Novel treatments and genetics of age-related macular degeneration-a narrative review

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)remains a leading cause of severe visual impairment in developing countries.Although dry-type AMD and geographic atrophy(GA)are progressive conditions with the associated decrease of visual functions,no well-established treatment regimen was proposed for the disease.Wet-type AMD is effectively treated with intravitreal anti-angiogenic agents,but frequent injections are a major issue for the affected patients.Recent advances in AMD genetics have provided new insights into the pathogenesis and novel therapeutic targets of AMD,but the benefits of using genetic testing and genotype-based risk models for AMD development and progression still lacks evidence.Novel AMD treatments aim to increase the interval among intravitreal injections through new therapeutic agents and modern delivery devices.Simultaneously,gene therapy for dry and wet AMD is widely studied.Although gene therapy possesses a major superiority over other novel treatments regarding a persistent cure of disease,many challenges exist in the way of its broad impact on the ocular health of AMD patients.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Novel ATP7B gene mutations in Chinese Han patients with hepatolenticular degeneration

BACKGROUND： ATP7B gene exon 8 Arg778Leu and exon 12 Arg952Lys are gene mutation hot spots in Chinese Han patients with hepatolenticular degeneration, or Wilson＇s disease （WD）. However, the gene fragments are too short for detection and the mutation detection rate remains low. OBJECTIVE： To analyze DNA sequences of ATP7B gene exon 8-exon 9 and exon 10-exon 12 sections. DESIGN, TIME AND SE＇I-rlNG： A concurrent, non-randomized, controlled, genetic polymorphism study was performed at the Anhui Medical Genetics Center, Anhui, China from March to July in 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Fifty patients, who were admitted to the Department of Neurology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medical College between March and July in 2009, were diagnosed with WD. The WD group comprised 32 males and 18 females, with an average age of （18.8 ± 8.3） years. WD was confirmed by clinical observation, as well as physical, imaging, and biochemical examinations, including testing for serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and copper oxidase. The control group comprised 20 normal subjects, who underwent physical examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medical College, and included 13 males and 7 females, with an average age of （27.9 ± 2.4） years. All subjects were Chinese Han population. METHODS： Genomic DNA was extracted from 50 WD patients and 20 normal controls. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of ATP7B gene exon 8-exon 9 （about 1 100 bp） and exon 10-exon 12 （about 850 bp） segments was performed. DNA exon-intron amplification products from all subjects were processed through direct bidirectional sequencing, and sequencing results were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Sequence changes of ATPTB gene exon 8-exon 9 and exon 10-exon 12 segments. RESULTS： In the 50 included WD patients, ATP7B gene intron 8 nt53592A → G with nt53671G→ A homozygous mutation was detected between exon 8-exon 9 in seven cases; exon 8 Arg778Leu mutations with Leu770Leu synonymous mutation was detected in four cases; exert 11 Gly790Arg heterozygous missense mutation between exon 10-exon 12 was found in four cases; exon 12 Arg952Lys heterozygous missense mutation was seen in 11 cases; and two additional cases were associated with exon 1211e929Val polymorphism. CONCLUSION： ATP7B gene intron 8 mutation is a possible pathogenic mutation that is associated with WD pathogenesis. The exon 11 mutation rate accounts for 8% of all WD patients, and the very few previously reported cases deserve further study.

Detection of distribution of copper inside and outside of lysosomes in cultured hepatolenticular degeneration fibroblasts by electron probe X-ray microanalysis

OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of copper in the subcellular structure for the understanding of primary pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS: Skin fibroblasts taken from HLD patients were cultured as an in vitro model of HLD, and the control cells taken from healthy volunteers were clutured in the same way. The distribution of copper inside and outside of lysosomes in fibroblasts was detected by quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The relationship between the subcellular location of copper and the genotype of the patients, and relationship between the distribution of copper and the course of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: The content of Cu^(2+) inside lysosomes of HLD cells (14.6±2.1 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (11.6±0.6 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.5±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The content of Cu^(2+) outside lysosomes of HLD cells (17.5±4.2 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (12.0±0.9 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.7±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The distribution of copper in the subcellular structure was correlated with disease courses of HLD patients. With the progression of the disease, more copper was deposited in lysosomes (r=0.85, P<0.01). The content of copper in the diffused cytoplasmic compartment in HLD cells was correlated with that of sulfur (r=0.86, P<0.05), but not in heterozygote and normal cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stage of HLD, copper is accumulated outside lysosome, which is paralleled with increase of metallothionein-like proteins (copper and sulfur-binding proteins). With the development of the disease, more copper is deposited inside lysosome than outside lysosome. We conclude that the up-regulation expression of copper and sulfur-binding proteins and copper accumulation in lysosomes may play an important role in lowering the ATP7B gene mutation-induced toxic effects of free copper on the cell.

AB099.Cognitive impairment and age-related macular degeneration:a possible genetic link

Background:The number of older adults affected by age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and early cognitive changes is on the rise.Recent studies have shown a high co-occurrence of these conditions.This,along with shared risk factors and similar histopathology suggests they may share genetic risk factors as well.The goal of this study was to explore the possibility of known AMD SNPs contributing to the co-morbidity.Methods:Participants(AMD and controls)aged 70 years or older with no known neurological or cognitive impairments were recruited for this study.Visual function was evaluated using ETDRS visual acuity,Mars Contrast sensitivity and the scanning laser ophthalmoscope.Cognitive status was measured using the Mini-Mental State Exam(MMSE)and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA).Genotyping was conducted using a panel of AMD single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).Analysis was focused on the CFH Y402H and ARMS2 A69S SNPs due their association with drusen and evidence of their association with cognitive impairment.Results:According to the MMSE,two participants from the AMD group(N=21)and none from the control group(N=18)scored positive for cognitive impairment.The MoCA indicated 33.3%of the AMD group and 27.7%of the control group had MCI.There were no significant differences between MoCA scores based on the carrier versus non-carrier status of either the CFH or ARMS SNPs.The SNP in FADS1(rs174547)that was part of the original panel,but not in the analysis,was found in a large number of participants.All those who scored positive for MCI were homozygous carriers of the FADS1 SNP.Conclusions:Although more people from the AMD group scored positive for MCI,scores between groups were significantly different.The AMD and control groups did differ on which cognitive domains they had difficulty with,indicating those with AMD and MCI may be at a higher risk of converting to AD.There were no significant differences on cognitive scores between CFH and ARMS2 SNP carriers and non-carriers.The FADS1 SNP,not originally intended to be part of this study,will be included in future analyses to explore the possibility of a founder effect and a potential link to mild cognitive impairment(MCI).

TNF-α gene polymorphisms: association with age-related macular degeneration in Russian population

AIM: To study polymorphisms in promotor regions of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α TNF-863 A/C(rs1800630), TNF-308 A/G(rs1800629), and TNF-238 A/G(rs361525) in patients with age-related macular degeneration(AMD) and associations of complex TNF-α genotypes with AMD. METHODS: One hundred and two patients(82 women, 20 men; mean age 64.2±1.2 y) with AMD and 100 healthy age-and sex-matched controls(82 women, 18 men; 60±1.4 y) were included in the study. All subjects were Caucasian, all subjects and their parents were inhabitants of Russia. Genomic DNA was obtained from EDTA-preserved blood using the standard phenol-chloroform method. Polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The following TNF-α genotypes were studied: TNF-α-238 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-308 AA, GA, GG, TNF-α-863 AA, CA, CC. RESULTS: Differences in TNF-α-863 and TNF-α-238 genotypes frequencies in patients with AMD and healthy controls were not found. The distribution of TNF-α-308 AA and TNF-α-308 GA genotypes was significantly different between the studied group and the controls [odds ratios(OR) =0.22, P=0.0287 and OR=2.91, P=0.0063, respectively]. TNF-863 CC/TNF-308 GA and TNF-308 GA/TNF-238 GG genotypes were associated with the increased risk of AMD(OR=2.48, P=0.0332 and OR=2.51, P=0.0187, respectively). Five genotypes combinations appeared to be protective. CONCLUSION: In the present study, single nucleotide polymorphisms and complex polymorphisms of one of the key inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and a number of significant associations of these polymorphisms with AMD in Russian population have been shown. Complexanalysis of genotypes could be important in AMD risk factors detection and studying pathogenesis.

Age-related macular degeneration treatment in the era of molecular medicine

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. The quality of life of both patients and families is impacted by this prevalent disease. Previously, macular degeneration had no known effective treatment. Today, vitamins for non-exudative AMD and intravitreal injection of medications for its exudative form are primary forms of current treatment. Modern advances in molecular science give rise to new possibilities of disease management. In the year 2003 the sequencing of the entire human genome was completed. Since that time, genes such as complement factor H, high-temperature requirement factor A1, and age-relateed maculopathy susceptibility 2 have been discovered and associated with a higher risk of AMD. A patient's genetic make-up may dictate the effectiveness of current or future therapeutic options. In addition, utilizing genetic data and incorporating it into new treatments(such as viral vectors) may lead to longer-lasting(or permanent) VEGF blockade and specific targeting of complement related genes. There have also been considerable advances in stem cell directed treatment of AMD. Retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells can be derived from human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or adult human RPE stem cells. Utilizing animal models of RPE and retinal degeneration, stem cell-derived RPE cells have been successfully implanted into the subretinal space. They have been injected as a cell mass or as a pre-prepared monolayer on a thin membrane. Visual recovery has been demonstrated in a retinal dystrophic rat model. Preliminary data on 2 human subjects also demonstrates possible early visual benefit from transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE. As more data is published, and as differentiation and implantation techniques are optimized, the stabilization and possible improvement of vision in individuals with non-exudative macular becomes a real possibility. We conclude that the technologic advances that continue to unfold in both genetic and stem cell research offer optimism in the future treatment of AMD.

Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1 Treats Rabbit Intervertebral Discs Degeneration in Vivo

Summary: To investigate therapeutic efficiency of Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1 gene for rabbit intervertebral disc degeneration model. 60 Japanese white rabbits were selected to form the L5-L6 Anterior-Lateral-Anulus-Fibrosus-Incision-Induced model in order to simulate human intervertebral disc degeneration. 36 rabbits, whose corresponding intervertebral discs were injected with 20 μl (10×106 pfu)of Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1 gene, constituted the therapy group, 12 were injected with 20 μl (10×106 pfu)of Ad/CMV-LacZ gene as comparison group, while 12 were only injected with equivalent capacity of saline for empty comparison group. 3 weeks after injection, examples were taken for investigation of HE staining, MRI, Western Blotting and immunohistochemical research TGF-β1. Wide distribution of TGF-β1 was detected by immunohistochemical research in the degenerated annulus fibrosus after injection. Western Blotting research showed significant increase of TGF-β1 content in intervertebral discs treated with TGF-β1 gene than comparison groups. MRI signal transformed from low to comparatively high and that intervertebral disc pathological degree improved. Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1 gene transfection is a potential method to increase TGF-β1 content and reverse intervertebral disc degeneration.

九十一种炎症蛋白与颈椎间盘退变的因果关系

背景:颈椎间盘退变是一种常见的退行性疾病,而炎症蛋白在颈椎间盘退变中起到重要作用,但其中的具体机制仍有待深入研究。目的:采用孟德尔随机化方法来评估91种炎症蛋白与颈椎间盘退变之间的潜在因果关系。方法:获取91种炎症蛋白的全基因组关联分析统计数据(从GCST90274758到GCST90274848)和芬兰数据库中颈椎间盘退变的全基因组关联分析数据(finngen_R10_M13_CERVICDISCV)。采用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、加权模型法和简单模型法来研究炎症蛋白与颈椎间盘退变之间的因果关系。敏感性分析检验孟德尔随机化分析结果是否可靠,然后以同样方法进行反向孟德尔随机化分析。结果与结论:①正向分析结果表明,共有6种炎症蛋白与颈椎间盘退变有显著的因果关系,其中胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子水平(OR=1.095,95%CI:1.012-1.184,P=0.023)、白细胞介素4水平(OR=1.094,95%CI:1.002-1.194,P=0.045)和单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平(OR=1.062,95%CI:1.001-1.127,P=0.048)与颈椎间盘退变风险呈直接的正向因果关联;白细胞介素17 C水平(OR=0.906,95%CI:0.839-0.979,P=0.013)、白细胞介素18水平(OR=0.924,95%CI:0.866-0.986,P=0.017)和白细胞介素2水平(OR=0.894,95%CI:0.821-0.973,P=0.010)与颈椎间盘退变风险呈直接的负向因果关联。②反向分析结果表明,当颈椎间盘退变作为暴露数据时,与91种炎症蛋白均不具有显著因果关系。③敏感性分析结果显示:双向孟德尔随机化的Cochran’s Q检验、MR-Egger回归法和MR-PRESSO结果P值均大于0.05,表明炎症蛋白与颈椎间盘退变之间的因果效应分析不存在显著的异质性和多效性。④上述结果证实,胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子水平、白细胞介素4水平、单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平、白细胞介素17C水平、白细胞介素18水平和白细胞介素2水平与颈椎间盘退变之间可能具有较为显著的潜在因果关系,这为研究颈椎间盘退变潜在的机制、探索颈椎间盘退变的早期防治以及相关的药物治疗提供了有价值的线索。

Berberine alleviates ovarian tissue damage in mice with hepatolenticular degeneration by suppressing ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Objective:Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that manifests as multiorgan damage due to impaired copper (Cu) metabolism. Female patients with HLD often experience reproductive impairments. This study investigated the protective effect of berberine against ovarian damage in toxic-milk (TX) mice, a murine model for HLD.Methods:Mice were categorized into control group, HLD TX group (HLD group), penicillamine (Cu chelator)-treated TX group and berberine-treated TX group. Body weight, ovary weight and the number of ovulated eggs were recorded. Follicular morphology and cellular ultrastructure were examined. Total iron, ferrous iron (Fe2+) and trivalent iron (Fe3+) levels, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), were measured in the ovaries. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of proteins related to ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.Results:Ovarian tissue damage was evident in the HLD group, with a significant increase in ferroptosis and ER stress compared to the control group. This damage was inhibited by treatment with penicillamine,a Cu chelator. Compared with the HLD group, berberine increased the number of ovulations, and improved ovarian morphology and ultrastructure. Further, we found that berberine reduced total iron,Fe2+, MDA and GSSG levels, elevated GSH levels, decreased the expression of the ferroptosis marker protein prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and increased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)expression. Furthermore, berberine inhibited the expression of ER stress-associated proteins mediated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway.Conclusion:Ferroptosis and ER stress are involved in Cu-induced ovarian damage in TX mice. Berberine ameliorates ovarian damage in HLD TX mice by inhibiting ferroptosis and ER stress.

Genetically confirmed Wilson disease in a 9-month old boy with elevations of aminotransferases

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport caused by alteration of the adenosine triphosphatase 7B gene. It is rare to diagnose WD below the age of three years. Molecular genetic testing is one of the most important diagnostic methods and may confirm the diagnosis in equivocal cases. We report a case of a 9-mo old boy with WD who presented as chronic hepatitis. Genetic analysis showed compound heterozygotes of p.G1186S and c.4006delA.

Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina known as the macula and it is classified as early stage to late stage (advanced AMD). The advanced AMD is classified into the nonexudative or atrophic form (dry AMD) and the exudative or neovascular form (wet AMD). More severe vision loss is typically associated with the wet form. Multiple genetic factors, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and aging, play a role in the etiology of AMD. Dysregulation in genetic to AMD is established to 46%–71% of disease contribution, with CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 to be the two most notable risk loci among the 103 identified AMD associated loci so far. Chronic cigarette smoking is the most proven consistently risk living habits for AMD. Deep learning algorithm has been developed based on image recognition to distinguish wet AMD and normal macula with high accuracy. Currently, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is highly effective at treating wet AMD. Several new generation AMD drugs and iPSC-derived RPE cell therapy are in the clinical trial stage and are promising to improve AMD treatment in the near future.

Improved particle filtering techniques based on generalized interactive genetic algorithm

This paper improves the resampling step of particle filtering（PF） based on a broad interactive genetic algorithm to resolve particle degeneration and particle shortage.For target tracking in image processing,this paper uses the information coming from the particles of the previous fame image and new observation data to self-adaptively determine the selecting range of particles in current fame image.The improved selecting operator with jam gene is used to ensure the diversity of particles in mathematics,and the absolute arithmetical crossing operator whose feasible solution space being close about crossing operation,and non-uniform mutation operator is used to capture all kinds of mutation in this paper.The result of simulating experiment shows that the algorithm of this paper has better iterative estimating capability than extended Kalman filtering（EKF）,PF,regularized partide filtering（RPF）,and genetic algorithm（GA）-PF.

肝豆状核变性诊治难点与思路

肝豆状核变性(hepatolenticular degeneration,HLD)又称为Wilson病(Wilson’s disease,WD),是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,是经过治疗可以得到有效控制的神经遗传性疾病之一。本病起病隐匿,基因突变类型多变而复杂,临床表现千变万化,可累及全身多个系统,不典型患者难以被识别或易被忽略而导致临床误诊或漏诊。早期诊断和及时、合理的治疗可以延缓疾病的进展,保证患者正常生活质量,使患者达到或接近正常寿命,如延误治疗或不恰当治疗可导致严重后遗症,甚至死亡。该文对WD诊断与治疗过程中易遇到的难点问题进行概述,并提出应对措施以供临床医师参考。

肝豆补肾汤通过抑制铁死亡和内质网应激改善肝豆状核变性模型TX小鼠卵巢组织损伤

目的观察肝豆补肾汤对肝豆状核变性(hepatolenticular degeneration,HLD)小鼠卵巢损伤的保护作用,并探究其分子机制。方法以TX小鼠作为HLD模型,将其分为HLD组、青霉胺组和肝豆补肾汤组,另设DL同系小鼠作为正常对照组。测量小鼠体质量、卵巢质量、卵巢系数。采用促性腺激素促排卵法观察小鼠的排卵情况。采用苏木精—伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色法观察小鼠卵巢的组织形态,透射电子显微镜下观察卵巢组织的超微结构。采用比色法测定血清铁含量,TBA法检测卵巢组织中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,微量酶标法检测卵巢组织中还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)及氧化型谷胱甘肽(oxidized glutathione,GSSG)水平。采用Western blot法检测小鼠卵巢组织铁死亡相关标志物前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2(prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,PTGS2)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)水平,及内质网应激通路相关蛋白[葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78)、蛋白激酶核糖核酸样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase,PERK)、磷酸化PERK(phosphorylated PERK,p-PERK)、真核起始因子2α(eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha-subunit,eIF2α)、磷酸化eIF2α(phosphorylated eIF2α,p-eIF2α)、活化转录因子4(activating transcription factor 4,ATF4)和C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)]的表达水平。结果HE染色显示HLD组小鼠卵细胞形态结构受损严重,闭锁卵泡显著增加;透射电子显微镜下HLD组小鼠线粒体皱缩明显,出现内质网肿胀和脱颗粒等内质网应激表现。与正常对照组比较,HLD组小鼠卵巢质量、排卵数均显著降低(P<0.05),血清铁及卵巢组织中MDA、GSSG水平显著升高(P<0.05),卵巢组织中GSH水平、GSH/GSSG显著降低(P<0.05),卵巢组织中PTGS2、GRP78、p-PERK、p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),GPX4表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与HLD组比较,肝豆补肾汤组小鼠的卵泡形态、线粒体和内质网结构均显著改善,促排卵后排卵数显著升高(P<0.05),血清铁及卵巢组织中MDA和GSSG水平显著降低(P<0.05),卵巢组织中GSH水平和GSH/GSSG显著升高(P<0.05),卵巢组织中PTGS2、GRP78、p-PERK、p-eIF2α、CHOP表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),卵巢组织中GPX4表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论肝豆补肾汤可减轻TX小鼠铜沉积诱导的卵巢损伤,其机制可能与抑制铁死亡和PERK通路介导的内质网应激有关。

75例儿童肝豆状核变性的临床及基因变异特征

目的了解儿童肝豆状核变性的起病临床特点,明确基因诊断在儿童肝豆状核变性患者中的意义。方法选取2011年至2018年就诊于北京协和医院儿科门诊的75例肝豆状核变性患儿进行回顾性研究;进行铜离子转运ATP酶β肽(ATP7B)基因测序、多重连接探针扩增技术(MLPA)分析;对其起病时临床表现及基因检测结果进行总结。结果75例儿童肝豆状核变性患者中,男女比例为1.27∶1,年龄为(6.5±4.0)岁(1.3~17.5岁)。55例以无症状肝酶升高起病,所有患者铜蓝蛋白均<0.2 g/L,72例患者24小时尿铜>40μg,其中29例患者24小时尿铜在40~100μg之间,16例患儿K-F环阳性,可以临床确诊的共有16例(21%),有15例年龄均>7岁。75例进行了ATP7B基因检测,共检出48种致病变异。最常见的致病变异为c.2333G>T、p.R778L、c.2621C>L、p.A874V、c.2975C>T、p.P992L,其等位基因频率分别为30.49%、14.89%、9.92%。结论对于儿童患者,多表现为无症状肝酶升高,K-F环阳性率较低,临床确诊难度大。本研究临床确诊率为21.33%,基因检测对于该病的早期诊断和治疗具有重要意义。

肝豆补肾汤治疗男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害的理想点法综合疗效评价研究

目的:使用理想点法(TOPSIS法)综合评价肝豆补肾汤对男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害患者的临床疗效,为规范治疗男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害提供临床依据。方法:基于前期构建的肝豆状核变性疗效评价体系以及对男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害的临床调查和文献研究,制定专家调查问卷。通过德尔菲法(Delphi法)对结局指标进行赋权,确定权重系数。将60例男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害患者随机分为对照组和试验组各30例。对照组:西医常规排铜治疗(5%葡萄糖注射液250mL+二巯丙磺钠注射液20mg/kg,1次/d,连续静滴6d;间歇期2d予以葡萄糖酸钙注射液补钙)。试验组:在对照组的基础上予肝豆补肾汤治疗(1剂/d,早晚分服)。疗程:8d为1疗程,连续治疗4个疗程。应用TOPSIS法对60例男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害患者的结局指标进行临床疗效综合评价。结果:试验组的相对接近程度C值(0.878),高于对照组(0.122),更接近于最优治疗方案。结论:该研究表明肝豆补肾汤结合西药治疗男性肝豆状核变性合并生殖损害患者的临床疗效明显优于单纯西药治疗。

肝豆状核变性合并月经不调中医证候调查及其相关因素分析

目的通过研究女性肝豆状核变性合并月经不调中医证候特征,为肝豆状核变性合并月经不调中医诊治提供参考。方法按照肝豆状核变性和月经不调的临床诊断标准,采用流行病学调查问卷对294例女性肝豆状核变性患者的月经情况进行调查,根据有无合并月经不调将294例肝豆状核变性患者分为研究组(合并月经不调)213例和对照组(无合并月经不调)81例,分析并比较两组中医证候分布特征,并通过对研究组进一步调查,分析合并月经不调患者中医证候分布与年龄、临床分型的关联情况。结果213例合并月经不调的肝豆状核变性患者月经不调的类型分布相对广泛,其中以月经后期、月经过少、月经过多最为常见,月经先期、月经先后无定期、痛经相对常见,而合并崩漏者较为少见。研究组频率最高的十个中医症状依次为腹部胀痛、腰膝酸软、五心烦热、言语謇涩、张口流涎、食欲不振、头目昏眩、四肢震颤、喜温喜按、口中臭秽;对照组频率最高的十个中医症状依次为:言语謇涩、头目昏眩、腹部胀痛、四肢震颤、口中臭秽、张口流涎、食欲不振、腰膝酸软、五心烦热、喜温喜按。研究组中医证型以肝肾阴虚证、痰瘀互结证、脾肾阳虚证为主。对照组以痰瘀互结证、湿热内蕴证为主。与对照组比较,研究组肝肾阴虚证、脾肾阳虚证分布率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组痰瘀互结证、湿热内蕴证分布率显著高于研究组(P<0.05);痰湿阻络证、气虚血瘀证、痰火扰心证分布率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组的年龄分布主要分布在26~35岁,其临床分型主要以混合型为主。结论肝豆状核变性患者月经不调的分类以月经后期、月经过少、月经过多为主,肝肾阴虚证、痰瘀互结证、脾肾阳虚证为女性肝豆状核变性患者合并月经不调常见中医证候,各证型分布与患者年龄、临床分型无明显差别。

头针配合体针治疗脑型肝豆状核变性痉挛性肌张力障碍的临床研究

目的观察头针配合体针治疗脑型肝豆状核变性痉挛性肌张力障碍的临床疗效。方法选取60例脑型肝豆状核变性痉挛性肌张力障碍患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均接受基础驱铜治疗,对照组加用口服巴氯芬片治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用头针配合体针治疗。观察两组治疗前后改良Ashworth量表(modified Ashworth scale,MAS)、日常生活能力评定量表(activities of daily living,ADL)、简易Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表评分的变化情况。结果两组治疗后MAS、ADL及Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表评分均较同组治疗前显著上升,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后MAS、ADL及Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表评分明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论头针配合体针是一种治疗脑型肝豆状核变性痉挛性肌张力障碍的有效方法。

基于“脾主升清”理论论治脂肪肝型肝豆状核变性

脂质代谢紊乱是脂肪肝型肝豆状核变性患者常见的临床表现之一。中医学认为,脾阳亏虚是本病的病机关键,温阳化气法是治疗本病的基本方法。本文以“脾主升清”立论,探讨脂肪肝型肝豆状核变性的病理基础,并从中西医方面阐述脂质代谢紊乱是本病的重要特征,进而基于脾阳亏虚核心病机,论述温阳化气法调节脂质代谢治疗脂肪肝型肝豆状核变性,为辨治该病提供参考。