Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors,including motor activity and reward and emotional processing.Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry und...Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors,including motor activity and reward and emotional processing.Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry under homeostasis but are also involved in changes to plasticity and adaptation during disease conditions such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease.This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding the role of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons in providing circuit modulation to the basal ganglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions.In addition to direct circuit modulation,striatal interneurons have also been shown to provide trophic support to maintain neuron populations in adulthood.We discuss this interesting and novel role of striatal interneurons,with a focus on the maintenance of adult dopaminergic neurons from interneuronderived sonic-hedgehog.展开更多
Background:Piroplasms are kinds of tick-borne parasitic apicomplexan protozoa,which are detrimental to humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas around the world.Up until now,there has been a limited amount...Background:Piroplasms are kinds of tick-borne parasitic apicomplexan protozoa,which are detrimental to humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas around the world.Up until now,there has been a limited amount of reliable information available about the prevalence of piroplasms infections in wild animals in China.Therefore,we have investigated the infections of Babesia and Theileria species in both domestic and wild animals in Xinyang city,Henan province,where tick-borne diseases have recently been reported.This study aims to analyze the distribution patterns of piroplasms infections in animals,and assess their potential threat to humans in Central China.Methods:Blood samples were collected from sheep,dogs and hedgehogs in two regions,including Shihe District and Luoshan County,of Xinyang city,Henan province from August to December 2012.Babesia spp.and Theileria spp.were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and identified by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.Moreover,the characteristics of detected piroplasms in different animal hosts were compared between the two study regions.Results:A total of 227 blood samples were collected from 73 sheep,two dogs and 152 hedgehogs.Babesia spp.was only detected in the two dogs.Theileria spp.was detected both in the sheep and the hedgehogs,and the total positive rate of Theileria spp.in the sheep and the hedgehogs was 57.53%and 13.82%,respectively.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Theileria spp.detected in the sheep and the hedgehogs were very close to T.lunwenshuni cloned from a small ruminant and Theileria spp.isolated from a febrile hospitalized patient in China.Conclusion:Babesia and Theileria infections were detected in both domestic and wild animals in Xinyang city,Henan province in Central China,thus warranting further studies in these regions.展开更多
文摘Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors,including motor activity and reward and emotional processing.Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry under homeostasis but are also involved in changes to plasticity and adaptation during disease conditions such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease.This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding the role of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons in providing circuit modulation to the basal ganglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions.In addition to direct circuit modulation,striatal interneurons have also been shown to provide trophic support to maintain neuron populations in adulthood.We discuss this interesting and novel role of striatal interneurons,with a focus on the maintenance of adult dopaminergic neurons from interneuronderived sonic-hedgehog.
基金This work was supported by the Special Fund for Health Research in the Public Interest(Grant No.201202019).
文摘Background:Piroplasms are kinds of tick-borne parasitic apicomplexan protozoa,which are detrimental to humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas around the world.Up until now,there has been a limited amount of reliable information available about the prevalence of piroplasms infections in wild animals in China.Therefore,we have investigated the infections of Babesia and Theileria species in both domestic and wild animals in Xinyang city,Henan province,where tick-borne diseases have recently been reported.This study aims to analyze the distribution patterns of piroplasms infections in animals,and assess their potential threat to humans in Central China.Methods:Blood samples were collected from sheep,dogs and hedgehogs in two regions,including Shihe District and Luoshan County,of Xinyang city,Henan province from August to December 2012.Babesia spp.and Theileria spp.were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and identified by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.Moreover,the characteristics of detected piroplasms in different animal hosts were compared between the two study regions.Results:A total of 227 blood samples were collected from 73 sheep,two dogs and 152 hedgehogs.Babesia spp.was only detected in the two dogs.Theileria spp.was detected both in the sheep and the hedgehogs,and the total positive rate of Theileria spp.in the sheep and the hedgehogs was 57.53%and 13.82%,respectively.Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Theileria spp.detected in the sheep and the hedgehogs were very close to T.lunwenshuni cloned from a small ruminant and Theileria spp.isolated from a febrile hospitalized patient in China.Conclusion:Babesia and Theileria infections were detected in both domestic and wild animals in Xinyang city,Henan province in Central China,thus warranting further studies in these regions.
