Experimental investigation on using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with high water cut in enhanced oil recovery

CO_(2) emulsions used for EOR have received a lot of interest because of its good performance on CO_(2)mobility reduction.However,most of them have been focusing on the high quality CO_(2) emulsion(high CO_(2) fraction),while CO_(2) emulsion with high water cut has been rarely researched.In this paper,we carried out a comprehensive experimental study of using high water cut CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion for enhancing oil recovery.Firstly,a nonionic surfactant,alkyl glycosides(APG),was selected to stabilize CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion,and the corresponding morphology and stability were evaluated with a transparent PVT cell.Subsequently,plugging capacity and apparent viscosity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion were measured systematically by a sand pack displacement apparatus connected with a 1.95-m long capillary tube.Furthermore,a high water cut(40 vol%) CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion was selected for flooding experiments in a long sand pack and a core sample,and the oil recovery,the rate of oil recovery,and the pressure gradients were analyzed.The results indicated that APG had a good performance on emulsifying and stabilizing CO_(2) emulsion.An inversion from H_(2)O/CO_(2) emulsion to CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with the increase in water cut was confirmed.CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsions with lower water cuts presented higher apparent viscosity,while the optimal plugging capacity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion occurred at a certain water cut.Eventually,the displacement using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion provided 18.98% and 13.36% additional oil recovery than that using pure CO_(2) in long sand pack and core tests,respectively.This work may provide guidelines for EOR using CO_(2) emulsions with high water cut.

Evaluation of Early High Speed Development of Bottom Water Heavy Oil Reservoir

The bottom water heavy oil reservoir has high natural energy, and the bottom water body multiple of the reservoir is 300 times or even higher. The natural energy of the reservoir can keep the superior condition that the formation energy does not decrease under the condition of large liquid volume and high recovery rate. In view of this reservoir condition, we take C oilfield as an example to carry out the oilfield development effect under the condition of large liquid volume and high-speed production, and analyze the influence of high-speed production and medium low-speed production on recovery rate of similar heavy oil bottom water-reservoir. The results show that the rising trend of water cut in oilfield is the same whether high-speed development with large liquid volume or conventional low-speed development is adopted. Under the condition of high liquid production, the sweep efficiency of water flooding is high in the same period of time, which has certain advantages of enhanced oil recovery. The development mode of early large liquid production is explored, which provides certain guidance for the efficient development of heavy oil reservoir with bottom water.

Temperature effect on performance of nanoparticle/surfactant flooding in enhanced heavy oil recovery

Recently,nanoparticles have been used along with surfactants for enhancing oil recovery.Although the recent studies show that oil recovery is enhanced using nanoparticle/surfactant solutions,some effective parameters and mechanisms involved in the oil recovery have not yet been investigated.Therefore,the temperature effect on the stability of nanoparticle/surfactant solutions and ultimate oil recovery has been studied in this work,and the optimal concentrations of both SiO2 nanoparticle and surfactant(sodium dodecyl sulfate)have been determined by the Central Composite Design method.In addition,the simultaneous effects of parameters and their interactions have been investigated.Study of the stability of the injected solutions indicates that the nanoparticle concentration is the most important factor affecting the solution stability.The surfactant makes the solution more stable if used in appropriate concentrations below the CMC.According to the micromodel flooding results,the most effective factor for enhancing oil recovery is temperature compared to the nanoparticle and surfactant concentrations.Therefore,in floodings with higher porous medium temperature,the oil viscosity reduction is considerable,and more oil is recovered.In addition,the surfactant concentration plays a more effective role in reservoirs with higher temperatures.In other words,at a surfactant concentration of 250 ppm,the ultimate oil recovery is improved about 20%with a temperature increase of 20°C.However,when the surfactant concentration is equal to 750 ppm,the temperature increase enhances the ultimate oil recovery by only about 7%.Finally,the nanoparticle and surfactant optimum concentrations determined by Design-Expert software were equal to 46 and 159 ppm,respectively.It is worthy to note that obtained results are validated by the confirmation test.

Experimental study on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery: A case study of Daqing placanticline oilfield, NE China

Experiments on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery were carried out by detection analysis and modern physical simulation technique based on reservoirs and fluids in Daqing placanticline oilfield.The experimental results show that the surface-active polymer is different from other common polymers and polymer-surfactant systems in molecular aggregation,viscosity and flow capacity,and it has larger molecular coil size,higher viscosity and viscosifying capacity,and poorer mobility.The surface-active polymer solution has good performance of viscosity-increasing and viscosity retention,and has good performance of viscoelasticity and deformability to exert positive effects of viscosifying and viscoelastic properties.Surface-active polymer can change the chemical property of interface and reduce interfacial tension,making the reservoir rock turn water-wet,also it can emulsify the oil into relatively stable oil-in-water emulsion,and emulsification capacity is an important property to enhance oil washing efficiency under non-ultralow interfacial tension.The surface-active polymer flooding enlarges swept volume in two ways:Microscopically,the surface-active polymer has mobility control effect and can enter oil-bearing pores not swept by water to drive residual oil,and its mobility control effect has more contribution than oil washing capacity in enhancing oil recovery.Macroscopically,it has plugging capacity,and can emulsify and plug the dominant channels in layers with high permeability,forcing the injected fluid to enter the layer with medium or low permeability and low flow resistance,and thus enlarging swept volume.

An effective method to predict oil recovery in high water cut stage

The water flooding characteristic curve method based on the traditional regression equation between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is inappropriate to predict the oil recovery in the high water cut stage. Hence, a new water flooding characteristic curve equation adapted to the high water cut stage is proposed to predict the oil recovery. The water drive phase permeability experiments show that the curve of the oil and water phase permeability ratio vs. the water saturation, in the semi-logarithmic coordinates, has a significantly lower bend after entering the high water cut stage, so the water flooding characteristic curve method based on the traditional regression equation between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is inappropriate to predict the oil recovery in the high water cut stage; therefore, a new water flooding characteristic curve equation based on a better relationship between ln（kro/k,.~） and S~ is urgently desirable to be established to effectively and reliably predict the oil recovery of a water drive reservoir adapted to a high water cut stage. In this paper, by carrying out the water drive phase permeability experiments, a new mathematical model between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is established, with the regression analysis method and an integration of the established model, the water flooding characteristic curve equation adapted to a high water cut stage is obtained. Using the new water flooding characteristic curve to predict the oil recovery of the GD3-block of the SL oilfield and the J09-block of the DG oil field in China, results with high predicted accuracy are obtained.

高含水老油田化学驱综合治理新方法及工程实践路径

针对胜利高含水老油田化学驱在科学、技术、管理、工程四个角度面临的开发矛盾,以渤76块为典型单元,在工程实践中进行具体对策分析,构建了“适、专、快、集”的老油田化学驱综合治理新方法。“适”指在老油田科学开发方式转化上,构建不同油藏类型老油田化学驱最佳介入时机模型,提出了在含水率相对较低的阶段,是适合化学驱的有利时机,高效开发方式需“适”介入。“专”指在老油田开发技术应用上,改变传统聚合物先溶解后注入的开发思路,研制可控相转化聚合物,使聚合物先注入后溶解,解决炮眼剪切降解的难题,提高油水流度控制能力,老油田开发矛盾需“专”治理。“快”指在老油田综合管理模式上,改变传统方式,即矿场提问题、研究院设计方案、化工厂生产驱油剂的“串联”管理模式,提出充分发挥矿场、研究院、生产厂三方优势的“并联”管理模式,形成针对单一油藏的产品工业化工艺包以及产业化落地方案,老油田开发技术实现“快”转化。“集”指在老油田工程应用实践上,打破老油田化学驱地面大规模建站的工程工艺模式,采用集约化撬装配注设备,实现老油田化学驱的集约快速配注,老油田工程工艺实现“集”应用。运用上述方法,在胜利油田渤76块综合含水率上升初期,实施由水驱转为可控相转化聚合物驱,实施后一年即见到明显的降水增油效果,单井日产油水平增加8.6t/d,综合含水率降低3.1%,验证了综合治理模式的可行性,为高含水老油田化学驱高效开发提供了有效路径。

稠油热采无机硅酸凝胶封窜剂的研究与应用

在稠油油藏热采过程中容易发生蒸汽地下窜流和地表汽窜,严重影响矿区产能,同时造成地面污染。以水玻璃与尿素为交联剂主体,通过与表面活性剂甘油三乙酸酯进行复配,研制了一种新型耐高温封窜剂。通过正交试验确定了最优封窜剂配方:60%水玻璃+4%尿素+0.2%甘油三乙酸酯+水;红外光谱(FTIR)及扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现,该体系中水玻璃通过一段时间的交联,形成单硅酸,后缩聚形成线性多聚硅酸,硅酸分子间相互作用发生缠结,形成的网状结构使得其稳定性较高,结构更稳定,有更好的耐温能力;实验室内填砂管性能评价结果表明,封窜剂段塞注入量为0.2 PV及候凝时间为5 d时,封堵率98.8%、突破压力梯度1.4 MPa/m、残余阻力系数83.32,经过21 PV 260℃的高温蒸汽冲刷后封堵率稳定在94%以上;现场试验结果表明,井F-109日产油从0.9 t增至5.5 t,含水率由89%降至50%,施工244 d,累计增油1122.4 t,F井区地面不再发生蒸汽窜漏,受地面窜漏影响的14口井恢复了正常注汽吞吐生产,累计增油15713.6 t,平均单井日注汽量100 m 3,注汽压力5.5 MPa。综合表明,该封窜剂体系具有良好的高温选择封堵性,对稠油热采高温蒸汽窜流的有效治理提供了理论指导和技术支撑。

稠油多轮次注采固井水泥浆体系评价与优选

在稠油多轮次注采开发过程中,井筒水泥环需承受350℃高温及多轮次温度交变,需要水泥浆体系具有良好的耐高温和抗疲劳能力。开发了4种耐高温水泥浆体系,在350℃高温循环加热的条件下,对4种水泥浆体系进行10轮次的加热,分别测定其抗压强度和弹性模量,并取样进行X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜形貌分析、纳米CT扫描测试。评价了4种水泥浆体系的抗高温循环能力,探讨了其性能变化的机理。试验结果表明,复合加砂水泥和耐高温韧性水泥可满足稠油多轮次注采开发需求,硅酸盐水泥中添加细硅粉和弹塑剂可有效改善其抗高温能力和耐疲劳能力。

用于稠油热采井的耐温凝胶堵剂研制与评价——以春光油田为例

针对河南春光油田稠油热采水平井水窜严重的问题,通过耐高温凝胶堵剂配方研究及性能评价,配套双封定位封堵工艺,实现了水平井不同水窜位置的有效封堵。所研制的耐高温凝胶堵剂,具有耐温耐盐性能好和封堵强度高的特点,耐盐1.00×10^(5)mg/L,耐温达到350℃,高温60 h后突破真空度仍保持在0.065 MPa以上,现场实施后有效延缓了稠油水平井水窜速度,改善了稠油热采水平井开发效果。

缓交联高强度封堵剂研究进展

综述了目前油田主要应用的封堵剂的发展情况,介绍了含水率较高的油田实施窜流封堵技术,分析了不同类型的深部封堵剂优劣特性及适用情况,总结和展望了未来缓慢交联的封堵剂技术的发展趋势。

渤海稠油油田热化学复合吞吐增效技术研究与应用

针对渤海稠油油田在生产稠油井存在的原油黏度大、胶质沥青质沉积造成储层有机堵塞严重、产量递减快、边底水突进、含水上升快等问题,通过室内实验研究分析、物理模拟与参数优化开展了海上热化学复合吞吐增效技术研究。结果表明:随温度升高,胶质、沥青质扩散系数增大,石英石表面对重质组分的吸附能力减弱,有助于胶质沥青质解离;热气化学复合解堵后,岩心水测渗透率均可恢复到初始岩心水测渗透率的60%~70%;热(80℃)+气(溶解)作用下,与50℃脱气油相比可使原油黏度降低约80%;在热和化学剂作用下,原油形成低黏水包油乳状液,稠油黏度由2000 mPa·s降低至30 mPa·s,降黏率为98.5%;稠油相渗曲线测试实验(100℃)结果显示,化学剂注入后使稠油相渗曲线等渗点右移,两相共渗区域增大,油相渗透率变大,水相渗透率降低,残余油饱和度降低,开发效果改善;在热水驱过程中,注入泡沫堵调后,高渗填砂管和低渗填砂管采收率均有明显提高,低渗管采收率提高约11个百分点,高渗管采收率提高约8个百分点。模拟吞吐实验结果表明:在热+化学+气协同作用下,可至少降低含水20%~30%,采油指数由0.90 mL/(min·MPa)提高至1.95 mL/(min·MPa),可显著改善低产稠油井的开发效果。热化学复合吞吐增效技术已在渤海稠油油田现场取得成功试验,措施井含水最高降低73.4个百分点,有效期150天,平均日产油较措施前提高2.9倍,有效期内累增油4300 m^(3),为渤海稠油冷采井增储上产提供了新的技术思路和方向。

中国海油海上油田采油工程技术进展与展望

针对海上油田面临的油气开采技术难度大、重大技术迭代慢、大型作业技术应用成本高等多方面的挑战,中国海油经过数十年的发展,从稳产上产、技术迭代和降本增效等3方面推动技术变革,逐步形成了以“两提一降”为主线的数智化精细注水和稳油控水、大井距高强度稠油热采、低渗储层改造等三大工程技术,以及机采井延寿降耗、低产低效井增产、大修井作业、提高采收率等四类技术。提出了采油工程技术发展的10条技术路线,加快构建海上低成本采油工程技术体系,为推进中国海上油田采油工程技术高质量发展提供支撑。

普通稠油非均相复合体系组分驱油贡献率

非均相复合体系能实现协同调驱,在稠油开发方面极具潜力,但各组分驱油贡献率不明确,给体系优化与选择带来盲目性。针对由部分水解聚丙烯酰胺、双效型表面活性剂和预交联凝胶颗粒(B-PPG)组成的非均相复合体系,在分析其界面与封堵性能和驱油特征的基础上,开展了聚合物、二元复合体系和非均相复合体系驱油实验;依据3类体系驱油的采收率增幅,归一化计算了不同水油黏度比下非均相复合体系组分驱油贡献率。结果表明,0.106~0.150 mm(150~100目)B-PPG膨胀后的粒径中值为800μm。该非均相复合体系与渗透率为1.1μm~2的填砂模型匹配,运移封堵阻力系数与残余阻力系数分别为420.5和203.0,更低渗透率(0.30μm~2)的填砂模型则难以进入。对于渗透率级差约为3.0的并联填砂模型,非均相复合体系具有较强的调驱能力,最高注入压力为0.42 MPa、低渗透模型分流率最高达到42.2%;而二元复合体系的最高注入压力仅为0.25 MPa、低渗透模型分流率仅为24.3%。当水油黏度比为0.05~0.46时,非均相复合体系中聚合物驱油贡献率(43.1%~84.1%)最高,表面活性剂(22.1%~7.6%)最低,B-PPG(34.8%~8.3%)介于两者之间。水油黏度比(≥0.46)较高时,表面活性剂和B-PPG驱油贡献率较小,聚合物或二元复合驱后非均相复合驱增油潜力有限;水油黏度比(≤0.2)较低时,表面活性剂和B-PPG驱油贡献率大,水驱或聚合物、二元复合驱后非均相复合驱增油潜力较大。

普通稠油化学降黏冷采技术研究与应用

针对普通稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐和水驱中存在热能利用率低、边水影响、水驱不受效的问题,转换开发方式,研究评价化学冷采降粘剂,降粘率达到90%以上,优化关井反应时间和应用选井条件,配套堵水堵窜与气体增能工艺,提高化学降粘冷采效果与效益,含水下降13个百分点,操作成本2054元/吨,探索提高稠油采收率新方向。

渤海曹妃甸低幅底水稠油油田特高含水期开发模式研究与实践

曹妃甸油田群为渤海规模最大的底水稠油油田,构造幅度低、油柱高度低、地层原油黏度大,经过十多年开发进入了特高含水期,目前采油速度低、水驱采收率低,亟需综合调整。通过室内实验与水驱模型推导,研究了底水稠油油藏水平井水脊特征与水驱波及系数变化规律。结果表明,水平井开采过程中单区脊进严重、沿程驱替不均衡;水平井水驱波及系数“早期缓慢上升、后期持续增大”,这说明提高产液量可以提高水驱波及系数。在此基础上,提出了基于水脊演化规律的水平井网加密调整技术、融合构造与储层描述的水平井精准布井技术、基于孔隙有效动用的水平井大排量提液技术等关键技术,进而建立了特高含水期老区与新区并举、老井与新井交错、纵向分带、平面分区的水平井整体加密调整模式。按照本文模式调整后,油田储量动用程度提高了21.3个百分点,采油速度提高了1.3倍,水驱采收率提高了10.9个百分点,实现了特高含水期快速上产并持续稳产,为海上油田中长期持续稳产和高效开发提供借鉴。

冷轧油泥的无害化处理与资源化利用

冷轧油泥是钢铁厂冷轧工艺产生的危险废弃物。作为油水固三相高度乳化的混合物,冷轧油泥组成十分复杂,若通过传统的焚烧或填埋法处理会造成严重的环境污染。目前处理冷轧油泥的工艺包括热解法、溶剂萃取法、热化学清洗法等,以将油固两相分离并分别回收。冷轧油泥废水是高浓度的有机废水,通常采用“预处理+深度降解”的复合工艺加以处理。通过油固两相的资源化,以及水相的减量化、无害化,可以实现危废品冷轧油泥的资源回收,变废为宝。

高温超稠油采出水的电絮凝实验及机理分析

采用电絮凝技术处理高温超稠油采出水,考察了反应时间、电流密度和极板间距对电絮凝处理效果的影响,通过响应面法对电絮凝处理超稠油采出水工艺条件进行了优化,并对电絮凝过程净化机理和电极钝化的影响因素进行了研究。研究表明,电絮凝技术能有效去除高温超稠油采出水中的油、COD和SiO_(2),反应时间对COD和SiO_(2)去除率影响极显著。当反应时间为27.2 min,电流密度为8.6 mA/cm2,极板间距为1.8 cm时,COD和SiO_(2)去除率分别为81.0%和100%。电絮凝对采出水起净化作用的是铝离子与OH-结合生成的多核羟基铝络合物胶体。采出水中Cl-含量的增加使铝板的钝化程度略有减弱,而SO42-和HCO3-含量的增加使铝板的钝化程度增加;当采出水呈中性时,铝板的钝化程度最高。

高含水稠油混合液当量黏度的测试研究

原油黏度是油田地面工程集输系统规划与设计的重要物性参数。传统搅拌法测定高含水稠油混合液黏度,存在低转速无法均匀分散、高转速偏离实际工况的问题,采用高速搅拌分散与低速剪切测试交替进行,此剪切程序设计适用于高含水稠油混合液的搅拌测黏方法。此方法克服了环道法用油量大且实验操作复杂的缺点,并具备旋转黏度计连续测量且操作方便的优点。采用高低速交替搅拌法测定高含水稠油流动特性曲线,测量结果与实验环道法相比,1#油样的平均相对偏差为6.16%,平均绝对偏差为3.23 mPa·s,2#油样的平均相对偏差为2.61%,平均绝对偏差为3.69 mPa·s。结果表明:测试误差在允许范围内,测定得到的流动特性曲线呈现良好的规律性,混合液剪切稀释性随其含水率和温度降低而逐渐增强。