Phosphate rock reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals by influencing the bacterial communities during aerobic composting

Available information on the microbial mechanisms associated with heavy metal(HM)passivation during co-composting amended with phosphate rock(PR)remains limited.Thus,this study investigated the dynamic changes in bacterial communities and HM-fractions(Zn,Cu,Cd,Cr and Pb)during swine manure composting with maize straw,and ascertained the bacterial influence on HM-passivation.The results demonstrated that the addition of PR improved HM-passivation,especially for Zn and Cd,with their bioavailability factors(BFs)reduced by 247.41 and 176.25%,respectively.As for bacterial communities,the proportion of Firmicutes decreased,while the proportions of Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,DeinococcusThermus and Gemmatimonadetes increased in all treatments.PR significantly changed the primary bacterial phyla in the thermophilic phase.Bacteroidetes were the main bacterial component controlling the passivation of Zn,Cu and Cr,while Deinococcus-Thermus mainly regulated the mobility of Zn and Pb,and Proteobacteria only dominated the transformation among Cd-fractions.These results may provide a reference for the use of HM-passivation techniques during composting.

Petrophysical parameters inversion for heavy oil reservoir based on a laboratory-calibrated frequency-variant rock-physics model

Heavy oil has high density and viscosity, and exhibits viscoelasticity. Gassmann's theory is not suitable for materials saturated with viscoelastic fluids. Directly applying such model leads to unreliable results for seismic inversion of heavy oil reservoir. To describe the viscoelastic behavior of heavy oil, we modeled the elastic properties of heavy oil with varying viscosity and frequency using the Cole-Cole-Maxwell (CCM) model. Then, we used a CCoherent Potential Approximation (CPA) instead of the Gassmann equations to account for the fluid effect, by extending the single-phase fluid condition to two-phase fluid (heavy oil and water) condition, so that partial saturation of heavy oil can be considered. This rock physics model establishes the relationship between the elastic modulus of reservoir rock and viscosity, frequency and saturation. The viscosity of the heavy oil and the elastic moduli and porosity of typical reservoir rock samples were measured in laboratory, which were used for calibration of the rock physics model. The well-calibrated frequency-variant CPA model was applied to the prediction of the P- and S-wave velocities in the seismic frequency range (1–100 Hz) and the inversion of petrophysical parameters for a heavy oil reservoir. The pre-stack inversion results of elastic parameters are improved compared with those results using the CPA model in the sonic logging frequency (∼10 kHz), or conventional rock physics model such as the Xu-Payne model. In addition, the inversion of the porosity of the reservoir was conducted with the simulated annealing method, and the result fits reasonably well with the logging curve and depicts the location of the heavy oil reservoir on the time slice. The application of the laboratory-calibrated CPA model provides better results with the velocity dispersion correction, suggesting the important role of accurate frequency dependent rock physics models in the seismic prediction of heavy oil reservoirs.

Leaching behavior of V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As from stone coal waste rock with different particle sizes

This paper investigates the leaching behavior of heavy metals(V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As) from stone coal waste rocks with various particle sizes using dynamic leaching experiments.The results show that the dissolved concentrations of V and As initially increased and then slightly decreased as time progressed and that the dissolved concentrations of Pb,Cd,and Cr were high in the early stage before decreasing.The particle size of the stone coal waste rocks strongly influenced the heavy metal concentration in the leaching solutions.The effects of the particle size of the stone coal waste rocks on the dissolved concentrations of V,Pb,and As decreased in the order fine fraction > medium fraction > coarse fraction,and the effects of particle size on the dissolved concentrations of Cr and Cd decreased in the order medium fraction > coarse fraction > fine fraction and coarse fraction > medium fraction > fine fraction,respectively.The quantities of heavy metals dissolved from the stone coal waste rock with fine particle sizes were observed to decrease in the order V(17104.36 μg/kg) > As(609.41 μg/kg) > Pb(469.24 μg/kg) > Cr(56.35 μg/kg) > Cd(27.52 μg/kg),and the dissolution rates decreased in the order As(2.96%) > Pb(0.93%) > V(0.35%) > Cd(0.25%) > Cr(0.01%).The specific surface area,pore size of the stone coal waste rocks,and chemical forms of heavy metals also influenced the release of heavy metals from the stone coal waste rocks.Kinetic analysis showed that the dissolution of heavy metals fundamentally agreed with the rate equation controlled by the shrinking core model.The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the evaluation of heavy metals contamination from stone coal waste rocks.

Removal of Lead,Copper,Zinc and Cadmium from Water Using Phosphate Rock

Removal of Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from aqueous solutions by sorption on a natural phosphate rock （FAP） was investigated. The effects of the contact time and initial metal concentration were examined in the batch method. The percentage sorption of heavy metals from solution ranges generally between 50% and 99%. The amount of sorbed metal ions follows the order Cu〉Pb〉Cd〉Zn. Heavy metal immobilization was attributed to both surface complexation of metal ions on the surface of FAP grains and partial dissolution and precipitation of a heavy metal-containing phosphate. The very low desorption ratio of heavy metals further supports the effectiveness of FAP as an alternative and low-cost material to remove toxic Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from polluted waters.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Immobilization in Artificially Contaminated Soils Using Some Local Amendments

Three alluvial soil samples with different textures were artificially polluted with chloride solutions of Cd, Pb, Co and chromate solution for Cr. The aqua-regia extracted concentration ranges in the artificially polluted soils were 1134 - 1489 mg·kg-1 for Pb, 854 - 938 mg·kg-1 for Cr, 166 - 346 mg·kg-1 for Co and 44 - 54 mg·kg-1 for Cd. The aqua-regia extracted metals were the highest in the spiked clay soil due to its high adsorption capacity. Rock phosphate (PR), lime-stone (LS) and Portland-cement (Cem) were mixed with the spiked soils at 1% and 2% rates (w/w) and incubated at 30 C for 2, 7, 14, 30, 60, 150 and 360 days. The extracted DTPA metals significantly decreased with different magnitudes with increasing the incubation period accompanied by increases in both pH and EC. The data showed that cement (Cem) treatment dropped the DTPA-Pb from @ 1000 to @ 400 mg·kg-1 in all the studied soils (60% decrease) in the first 2 months while it gradually decreased from 400 to 200 mg·kg-1 (20% decrease) in the next 10 months. Limestone (LS) and rock phosphate (PR) materials were relatively less effective in lowering DTPA-Pb after 12 months of incubation. The data showed also that cement (Cem) treatment was the most effective one in lowering DTPA-Cd by @ 60% as compared to the un-amended soils after 12 months of soil incubation. Extractable DTPA-Co and Cr showed consistent decreases with time down to nearly 50% of un-amended soils due to the effect of the added amendments after 12 months of incubation with superior reductions for the cement treatment in all the investigated soils. The statistical analysis confirmed that in all the studied metals and treatment, cement treatment (Cem) was significantly the most effective in lowering the DTPA extracted metals as indicated from LSD test. It was found that up to 73% and 57% of the applied Pb and Cd, respectively, were fixed by only 1% cement. However, the present study showed that from the practical and economic points of view, that 1% Cement was the best treatment to immobilize Pb and Cd from all the artificially polluted soils.

Characteristics of Heavy Minerals in Tertiary System of Western Qaidamu Basin

According to tectonic position and mineral inclusions, supply resource in western Qaidamu basin is di- vided into the front of Aerjinshan mountain and the front of Qimantageshan mountain. The former is mainly composed of zircon, garnet inclusions, indicating that its mother rocks are mainly metamorphic rocks. Gas and zircon, iron ore, carbon grain inclusions is common in the front of Qimantage mountain, indicating that its mother rock are mainly magmatite and mixed metamorphic rocks. The supply resource is abundant and tectonic movement is active in the joint of the two mountains. The western Qaidamu basin is further divided into 6 heavy mineral sub-regions according to their features of association and stable coefficient of heavy mineral. They are approximately corresponding to their sedimentary environment. Of the 6 sub-regions, the unstable region is corresponding to fluvial fan, middle stable re- gion is corresponding to river-alluvial plain-delta, stable region is corresponding to river-alluvial plain -delta-offshore. The fragment transported distance is presumed based on stable coefficient. In vertical, stable coefficient of heavy min- eral becomes small from Xiaganchai formation to Xiayoushashan formation, indicating that the supply resource be- came nearer and nearer.

Molecular fossils and sources of Cambrian heavy oil of Well Tadong-2 in theTarim Basin,Xinjiang,China

Research on the molecular fossil characteristics of heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 is of great importance to constrain the source of marine crude oils in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. The authors synthetically applied the isotope mass spectrograph, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrography to the studies of molecular fossil characteristics of heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 in the Tarim Basin, and the results obtained revealed that heavy oil from Well Tadong-2 is characterized by high gammacerane, high C28 sterane, low rearranged sterane and high C27-triaromatic steroid, these characteristics are similar to those of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, demonstrating that Cambrian crude oils came from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks; condensed compounds (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, bow, benzo fluoranthene, benzopyrene) of high abundance were detected in heavy oil from Well Tadong-2, and the carbon isotopic values of whole oil are evidently heavy, all the above characteristics revealed that hydrocarbons in the crude oils became densified in response to thermal alteration.

铅锌矿废石产酸潜力及模拟强酸雨环境下重金属淋溶规律分析

这是一篇矿山生态修复领域的论文。矿山开发过程中不可避免产生大量废石,废石中重金属元素在风化、淋溶等作用下释放,将对矿区周边水土环境质量产生影响。为了研究某铅锌矿废石重金属元素淋溶规律,分析了该废石的化学组成和产酸潜力。模拟强酸雨环境下,分析了废石中重金属元素溶出率及淋溶前后废石的矿物组成。结果表明:该废石中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As元素无独立矿物,在废石中分散赋存;废石酸中和能力较高,净产酸量NAG为0 kg H_(2)SO_(4)/t,无产酸潜力。在模拟强酸雨淋溶实验中,淋出液pH值均呈弱碱性,这与废石含较多的碱性矿物有关,废石具有一定的酸缓冲能力;第1轮淋溶过程Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As元素随淋溶时间延长累积溶出率逐渐升高;第2轮淋溶2周期后Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd元素累积溶出率趋于稳定,后续基本不溶出;As元素累积溶出率随淋溶时间延长而升高;总体而言,废石中重金属溶出率低。废石淋溶前后矿物成分不变,矿物含量略有变化。本文可为矿山废石堆场管理及其周边重金属污染防治提供依据。

四川某锂辉石废石重介分选

这是一篇矿物加工工程领域的文章。研究对象为四川某锂辉石废石,根据该锂辉石废石的矿物特性,对该锂辉石废石三种不同入料粒度(-15+0.5 mm、-10+0.5 mm、-5+0.5 mm)分别进行实验室重液分选实验,实验结果表明,该锂辉石废石采用重液分选效果较好,且以-10+0.5 mm作为后续重介实验的入料粒度范围,并选择2.70 g/cm^(3)作为分选密度时,重液分选指标相对较好,但根据实际生产重介分选实验结果,最终在入选粒度为-15+0.5 mm,介质密度为2.0 g/cm^(3)时,分选指标相对较好。

顶空箭形固相微萃取–气相色谱质谱法分析烃源岩和稠油中的金刚烷类化合物

采用顶空箭型固相微萃取–气相色谱质谱联用技术(HS-SPME Arrow-GC/MS)直接检测分析烃源岩粉末样品和稠油中的单金刚烷类和双金刚烷类化合物,考察并优化了影响萃取效率的萃取纤维头类型、萃取温度、萃取时间和解析时间等关键因素。对于小于80目的烃源岩样品,推荐最优HS-SPME Arrow实验条件为:使用250μm PDMS箭形固相微萃取头, 120℃下萃取20 min, 260℃下解析8 min。对于稠油,当使用250μm PDMS萃取纤维头、萃取温度为120~150℃、萃取时间为15~20 min、解析时间为3~8 min时,稠油中的单金刚烷类和双金刚烷类化合物都能取得较理想的质谱响应。该方法实现了对烃源岩粉末和稠油中金刚烷类化合物的直接分析,灵敏度高,检出限低(0.004~0.977 ng/g),重现性好,测量峰面积和比值参数的相对标准偏差分别小于20%和5%,避免了复杂的前处理过程,是一种快捷可靠的分析方法。

海南琼中岩-土体系重金属迁移特征及表土环境质量评价

地球关键带和土壤重金属污染是当今研究的前沿与热点,岩-土体系是地球关键带的重要组成部分。目前海南岛针对不同成壤母质岩-土体系的详细研究较少,并且重金属亟需基于新标准进行评价。为了查清岩-土体系中重金属元素迁移特征及污染状况,本文以海南岛琼中3个土壤垂向剖面及7115件表层土壤样品为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法(ICP-MS/OES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)等分析方法,测定岩石和土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg共8种重金属元素含量,利用土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害指数法定量评价了表层土壤样品重金属污染状况及生态风险。结果表明,①海南岛琼中二长花岗岩岩-土体系中,不同重金属元素表现出明显的分异特征,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd元素以亏损为主,As元素以富集为主,Hg元素则表现出不同的富集或亏损特征,As、Hg元素尤其富集在表层。②琼中绝大多数表层土壤中重金属元素含量低于土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,土壤污染风险低。③以琼中和海南岛背景值为评价标准时,应关注Cr、Ni和As污染以及Hg、As和Cd的生态危害。以土壤环境质量为评价标准时,研究区表层土壤的环境质量总体清洁,生态风险较弱。

Global perspectives and future research directions for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil:A knowledge mapping analysis from 2001 to 2020

In total,9,552 documents were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection and subjected to knowledge mapping and visualization analysis for the field of phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soil(PHMCS)with CiteSpace 5.7 R3 software.The results showed that(1)the number of publications increased linearly over the studied period.The top 10 countries/regions,institutions and authors contributing to this field were exhibited.(2)Keyword co-occurrence cluster analysis revealed a total of 8 clusters,including“Bioremediation,”“Arsenic,”“Biochar,”“Oxidative stress,”“Hyperaccumulation,”“EDTA,”“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,”and“Environmental pollution”clusters(3)In total,334 keyword bursts were obtained,and the 25 strongest,longest duration,and newest keyboard bursts were analyzed in depth.The strongest keyword burst test showed that the hottest keywords could be divided into 7 groups,i.e.,“Plant bioremediation materials,”“HM types,”“Chelating amendments,”“Other improved strategies,”“Bioremediation characteristics,”“Risk assessment,”and“Other.”Almost half of the newest topics had emerged in the past 3 years,including“biochar,”“drought,”“health risk assessment,”“electrokinetic remediation,”“nanoparticle,”and“intercropping.”(4)In total,9 knowledge base clusters were obtained in this study.The studies of Ali et al.(2013),Blaylock et al.(1997),Huang et al.(1997),van der Ent et al.(2013),Salt et al.(1995),and Salt(1998),which had both high frequencies and the strongest burst scores,have had the most profound effects on PHMCS research.Finally,future research directions were proposed.

琼北火山岩地区水田和旱地土壤中重金属的累积特征比较

为分析琼北火山岩地区土壤中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Hg)的累积特征,采集旱地和水田的土壤表层样品,并对样品理化性质及重金属含量进行了分析,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,研究区旱地与水田土壤均呈强酸性-酸性,旱地土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)(4.66 cmol/kg)略大于水田土壤CEC(3.42 cmol/kg),表明旱地土壤保持养分的能力优于水田土壤。与海南土壤背景值比较,研究区旱地和水田土壤中Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni 4种重金属均有不同程度的累积,其中Cd累积程度较重。研究区旱地和水田土壤中Cr与Ni均具有较高的正相关关系,说明旱地和水田土壤中Cr与Ni可能同源,且受基性火山岩地质背景的影响较大。内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明,研究区旱地土壤重金属污染明显高于水田土壤,水田土壤重金属为轻度污染,而旱地土壤重金属已达到中度污染,尤其是Cr和Ni污染比较严重,应引起重视。

重砂诱导去除矿井水中高悬浮煤岩粉的实验研究

由于取材方便、操作简单和无二次污染等优点,重砂加载混凝沉淀被广泛应用于高悬浮物矿井水的高效处理。然而,矿井水中多变的悬浮物种类对重砂加载混凝沉淀效果的影响则很少有人关注,影响机制也不清晰。为此,选用石英重砂加载混凝处理高悬浮矿井水为研究对象,分析矿井水中悬浮物的种类(煤粉、岩粉和煤岩粉混合物等)对石英重砂加载混凝处理高悬浮物矿井水效率的影响。分析结果表明:石英重砂的投加对混凝沉淀处理高悬浮岩粉矿井水效率的影响可忽略,但适量的重砂投加有助于提升混凝沉淀的效率和速率。虽然石英重砂投加量越多,混凝沉淀的效率和速率升高的越快,但石英重砂的投加并不能高效地混凝沉淀处理高悬浮煤粉矿井水。随着矿井水中煤粉含量的降低,岩粉含量的增加,运行过程中上清液的浊度逐渐降低,石英重砂加载混凝处理的效率和速率逐渐升高。该研究成果为保障重砂加载混凝处理高悬浮矿井水的效率,缓解我国西部矿区水资源短缺的矛盾具有重要的现实意义。

汉江新集水电站土石坝水下抛填离心模型试验研究

由于压实度的不可控性,水下抛填一直较少作为土石坝等永久建筑物的施工方案,而采取水下抛填可大大提高工程经济性,研究土石坝水下抛填施工技术具有重要意义。以汉江新集水电站主河床土石坝水下抛填施工为例,引入离心模型试验对其进行了前期论证,并在坝体填筑完成后通过超重型动力触探试验对水下抛填密度进行检测。结果表明:水下抛填密度与抛填料颗粒级配、上覆堆载、水深等因素密切相关,且经强夯处理后抛填体的有效加固深度在6.0 m范围内;离心模型试验和超重型动力触探检测成果相关性较好,可作为研究土石坝水下抛填密度的有效手段。研究成果给后续坝体设计、安全监测方案优化提供了数据支撑,对同类工程设计施工也具有重要参考价值。

穿越土岩交界面的隧洞围岩变形数值模拟分析

针对强降雨导致穿越土岩交界面处隧洞围岩变形问题,依托某灌区工程总干渠1号隧洞,采用流固耦合理论的数值模拟方法,对该部位隧洞变形问题进行了模拟,并分析了围岩不同弹性模量、不同黏聚力、不同摩擦角、不同土岩交界面产状等参数对围岩变形的影响。结果表明:强降雨是隧洞变形的主要原因;拱顶沉降对弹性模量变化更敏感,地表沉降对黏聚力变化更敏感;土岩交界面倾角的变化对降雨后的围岩和地表沉降影响很大,地表沉降从0°时的5.82 mm变化到60°的37.16 mm,拱顶沉降从0°时的15.77 mm变化到60°时的26.17 mm。研究成果可以为类似工程选线布置和施工控制措施实施提供借鉴。

江西某铜矿废石的产酸规律及释放重金属行为

金属矿废石暴露在自然环境中易产生酸性污染物、释放重金属离子,对周边环境造成严重污染。鉴于其污染的长期性,有必要对废石产酸规律及释放重金属离子行为进行研究。以江西省某铜矿废石为对象,通过动态淋溶试验研究了淋溶液p H值、废石粒度、淋溶强度(淋溶液流速)等因素对产酸及释放重金属离子的影响。结果表明,淋溶液p H值与SO_4^(2-)产生量及Cu、Pb的释放量负相关,淋溶液p H值越低,SO_4^(2-)、Cu、Pb的累计释放量越大;而Zn呈现不同规律,淋溶液p H值为5时其累计释放量高于淋溶液p H值为3时,表明Zn在弱酸性环境中更易释放溶出。废石粒径越小,越有利于产酸和释放重金属离子,细粒径废石淋溶体系内SO_4^(2-)、Cu、Pb、Zn累计释放量显著高于粗粒径废石。淋溶液流速与SO_4^(2-)产生量及重金属离子的释放量正相关,在高淋溶液流速(1.02m L/min)、低初始淋溶液p H值(3)、细粒径废石(0.15~0.25mm)淋溶体系中,SO_4^(2-)、Cu、Pb、Zn累计释放量分别可达1389.55mg/kg、310.18μg/kg、413.18μg/kg和281.62μg/kg。研究结果可以为类似有色金属矿山废石的产酸和释放重金属离子行为及污染治理提供指导。

鲁中典型碳酸盐岩区土壤-玉米重金属积累特征及健康风险评价

选择鲁中典型碳酸盐岩高地质背景区为研究区,采集自然土壤100件,玉米植株及根系土配套样品30套,测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、As、Hg等8种重金属含量及土壤pH,采用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、富集系数法和健康风险评价模型等方法,开展重金属积累特征研究及健康风险评价。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属含量高于山东省表层土壤背景值,低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。自然土壤和玉米根系土重金属地累积指数中位数均小于0,污染程度以无污染为主。内梅罗综合污染指数显示土壤均属于清洁等级。玉米植株各部位对重金属的富集能力不同,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、As在根中含量最高,Hg在叶中含量最高,Cr、Ni、As极易在根中富集,Cu、Zn、Cd在叶和根中的含量相当,Zn在各部位中含量相对均衡,籽实中重金属含量均不超标。基于玉米摄入造成的重金属危害熵总危害熵小于1,表明在鲁中碳酸盐岩区种植玉米用于居民消费,不存在潜在的健康风险。

渤海蒸汽吞吐稠油油田出砂预测方法研究

渤海A油田采用蒸汽吞吐开发方式,地层埋深浅、易出砂,但对于注热条件下出砂机理认识不清,缺少出砂预测模型。为此,基于调研注热物理模拟实验,总结注热条件对防砂失效的影响规律,研究稠油油田热采井出砂机理。结合探井资料,采用经验法分析A油田出砂风险,考虑注热造成的岩石强度弱化、热应力效应以及循环注采造成的岩石损伤,建立了热采井多轮次蒸汽吞吐出砂预测模型,研究注热对出砂压差的影响。综合分析结果表明,循环注采造成的损伤主要发生在前几个轮次,并导致低强度储层段发生破坏,后续轮次的损伤速率较小且相对平稳。高温热蒸汽导致的强度损伤对出砂压差影响最大,其次是循环注采损伤,热应力效应影响最小。研究成果为该油田开发提供理论依据,并为海上类似稠油油田方案设计提供借鉴意义。