基相变材料等制备技术及储热性能的研究进展进行了综述,分析了定形相变材料制备过程中存在的问题,介绍了定形相变材料的强化传热方法,最后讨论了今后研究工作的重点并展望了定形相变材料的发展前景。

无机氧化物对氟硅橡胶耐热性能的影响

以自制纳米颗粒二氧化钛(TiO_(2))及铁掺杂二氧化钛(TiO_(2)/Fe_(2)O_(3))作为耐热剂,研究了其对氟硅橡胶热稳定性和耐热空气老化性能的影响规律,分析了氟硅橡胶在空气中热失重5%时的分解产物成分及氟硅橡胶在热老化前后特征基团含量的变化,并对比研究了商用耐热剂纳米氧化铈(CeO_(2))、三氧化二铁(Fe_(2)O_(3))和三氧化二铝(Al_(2)O_(3))对氟硅橡胶性能的影响。结果表明,当纳米耐热剂质量分数为2%时,氟硅橡胶在空气中的5%热失重温度从高到低依次为添加TiO_(2)/Fe_(2)O_(3)、TiO_(2)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、CeO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)试样和空白样;添加了纳米TiO_(2)/Fe_(2)O_(3)复合耐热剂的氟硅橡胶的5%热失重温度达到了453℃,比空白样提高了47℃。纳米TiO_(2)/Fe_(2)O_(3)复合耐热剂能显著抑制氟硅橡胶含氟侧基的氧化,这是氟硅橡胶耐热性能提高的主要原因。

Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)复合纳米气凝胶材料耐高温性能研究

以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)和六水合氯化铝(AlCl_(3)·6H_(2)O)作为混合前驱体,环氧丙烷作为网络诱捕剂,在不添加螯合剂情况下,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺与CO_(2)超临界干燥法制备出了不同摩尔比的Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)复合气凝胶。对样品分别进行600℃、800℃、1000℃和1200℃热处理,并利用傅里叶红外光谱分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪、热重差热分析仪等仪器对Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)复合气凝胶的微观形貌、结构及热稳定性能进行表征。结果表明:当AlCl_(3)·6H_(2)O∶TEOS=8∶1时,Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)气凝胶样品在1000℃和1200℃热处理后的导热系数分别为0.0621 W/m·K和0.0803 W/m·K,在1000℃以上热处理后,孔径更加均匀,保留了较好的介孔结构;并且不同的热处理温度延缓了晶型转变,在常温和1200℃条件下,样品比表面积分别为617.14 m^(2)/g和102.9 m^(2)/g,为均匀的介孔结构(孔直径为8~32 nm),孔径低于常温下空气的平均自由程,在1200℃热处理后,样品总失重率为16.3%,具有较好的高温热稳定性。

基于机械干态颗粒涂层技术制备cBN@TiN粉体

采用机械干态颗粒涂层技术分别制备了cBN@TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)包覆立方氮化硼)粉体和cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)(TiO_(2)+碳包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,然后在1600℃、N_(2)气氛下进行高温热处理制备cBN@TiN(TiN包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,研究了高温热处理前后粉体的物相组成与微观形貌以及高温反应机理。结果表明:机械干态颗粒涂层技术可以使纳米TiO_(2)和纳米TiO_(2)+C颗粒均匀包裹在cBN颗粒表面。在高温热处理过程中,TiO_(2)与cBN反应生成液相B_(2)O_(3),促进了cBN相变成六方氮化硼(hBN),cBN的高温稳定性差,以cBN@TiO_(2)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成由TiN相和hBN相组成的片状结构层;当存在碳时,TiO_(2)会优先与碳发生还原反应生成TiN,抑制B_(2)O_(3)的生成,从而降低cBN相变量,此时cBN的高温稳定性好,以cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成主要为TiN相的颗粒结构层。

SiBCN陶瓷前驱体改性邻苯二甲腈树脂的制备及性能研究

随着先进装备的发展速度越来越快,提升聚合物的耐温等级,对拓展其在航空航天领域的应用具有重要意义。本文通过利用SiBCN陶瓷前驱体改性4,4’-(1,3-苯氧基)邻苯二甲腈树脂(APN)制备了耐高温聚合物材料(CPN),研究了改性树脂的耐热性能及机理。该树脂具有优良的耐热性能,当SiBCN质量分数为20%时,CPN质量损失10%时的温度(T_(d)^(10))为608.07℃(N_(2)氛围)。动态力学分析(DMA)的结果表明,CPN碳纤维复合材料的玻璃化转变温度高于500℃,比APN-NH_(2)碳纤维复合材料的玻璃化温度高出约100℃;当SiBCN质量分数为40%时,CPN能够在900℃有氧环境下经过30 min处理后仍然保持完整形貌;研究发现,高温条件下CPN内部形成键能较大的Si—O和B—O键,从而显著提升其耐热性能。