Charcoal Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for Doxorubicin and Sorafenib in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Advanced HCC displays strong resistance to chemotherapy, and traditional chemotherapy drugs do not achieve satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. The delivery of therapeutic compounds to the target site is a major challenge in the treatment of many diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate activated charcoal nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for anticancer agents (Sorafenib and Doxorubicin) in Hepatocellular Cancer Stem Cells. Method: The percent efficiency of entrapment (% EE) of the doxorubicin and sorafenib entrapped onto the activated charcoal was obtained by determining the free doxorubicin and sorafenib concentration in the supernatant-prepared solutions. Then the characterizations of nanoparticles were formed by determination of the particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI). The anticancer activity of activated Charcoal, Doxorubicin-ACNP, sorafenib-ACNP, free doxorubicin, and free sorafenib solutions was measured based on cell viability percentage in HepG2 cell lines (ATCC-CCL 75). In vitro RBC’s toxicity of Doxorubicin/sorafenib loaded charcoal was estimated by hemolysis percentage. Results: The synthesized Doxorubicin-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP were evaluated and their physiochemical properties were also examined. Essentially, the percent Efficiency of Entrapment (EE %) was found to be 87.5% and 82.66% for Doxorubicin-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP, respectively. The loading capacity was 34.78% and 24.31% for Doxorubicin-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP. Using the Dynamic Light scattering [DLS] for the determination of the hydrodynamic size and surface zeta potential, a narrow sample size distribution was obtained of (18, 68, and 190 nm for charcoal, 105, 255, and 712 nm for doxorubicin, and 91, 295, and 955 nm for sorafenib), respectively. A surface charge of −13.2, −15.6 and −17 was obtained for charcoal, doxorubicin/charcoal, and sorafenib/charcoal nanoparticles. The cytotoxic activity of Doxorubicin-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP was evaluated in-vitro against HepG2 cell lines and it was observed that Drug loaded ACNP improved anticancer activity when compared to Doxorubicin or Sorafenib alone. Moreover, testing the toxicity potential of DOX-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP showed a significant reduction in the hemolysis of red blood cells when compared to Doxorubicin and Sorafenib alone. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is notable to state that this study is regarded as the first to investigate the use of Activated charcoal for the loading of Doxorubicin and Sorafenib for further use in the arena of hepatocellular carcinoma. Doxorubicin-ACNP and Sorafenib-ACNP showed noteworthy anticancer activity along with a reduced potential of RBCs hemolysis rendering it as an efficacious carrier with a low toxicity potential.

Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde over Activated Charcoal Supported Pt/Fe3O4 Catalyst

A variety of spherical and structured activated charcoal supported Pt/Fe3O4 composites with an average particle size of ~100 nm have been synthesized by a self-assembly method using the difference of reduction potential between Pt （Ⅳ） and Fe （Ⅱ） precursors as driving force. The formed Fe3O4 nanoparticles （NPs） effectively prevent the aggregation of Pt nanocrystallites and promote the dispersion of Pt NPs on the surface of catalyst, which will be favorable for the exposure of Pt active sites for high-efficient adsorption and contact of substrate and hydrogen donor. The electron-enrichment state of Pt NPs donated by Fe304 nanocrystallites is corroborated by XPS measurement, which is responsible for promoting and activating the terminal C=O bond of adsorbed substrate via a vertical configuration. The experimental results show that the activated charcoal supported Pt/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits 94.8% selectivity towards cinnamyl alcohol by the transfer hydrogenation of einnamaldehyde with Pt loading of 2.46% under the optimum conditions of 120 ℃ for 6 h, and 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor. Additionally, the present study demonstrates that a high-efficient and recyclable catalyst can be rapidly separated from the mixture due to its natural magnetism upon the application of magnetic field.

Adsorption characteristics of chitooligosaccharides onto activated charcoal in aqueous solutions

To investigate the adsorption characteristics of chitooligosaccharides in solution onto activated charcoal,we studied the optimal adsorption conditions and the adsorption mechanisms of the chitooligosaccharides onto activated charcoal,which will greatly promote the application of activated charcoal in the chitooligosaccharides separation and purification.We studied the effects of particle size of activated charcoal,pH of solution,contact time,temperature,and initial concentration of chitooligosaccharides on the adsorption behavior in batch mode experiments.Activated charcoal in fine particle size showed a high uptake of chitooligosaccharides.Weak alkaline solution(pH 8–9)was the most favorable to the adsorption.The adsorption equilibrium after 60 min was established,which followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.The adsorption capacity(Q_(max))reached 0.195 g/g(chitooligosaccharides/activated charcoal)at 298 K.The adsorption was temperature-insensitive,and the adsorption isotherms could be best described by the Langmuir equation.Chitooligosaccharides adsorbed on activated charcoal could be desorbed in 50%ethanol solution in combination with an acidic condition(pH 2),reaching desorption efficiency of 96.0%.These findings are of great significance for the production and purification of amino oligosaccharides including chitooligosaccharides using activated charcoal.

Adsorption of ruthenium ions on activated charcoal: influence of temperature on the kinetics of the adsorption process

Influence of temperature on ruthenium adsorption on activated charcoal from 3 mol/L HNO3 solutions was inves- tigated in the temperature range of 288 K to 308 K. It was observed that the rise in temperature increases the adsorption of ru- thenium ions on activated charcoal and follows the kinetics of first order rate law with rate constant values 0.0564?0.0640 min?1 in the temperature range of 288 K to 308 K respectively. The activation energy for the adsorption process was found to be 1.3806 kJ/mol. Various thermodynamics quantities namely ?H, ?S and ?G were computed from the equilibrium constant KC values. The results indicated a positive heat of adsorption, a positive ?S and a negative ?G.

Enhanced dehydrogenation kinetic properties and hydrogen storage reversibility of LiBH_4 confined in activated charcoal

LiBH4 was confined into activated charcoal（AC） by melt infiltration method（MI）, and its effects on the hydrogen sorption properties were investigated. The N2 adsorption results reveal that melt infiltration method can effectively incorporated LiBH4 into AC. It can maintain the structural integrity of the scaffold and ensure the confinement effect. The nano-confined LiBH4/AC starts to release hydrogen at around 190 °C, which is 160 °C lower than that of pure LiBH4, and reaches a hydrogen desorption capacity of 13.6% at 400 °C. When rehydrogenated under the condition of 6 MPa H2 and 350 °C, it has a reversible hydrogen storage capacity of 6%, while pure LiBH4 shows almost no reversible hydrogen storage capacity under the same condition. Mass spectrometry analysis（MS） results suggest that no diborane or other impurity gases are released in the decomposition process. The apparent activation energy of dehydrogenation of LiBH4 after confinement into AC decreases from 156.0 to 121.1 k J/mol, which leads to the eminent enhancement of dehydrogenation kinetics of LiBH4.

刺竹活性炭的制备及吸附性能研究

【目的】为充分利用刺竹Bambusa sinospinosa材,提高其利用率,进一步探究刺竹活性炭的生产工艺及使用领域,以达到提升其附加值的目的。【方法】以刺竹炭为原料,使用水蒸气活化法,采用单因素实验法探究温度、时间、水蒸气量对刺竹活性炭的得率及吸附性能的影响。使用傅里叶红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积及孔隙度分析仪(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对刺竹活性炭进行测试和表征。【结果】①刺竹活性炭的最优活化工艺为:活化温度875℃、活化时间2.0 h、水蒸气量0.50 L·h^(−1)。在该工艺下制备的刺竹活性炭得率为29.07%,强度达97.68%,碘吸附值为1235.03 mg·g^(−1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为276 mg·g^(−1),吸附性能较好。②红外吸收光谱表明:经活化之后峰值在3130、3010、1670 cm^(−1)等处变弱,876、809、747 cm^(−1)处吸收峰消失,但主要峰依然存在;XRD分析表明:活性炭中含有石墨α轴结构;经比表面积测试和电镜观察,最优工艺活化后的刺竹活性炭孔隙发达,孔容、孔径都有不同程度的提升,总孔容为0.489 cm^(3)·g^(−1),微孔容为0.388 cm^(3)·g^(−1),平均孔径为23.378 nm,BET比表面积为837.005 m^(2)·g^(−1)。【结论】使用最优活化工艺所制备的刺竹活性炭具有较好的性能,可用于吸附、除污等不同场合。

Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC的结构及其光催化CO_(2)还原特性

采用尿素水热法制备了类水滑石(Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs),将其负载于氧化椰壳活性炭(OBAC)表面制得Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC光催化剂,通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM、N_(2)吸附-脱附等温线、XPS、CO_(2)静态吸附等温线、CO_(2)-TPD、UV-Vis和EIS等手段对其进行表征,基于Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs构建Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC的结构模型,利用CO_(2)-水反应体系研究其光催化CO_(2)还原特性。结果表明:Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs中Ti^(4+)、Li^(+)取代MgAl-LDHs中Mg^(2+)形成以Ti^(4+)、Li^(+)为中心的八面体结构,斜方堆积(3R)形成2D层片结构,层间阴离子为CO_(2)-3。Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC呈球状包覆结构,六边形层片Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs垂直生长于OBAC表面;在反应温度80℃、反应时间8 h条件下,Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC的光催化CO_(2)还原CO产率、CH 4产率和CO/CH 4产率比分别为42.62、1.18μmol/g和36。OBAC的碳缺陷增强了催化剂对CO_(2)的吸附活化能力,显著提高Ti_(1)Li_(3)Al_(2)-LDHs@OBAC光催化CO_(2)还原活性。

竹炭配煤成型活性炭吸附性能研究

【目的】为了探究煤与生物质配比对制备成型活性炭的颗粒强度、表观密度、碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值以及孔隙结构等影响。【方法】该研究以竹炭配煤制备成型炭,经过水蒸气活化制备颗粒活性炭,采用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、热重法(Thermogravimetry,TG)、氮气等温吸脱附等表征手段深入分析竹炭配煤成型活性炭的理化特性。【结果】竹炭引入会提高成型活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值,降低成型活性炭强度、表观密度,影响成型活性炭的使用效果。【结论】当煤炭∶竹炭为1∶3时,吸附性能与强度指标均满足要求,此时活性炭碘吸附值以及亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为934.7、165 mg·g^(-1),强度为86.4%,达到饮用水国标规定,具有良好的商业应用前景。

中国西北地区中晚全新世火历史集成重建与气候演化

为了探讨西北地区古火演化及其驱动机制,基于28个样点的炭屑和黑碳记录,集成重建该区8 kaBP的古火变化序列;同时结合古植被、古气候、历史文献等记录,分析了古火活动与气候变化和人类活动之间的关系。结果表明:西北地区中晚全新世火历史可以划分为4个阶段;①火活动波动阶段(8~6 kaBP),古火事件发生频繁,主要受气候变化的影响;②火活动平稳阶段(6~4 kaBP),气候趋于暖湿化,植被有所发展,贮藏了一定的燃烧质;③火活动快速上升阶段(4~2 kaBP),人类活动成为火事件的主要影响因素,古火活动频率呈现不断上升的趋势;④火活动大范围发生阶段(2~0 kaBP),气候由湿冷向干冷转化,生物质干燥易燃,农业快速发展,朝代更替和战争频繁,火活动异常剧烈。

生物质吸附剂吸附回收硫脲废液中金的研究

提出一种以毛竹为原料制备生物质吸附剂、选择性地从硫脲废液中吸附回收金的方法。竹炭在H_(2)O-CO_(2)气氛中活化后表面的纳米孔洞比单独使用CO_(2)活化的活性炭孔洞数量更多且尺寸更小,大大增加了吸附材料的比表面积。探究了吸附材料种类、pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附温度、吸附时间对硫脲废液中金吸附脱除的影响,得到适宜的吸附条件为:pH=6、吸附剂用量8 g/L、吸附温度25℃、时间3.5 h,其中采用H_(2)O-CO_(2)协同活化的活性炭吸附效果较好,可吸附脱除硫脲废液中96%以上的金。采用吸附等温模型拟合了H_(2)O-CO_(2)协同活化的活性炭在硫脲废液中吸附金的过程,结果表明,协同活化的活性炭吸附硫脲废液中金的过程更符合Freundlich模型,为物理吸附过程。

Preparation and activity research of ecological nano mineral admixture from rice husk charcoal

The rice husk ash （ RHA） and silica （ Si02） nanoparticles are prepared from rice husk charcoal （RHC） by the methods of ventilated calcining and chemical precipitation, respectively, to remove the residual carbon which is harmful to cement composites. The structures and morphologies of these products are investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning/ transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption- desorption analyzer. The results show that the as-produced RHA and Si02 nanoparticles exist in amorphous phase without residual carbon, and exhibit porous structures with specific surface areas of 170.19 and 248. 67 m2 /g , respectively. The micro particles of RHA are aggregated by numerous loosely packed Si02 gel particles with the diameter of 50 to 100 nm. The Si02 nanoparticles are well dispersed with the average size of about 30 nm. Both the RHA and Si02 nanoparticles can significantly reduce the conductivity of saturated Ca（OH）2 solution and increase the early strength of the cement composites. They also exhibit high pozzolanic activity, indicating that they can be used as ecological nano mineral admixtures.

黄河下游东平湖炭屑记录的近1500年以来火演化历史

东平湖是黄河下游地区最大的蓄洪湖泊,其沉积物蕴藏着流域地质历史时期丰富的环境信息。本研究以东平湖沉积岩芯(DPK岩芯,161 cm)为研究对象,利用该岩芯的炭屑记录,并结合粒度、烧失量等古环境指标,重建了东平湖地区近1500年以来的古火演化历史,探讨了火事件与气候变化、人类活动之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)516—1254 AD,黄河下游东平湖地区为冷干转暖湿气候,火事件较频繁,但约1000 AD之后有降低趋势;(2)1254—1922 AD,气候寒冷,旱涝交替频繁,气候变化和人类活动共同影响下导致火事件较之前明显加频加剧;(3)1922—1962 AD,气候相对暖湿,受气候变化及黄河改道影响,火事件频率显著减少且趋于稳定;(4)1962年以来,在暖干气候条件及人类活动加剧扰动的背景下,火事件明显增加,尤其是>100μm炭屑浓度急剧攀升至整个剖面的最高峰,粒度迅速粗化,表明人类活动干扰进一步加强。进一步分析认为,气候变化是促进该地区火活动的重要因素,而人类活动(如刀耕火种、毁林开荒、战争等)的加强可能是导致东平湖流域火事件频发的主因。研究结果对于未来全球变暖背景下区域森林火灾的防护与治理具有重要的科学意义,进而更好地服务于黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展国家战略。

小建中合剂活性炭除杂工艺优化及其制剂稳定性影响研究

为提高小建中合剂制剂澄清度与稳定性,选用活性炭除杂工艺纯化小建中合剂,采用正交试验评价法,以活性炭的用量、煮炭时间、除炭时的药液温度为考察因素,以芍药苷转移率、干物质转移率为考察指标,进行方差分析、直观分析结合加速稳定性试验结果,优选小建中合剂活性炭除杂工艺,并在该条件下生产3批小建中合剂制剂进行长期稳定性试验。结果表明小建中合剂制剂煮炭除杂最佳工艺参数为活性炭使用量0.4%、煮炭时间30 min及滤过时药液温度100℃,此工艺条件扩大生产的平均芍药苷转移率为75.24%、干物质转移率为89.08%。该试验所得最佳煮炭除杂工艺可保证小建中合剂澄清度及稳定性,同时最大程度保留芍药苷及干物质,从而保证药品疗效的稳定均一,为小建中合剂煮炭除杂纯化工艺参数的明确及优化提供了科学、合理的依据。

聚氯乙烯离心母液废水处理及回用工程实例

聚氯乙烯离心母液废水具有COD浓度低、SS浓度高、可生化性能差等特点。国内某化工厂新建聚氯乙烯装置离心母液废水采用冷却水塔+调节池+水解酸化池+接触氧化池+二沉池+多介质砂滤+臭氧高级氧化(AOP)+生物活性炭(BAC)+净水炭滤器+离子交换床+终端过滤组合工艺进行回用处理。母液废水在进水指标COD169 mg/L、浊度50NTU、电导率257μs/cm条件下,出水指标可达到COD1.22 mg/L、浊度0.28NTU、电导率0.9μs/cm,稳定达到入料纯水水质标准。

Increase in thermal stability of proteins adsorbed on biomass charcoal powder prepared from plant biomass wastes

Thermal stability of lysozyme adsorbed on biomass charcoal powder (BCP), which was prepared from plant biomass wastes such as dumped adzuki bean, bamboo, and wood by pyrolysis without combustion under nitrogen atmosphere and comminution with a jet mill, was examined. Adsorbing lysozyme on BCP could sufficiently prevent proteins from denaturing and aggregating in an aqueous solution at high temperatures, and enhanced the refolding of thermally denatured proteins by cooling treatment. The remaining activities of lysozyme adsorbed on BCP of adzuki bean exhibited 51% by cooling treatment after the heat treatment at 90?C for 30 min, although that of native lysozyme was almost lost under the same experimental conditions. The thermostabilization effect of BCP on the remaining activity of adsorbed lysozyme was markedly dependent upon the kind of plant biomass wastes.

The Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Active Charcoal on the Development of Microtubers of Potatoes

With the detoxicated seedling of a potato cultivation breed named “Mire” as the material, the effect of auxins CCC, 6-BA, and active carbon to microtubers of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) was investigated under the in-vitro circumstances. The result indicated the exogenous auxins improved the production and quality of microtubers of potatoes. The effect of induction can be described as CCC > CCC + 6-BA > 6-BA > CK, the number of microtubers in per flask is 8.17 > 7.67 > 7.29 > 5.46, and the number of large potatoes in per flask is 6.33 > 5.17 > 3.17 > 1. In addition, by adding 0.5‰ of active charcoal, the growth period was shortened from 25.0 days to 9.33 days on average, and the amount of larger potatoes increased 8.54%. These results benefited the growth of microtubers of potato.

Influence of Active Charcoal and Plant Position on Some Morphological Parameters of a Local Variety of Okra (<i>Abelmoschus caillei</i>)

Okra is a plant rich in nutrients and is very well consumed in C&ocirc;te d’Ivoire. Despite its many benefits, the production of this vegetable is still weak in our country. The reasons for this include the inadequate selection of varieties, the high cost of inputs and the poverty of the soil for its cultivation. One of the alternatives for sustained production is to solve the problem of soil fertility. In the case of our work, the aim is to improve the yield of okra. To achieve this goal, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the impact of activated charcoal on morphological parameters of a local okra variety. For this purpose, the charcoal used was activated in three different times (activation time equal to 0 days, 15 days and 30 days). The experimental device used is a split-plot with three repetitions, each comprising 12 elementary plots. The various charcoals were buried the same day. Then, the seedling was done with two positions including outside position and inside position. Observations were made on 360 plants. An analysis of the variances was carried out on the morphological parameters. Fruit mass is the variable most influenced by activated charcoal. Thus, the greatest value of the mass was obtained with the charcoal CA0, with outside position.

Evaluation of Gojiextract and Charcoal as Antioxidant on T-2 Toxin Administration Onliver Male Mice

With a view to study the effects of exposure to T-2 toxin and their amelioration by Goji extract or charcoal, male mice were treated with a sublethal dose of T-2 toxin (200 μg/kg B.W) intraperitoneally. T-2 Toxin showed an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in blood of ALT, ALP, Total Lipids, TAS, and TNF. These were decreased by Goji extracts or charcoal, and were improved partially by the two treatments. It is concluded that the treatment of rats with Goji extract or charcoal ameliorated the adverse effects of toxins but the results suggest that Goji extracts may be used as antioxidant and antidote rather than charcoal for T-2 Toxin in mice.

Immobilization of Lysozyme on Biomass Charcoal Powder Derived from Plant Biomass Wastes

Biomass charcoal powder (BCP) was used as a carrier matrix for immobilization of chicken egg white lysozyme. BCP was derived from plant biomass wastes such as dumped adzuki beans by pyrolysis without combustion under nitrogen atmosphere and grinding with a jet mill. The amount of lysozyme immobilized on BCP of adzuki beans by adsorption was 11 μmol/g (0.16 g/g) at pH 7.0. The optimum pH values for free and immobilized lysozyme activities were 6.8 and 7.2, respectively. The optimum temperature for both free and immobilized lysozyme activities was 25℃. The half-life of immobilized lysozyme exhibited 1.8-fold compared to that of free lysozyme at 5℃. Moreover, the half life of immobilized lysozyme was 7 times greater than that of lysozyme at 90℃.

Heat-Resistant Properties of <i>&#945</i>-Chymotrypsin Adsorbed onto Biomass Charcoal Powder

Biomass charcoal powder (BCP) was used as a carrier for immobilization of α-chymotrypsin through adsorption. BCP was derived from plant biomass wastes such as dumped bamboos by oxygen-free pyrolysis at low temperatures and grinding with a jet mill. The activity of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was strongly dependent upon the kind of BCP. The thermal denaturation curve of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was shifted to high temperature, compared to that of free one. When α-chymotrypsin adsorbed onto BCP of bamboos was incubated at 45°C, the half-life of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was 2.6 times greater than that of free one. After incubation at 45°C, the remaining activity of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin markedly depended on the kind of BCP.