Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Stoichiometries Across a Chronosequence of Restored Inland Soda Saline-Alkali Wetlands, Western Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations and stoichiometries can be used to evaluate the success indicators to the effects of wetland restoration and reflect ecosystem function. Restoration of inland soda saline-alkali wetlands is widespread, however, the soil nutrition changes that follow restoration are unclear. We quantified the recovery trajectories of soil physicochemical properties, including soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) pools, for a chronosequence of three restored wetlands(7 yr, 12 yr and 21 yr) and compared these properties to those of degraded and natural wetlands in the western Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Wetland degradation lead to the loss of soil nutrients. Relative to natural wetlands, the mean reductions of in SOC, TN, and TP concentrations were 89.6%, 65.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Nutrients recovered as years passed after restoration. The SOC, TN, and TP concentrations increased by 2.36 times, 1.15 times, and 0.83 times, respectively in degraded wetlands that had been restored for 21 yr, but remained 29.2%, 17.3%, and 12.8% lower, respectively, than those in natural wetlands. The soil C∶N(RC N), C∶P(R CP), and N∶P(R NP) ratios increased from 5.92 to 8.81, 45.36 to 79.19, and 7.67 to 8.71, respectively in the wetland that had been restored for 12 yr. These results were similar to those from the natural wetland and the wetland that had been restored for 21 yr(P > 0.05). Soil nutrients changes occurred mainly in the upper layers(≤ 30 cm), and no significant differences were found in deeper soils(> 30 cm). Based on this, we inferred that it would take at least 34 yr for SOC, TN, and TP concentrations and 12 yr for RC N, R CP, and RN P in the top soils of degraded wetlands to recover to levels of natural wetlands. Soil salinity negatively influenced SOC(r =-0.704, P < 0.01), TN(r =-0.722, P < 0.01), and TP(r =-0.882, P < 0.01) concentrations during wetland restoration, which indicates that reducing salinity is beneficial to SOC, TN, and TP recovery. Moreover, plants were an important source of soil nutrients and vegetation restoration was conducive to soil nutrient accumulation. In brief, wetland restoration increased the accumulation of soil biogenic elements, which indicated that positive ecosystem functions changes had occurred.

Characteristics of land use conversion in soda saline-alkali soil region of central Northeast China

Since the 1970s,the soda saline-alkali soil region,which is located in the semiarid-arid region of the central Northeast China,has experienced drastic climate variability.Meanwhile,human activities and socio-economic development have led to an increase in water consumption.These factors have brought out considerable land use change and a lot of soil salinize-alkalization.The land use types were obtained from remote sensing images interpretation based on Landsat MSS in 1970s,TM,ETM in 1990s and 2010s.The characteristics of land use conversion and its response to climate change and influence of human activities were explored in the study area during 1970-2010.The results include:(1)The land use types had changed significantly,especially farmland and grassland,with annual growth rates of 0.31% and 0.35%,respectively.In terms of the saline-alkali land,the area increased greatly during 1970-1990,and its increase was mainly from grassland.There was a decrease from 1990 to 2010,and the loss of saline-alkali was replaced by farmland and grassland.(2)Climate change in the study area is obvious,showing a trend of decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature.The change of saline-alkali land area is closely related to the precipitation,with R2=0.78,passed a passing the 0.01 significance test.(3)The correlation of land use degree index and human activity index with saline-alkali land was not obvious,and the changes in these indices only reflected the land use patterns.Under sufficient rainfall,the saline-alkali land was developed into farmland by humans,which caused the decrease of the saline-alkali land.Therefore,climate change is the main driving force of land salinization in the study area.

Effects of different soil amendments on physicochemical property of soda saline-alkali soil and crop yield in Northeast China

Soil amendment is one of the most effective methods to improve saline-alkali soil.In this study,laboratory experiments were conducted to verify the effect of 13 kinds of amendments and their combinations(Citric acid(NM),Phosphogypsum(LS),Aluminum sulfate+citric acid(AL+NM),Aluminum sulfate+phosphogypsum(AL+LS),Aluminum sulfate+citric acid+phosphogypsum(HH),Zeolite(Z),Acidified zeolite(ZH),Aluminum sulfate(AL),Aluminum sulfate+zeolite(AL+Z),Aluminum sulfate+acidified zeolite(AL+ZH),Poly Aluminum chloride(ALCL),Polyaluminium chloride+zeolite(ALCL+Z),Polyaluminium chloride+acidified zeolite(ALCL+ZH))on soil pH,metal cations content,exchangeable Na+,exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP)in the lab.And then the five most effective amendments(Z,ZH,AL,AL+Z,and AL+ZH)were chosen applying both in dry field(maize field)and paddy field to evaluate their improvement on soda saline-alkali soil and crop yield in the northeast Songnen Plain,China.The lab results showed that AL,AL+Z and AL+ZH treatments could significantly reduce the pH in soil solution and increase the content of metal cations.Z and ZH treatments could adsorb metal cations in soil.Both in dry and paddy fields,all five treatments could increase the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks),increased from 9.63 to 60.02 mm/d and 0.18 to 33.25 mm/d,respectively,of which the AL treatment was the best;all five treatments could reduce the content of exchangeable Na+in soil,and decrease by 38.62%-61.33%and 25.24%-71.53%,respectively,of which the AL+ZH treatment was the best;all treatments could reduce soil exchangeable sodium percentage,and decrease by 0.14-0.22 and 0.14-0.41,respectively,of which the AL+ZH treatment was the best;AL,AL+Z and AL+ZH treatments could improve soil organic matter content;all treatments could effectively improve the yield of crops,and increase 23.98%-60.75%and 52.51%-260.21%,respectively,of which the AL treatment was the best in dry field and the AL+ZH treatment was the best in paddy field.The effect of AL treatment was the best in dry field and AL+ZH treatment was the best in paddy field of soda saline-alkali soil.This study could provide instructive information for the chemical improvement and agricultural utilization of soda saline-alkali soils in the world.

基于石膏尾矿的盐碱地复合调理剂应用及经济性评估

研发了一种以石膏尾矿、富勒烯等为核心原材料的新型石膏基盐碱地复合调理剂,以解决脱硫石膏中存在的重金属安全隐患,并对石膏尾矿进行资源化再利用。通过在内蒙古苏打盐碱地上的应用结果表明,该调理剂可以显著提高水稻的产值和净收益,同时有效改善土壤理化性质,促进土壤养分平衡的建立。通过成本效益分析表明,该调理剂的投产比为1.8,具有较高的应用价值和推广前景。

施加改良剂对重度盐碱地盐碱动态及杨树生长的影响

如何控制盐碱地继续朝向重度盐碱地发展并恢复森林等植被生态系统是国家科技攻关重点方向,也是内陆碳酸钠型盐碱地改良研究的一个重点,以聚马来酸酐(HPMA)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)两种高分子聚合物配合木焦油、木醋液等为降、阻盐碱剂,对重度盐碱地进行改良,以杨树生长情况以及不同层盐碱动态为指标判断其对重度盐碱地的改良效果。结果表明,(1)HPMA与PAA的比较,土壤改良剂聚马来酸酐(HPMA)在阻盐剂(木醋液+木焦油+少量PAA与碱土形成的阻隔盐碱向表层运输的阻盐碱层)阻隔下,使盐碱地pH与盐分明显下降(与对照相比pH下降0.93、盐分下降0.78%),杨树生长速率较高(株高生长速度是对照生长速度的2.41倍、基茎长速度是对照生长速度的2.36倍),改良效果显著。土壤改良剂聚丙烯酸(PAA)与碱土混合在阻盐剂阻隔下,pH与盐分变化较小(与对照相比pH下降0.23、盐分下降0.63%),杨树生长速率缓慢(株高生长速度是对照生长速度的1.43倍、基茎长速度是对照生长速度的1.07倍),较聚马来酸酐处理稍差。(2)加覆膜剂与不加覆膜剂对比发现,加覆膜剂后土壤表层pH值降至8.87,而其他土层pH值无明显变化,覆膜剂对盐碱的作用主要体现在土壤深层与浅层之间的盐碱动态,对深层盐分没有明显抑制作用。(3)通过对不同改良方法根际土与远根土对比发现,经HPMA和PAA处理后根际土壤盐分和pH值均较比远根土降低,说明种植杨树能够强化改良剂的效果。

脱硫石膏对重度苏打盐化土中主要离子淋洗的影响

通过土柱室内淋洗的方法,研究土壤施加不同量(0g/kg,5.5g/kg,11g/kg,22g/kg,33g/kg)的脱硫石膏后,土壤淋洗液中4种盐基离子(Na^+、Ca^(2+)、CO_3^(2-)、SO_4^(2-))动态变化规律,旨在为大同苏打盐化土改良提供理论依据。结果表明,土壤淋洗液中Na^+淋洗量与时间呈显著负相关(P<0.05),CO_3^(2-)淋洗量与时间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),Ca^(2+)、SO_4^(2-)淋洗量在30d出现峰值,淋洗液pH与时间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),四大离子和pH随时间变化显示了苏打盐化土脱盐的过程。在5.5~22g/kg范围内,30d以前,随着土壤脱硫石膏用量逐渐增加,4种盐基离子的淋洗量均逐渐升高;30d以后,随着土壤脱硫石膏用量逐渐增加,4种盐基离子的淋洗量均逐渐降低。此外,和对照相比,施入脱硫石膏能提高苏打盐化土的导水能力。在试验范围内,22g/kg脱硫石膏用量的改良淋洗效果较好。

脱硫石膏改良重度苏打盐化土的环境效应

为了解连续施用脱硫石膏改良苏打盐化土的持续效应及环境效应,以经过3a大田连续施用不同量脱硫石膏(0,15,22.5,30t/hm^2)改良的重度苏打盐化土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验方法,研究2a盆栽试验后,脱硫石膏的持续效应对饲草玉米生长、土壤环境以及农作物中重金属累积的影响。结果表明:15t/hm^2用量的脱硫石膏可以显著提高饲草玉米的出苗率、株高、茎粗和生物量,较对照分别提高20.6%,16.8%,8.1%和10.1%,试验范围内改良效果最佳。脱硫石膏使土壤的pH、EC降低,Na^+减少,Ca^(2+)和SO_4^(2-)增加,且脱硫石膏用量越大,影响越大。土壤和饲草玉米地下部中的As、Hg、Ni含量随脱硫石膏用量的增加而增加,试验范围内土壤重金属含量均符合二级国家土壤环境安全标准(GB 15618—1995)。饲草玉米地上部重金属含量与脱硫石膏添加量无显著相关关系,根据饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2001),各处理玉米中重金属含量均未超标。饲草玉米对重金属的富集作用地下部大于地上部,且对不同重金属富集能力Cd>Hg>As>Ni。利用适量的脱硫石膏量改良苏打盐化土的持续效应良好,且对环境未造成不良影响。

火电厂烟气脱硫石膏对重度苏打盐化土饱和导水率的影响

以大同盆地重度苏打盐化土为研究对象，采用土柱模拟的方法，研究火电厂烟气脱硫石膏3种用量（15、30、60t·hm-3）下土壤饱和导水率的变化规律，分析了脱硫石膏不同施用量和土壤饱和导水率的关系，旨在为大同盆地苏打盐化土改良提供理论支持和借鉴。结果表明：脱硫石膏对3个土层的土壤的饱和导水率均有提高作用，其中表层土壤（0—10cm）提高的幅度最大，其次是10—20cm，20～40cm底层土壤提高幅度最小；脱硫石膏对表层（0～10cm）土壤的饱和导水率提高速率以及效率最高，随着土层深度的增加，脱硫石膏对土壤饱和导水率的提高速率及效率逐渐降低；脱硫石膏的经济用量应为30t·hm2；重度苏打盐化土饱和导水率与脱硫石膏施用量无显著正相关关系（黔0．05）。

外源有机物料添加对东北重度苏打盐碱土团聚体及有机碳的影响

以东北重度苏打盐碱土为研究对象,风化的褐煤为外源有机物料,开展室内培养试验,有机物料质量分数分别为0%(CK)、5%(C1)、10%(C2)、15%(C3)、20%(C4)、25%(C5)、30%(C6),研究有机物料添加对土壤团聚体组成与稳定性、总有机碳及团聚体有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:添加褐煤处理>2mm、2~1mm、1~0.5mm、0.5~0.25mm团聚体含量均显著高于对照CK(P<0.05);<0.25mm团聚体含量显著低于CK(P<0.05),且随着褐煤用量的增加而逐渐降低。平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)和>0.25mm团聚体含量(R_(>0.25))在不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。C6处理MWD、GMD和R_(>0.25)值均最大而D值最小,稳定性最高。添加褐煤显著增加了土壤总有机碳和各级团聚体有机碳含量,提高了>0.25mm各级团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的相对贡献率。综上,添加有机物料褐煤是增加东北重度苏打盐碱土有机碳水平,改善土壤结构及提高抗侵蚀能力的有效措施。