An Experimental and Numerical Thermal Flow Analysis in a Solar Air Collector with Different Delta Wing Height Ratios

This study conducts both numerical and empirical assessments of thermal transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a Solar Air Collector(SAC)using a Delta Wing Vortex Generator(DWVG),and the effects of different height ratios(Rh=0.6,0.8,1,1.2 and 1.4)in delta wing vortex generators,which were not considered in the earlier studies,are investigated.Energy and exergy analyses are performed to gain maximum efficiency.The Reynolds number based on the outlet velocity and hydraulic diameter falls between 4400 and 22000,corresponding to the volume flow rate of 5.21–26.07 m^(3)/h.It is observed that the delta wing vortex generators with a higher height ratio yield maximum heat transfer enhancement and overall enhancement ratio.The empirical and numerical findings demonstrate that the exergy and thermal efficiencies decline in a specific range.TheNusselt number,pressure drop,energy,and exergy efficiencies enhance with rising Reynolds number,although the friction coefficient diminishes.The maximum heat transfer enhancement is 57%.According to the evaluation of exergy efficiency,the greatest efficiency of 31.2%is obtained at Rh=1.4 and Reynolds number 22000.

Stress-strain-acoustic responses in failure process of coal rock with different height to diameter ratios under uniaxial compression

Residual coal pillars play an important role in mining the adjacent coal seam safely,managing the gobs and maintaining the stability of abandoned coal mines.The height to diameter ratio(H/D)affects the stability of residual coal pillars.In this study,uniaxial compressive tests of coal specimens with five H/D(2.0,1.5,1.0,0.8 and 0.6)were performed,and the stress,strain and acoustic emission(AE)were monitored.Results show that the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and peak strain increase with H/D decreasing.An empirical equation is proposed to calculate the UCS based on the H/D.The AE activities during coal failure process can be separated into four periods.The span of quiet period and rapid decline period shorten with H/D decreasing.The smaller the H/D is,the more complicated the failure characteristics of coal will be.The failure form of coal with H/D of 2.0,1.5,and 1.0 is primarily shear failure,while splitting failure along the axial direction is the mainly mode when H/D is 0.8 or 0.6.The initiation,expansion,aggregation and connection of micro-cracks can be reflected by the real-time spatial evolution of AE event points.

Rational cutting height for large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving

Large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving is a new mining method that improves recovery ratio and single-pass production. It also allows safe and efficient mining. A rational cutting height is one key parameter of this technique. Numerical simulation and a granular-media model experiment were used to analyze the effect of cutting height on the rock pressure of a fully mechanized top-coal caving work face. The recovery ratio was also studied. As the cutting height increases the top-coal thickness is reduced. Changing the ratio of cutting to drawing height intensifies the face pressure and the top-coal shattering. A maximum cutting height exists under a given set of conditions due to issues with surrounding rock-mass control. An increase in cutting height makes the top-coal cave better and the recovery ratio when drawing top-coal is then improved. A method of adjusting the face rock pressure is presented. Changing the cutting to drawing height ratio is the technique used to control face rock pressure. The recovery ratio when cutting coal exceeds that when caving top-coal so the face recovery ratio may be improved by over sizing the cutting height and increasing the top-coal drawing ratio. An optimum ratio of cutting to drawing height exists that maximizes the face recovery ratio. A rational cutting height is determined by comprehensively considering the surrounding rock-mass control and the recovery ratio. At the same time increasing the cutting height can improve single pass mining during fully mechanized top-coal caving.

The Carpal Height Ratio for The Trinidadian Population: What is Normal?

Aim: To determine the normal carpal height ratio for the Trinidadian population. Design & method: A retrospective review of wrist radiographs performed during the period January 2022 to June 2022 at San Fernando General Hospital was conducted. A total of 200 radiographs were independently reviewed by two blinded assessors utilizing the PACS system. The carpal height ratio (CHR) and revised carpal height (RCH) ratio was calculated using two methods. A p-value Results: The radiographs reviewed consisted of 94 female and 106 male patients with an age range of 19 to 86 years. The mean CHR was 0.473 and the revised CHR 1.469. The ratio for carpal height as well as the revised CHR was observed to vary amongst the different age groups studied. The CHR and revised CHR for the population was observed to vary based on gender with gender significantly influencing the CHR value (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The CHR of the Trinidadian population as calculated by the data collected falls below the average CHR documented worldwide. However, the interpretation of this value is based on the baseline reference ratio for a population. Therefore, according to our average CHR for our population previous comparison of a CHR index to international figures would have led to erroneous interpretation of results. A decrease in CHR is indicative of carpal collapse. The comparison of CHR to the established normal CHR for the population is believed to allow for early detection of carpal collapse.

Probabilistic Distribution of the Maximum Wave Heigh

A new method of treating maximum wave height as a random variable in reliability analysis of breakwater caissons isproposed. The maximum wave height is expressed as the significant wave height multiplied by the so-called wave height ratio.The proposed wave height ratio is a type of transfer function from the significant wave height to the maximum wave height.Under the condition of a breaking wave, the ratio is intrinsically nonlinear. Therefore, the probability density function for thevariable cannot be easily defined. In this study, however, it can be derived from the relationship between the maximum andsignificant waves in a nonbreaking environment. Some examples are shown to validate the derived probability density functionfor the wave ratio parameter. By introducing the wave height ratio into reliability analysis of caisson breakwater, the maximumwave height can be used as an independent and primary random variable, which means that the risk of caisson failure during itslifetime can be evaluated realistically.

Catalytic Pyrolyses of Rayon and the Effect on Activated Carbon Fiber

The catalytic pyrolyses of rayon have been studied respectively by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) when rayon was treated with phosphoric acid (PA), three ammonium phosphate salts and ammonium sulfate (AS). The air is favorable to the catalysis of dibasic ammonium phosphate (DAP), but not to those of ADP, PA, AP, and AS obviously. It is put forward that a peak’s shape character can be described with the ratio of height to half-height-width (H/W /2) of the peak on a differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curve. A flat cracking peak, presenting a more moderate dehydration reaction, has a smaller ratio and could lead to higher carbonization and activation yields. The experimental results prove this view. According to expectation, the order of catalysis is: DAP≥ADP>PA> APAS no catalyst.

Monthly gravity field recovery from GRACE orbits and K-band measurements using variational equations approach

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） mission can significantly improve our knowledge of the temporal variability of the Earth＇s gravity field.We obtained monthly gravity field solutions based on variational equations approach from GPS-derived positions of GRACE satellites and K-band range-rate measurements.The impact of different fixed data weighting ratios in temporal gravity field recovery while combining the two types of data was investigated for the purpose of deriving the best combined solution.The monthly gravity field solution obtained through above procedures was named as the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics（IGG） temporal gravity field models.IGG temporal gravity field models were compared with GRACE Release05（RL05） products in following aspects：（i） the trend of the mass anomaly in China and its nearby regions within 2005-2010; （ii） the root mean squares of the global mass anomaly during 2005-2010; （iii） time-series changes in the mean water storage in the region of the Amazon Basin and the Sahara Desert between 2005 and 2010.The results showed that IGG solutions were almost consistent with GRACE RL05 products in above aspects（i）-（iii）.Changes in the annual amplitude of mean water storage in the Amazon Basin were 14.7 ± 1.2 cm for IGG,17.1 ± 1.3 cm for the Centre for Space Research（CSR）,16.4 ± 0.9 cm for the GeoForschungsZentrum（GFZ） and 16.9 ± 1.2 cm for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory（JPL） in terms of equivalent water height（EWH）,respectively.The root mean squares of the mean mass anomaly in Sahara were 1.2 cm,0.9 cm,0.9 cm and 1.2 cm for temporal gravity field models of IGG,CSR,GFZ and JPL,respectively.Comparison suggested that IGG temporal gravity field solutions were at the same accuracy level with the latest temporal gravity field solutions published by CSR,GFZ and JPL.

Maximum Relative Displacement of Adjacent Buildings During Ground Motions

In order to give the reasonable width of seismic gaps to prevent the structural pounding during ground motions,the maximum relative displacement of adjacent structures is studied in this paper.The factors that may have effects on the maximum relative displacement are discussed.As for multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) systems,they can be equivalent to single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) systems with the influences of high modes neglected.The results show that the period ratio,height ratio and peak ground acceleration are the main factors that have great effects on the maximum relative displacement of adjacent structures.The maximum relative displacement of MDOF systems can be obtained from calculating the maximum relative displacement of the equivalent SDOF systems.

Influence of nozzle height to width ratio on ignition and NOx emission characteristics of semicoke/bituminous coal blends in a 300 kW pulverized coal-fired furnace

To improve the ignition behavior and to reduce the high NOx emissions of blended pulverized fuels(PF)of semicoke(SC),large-scale experiments were conducted in a 300 kW fired furnace at various nozzle settings,i.e.,ratios(denoted by hf/b)of the height of the rectangular burner nozzle to its width of 1.65,2.32,and 3.22.The combustion tests indicate that the flame stability,ignition performance,and fuel burnout ratio were significantly improved at a nozzle setting of hf/b=2.32.The smaller hf/b delayed ignition and caused the flame to concentrate excessively on the axis of the furnace,while the larger hf/b easily caused the deflection of the pulverized coal flame,and a high-temperature flame zone emerged close to the furnace wall.NOx emissions at the outlet of the primary zone decreased from 447 to 354 mg/m3(O2=6%),and the ignition distance decreased from 420 to 246 mm when the hf/b varied from 1.65 to 3.22.Furthermore,the ratio(denoted by SR/SC)of the strong reduction zone area to the combustion reaction zone area was defined experimentally by the CO concentration to evaluate the reduction zone.The SR/SC rose monotonously,but its restraining effects on NOx formation decreased as hf/b increased.The results suggested that in a test furnace,regulating the nozzle hf/b conditions sharply reduces NOx emissions and improves the combustion efficiency of SC blends possessing an appropriate jet rigidity.