Karyotype and cytogeography of the genus Heracleum (Apiaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains

In the present study, the karyotypes of 34 populations belonging to 11 species and one variety of Heracleum from the Hengduan Mountains in China were examined. Chromosome numbers and the karyotypes of three species （H. souliei, H. la＇ngdoni, and H. wenchuanense） are reported for the first time, as are the karyotypes of H. moellendorffii and H. henryi （tetraploid）. Populations of H. candicans, H. franchetii, and H. kingdoni in the Hengduan Mountains were found to consist of a mixture of diploid and tetraploid plants. Except for four species of Heracleum, namely H. candicans, H. franchetii, H. henryi, and H.kingdoni, which have both diploid and tetraploid karyotypes, all other species of Heracleum are were found to be diploid. All karyotypes were found to belong to the 2A type of Stebbins, with the exception ofH. candicans var. obtusifolium, which belongs to 2B, and H. hemsleyanum and H. franchetii （Mt. Dujuan, Daocheng, Sichuan, China）, which belong to 1A. There was only a slight difference in the karyotype asymmetry index, which suggests a close kinship for species of Heracleum and that the entire phylogenetic development of Heracleum is relatively primitive. Species that exhibited advanced morphological features were also more advanced in karyotype structure, with the order ofkaryotype evolution being 1A→2A→2B. This phenomenon indicates that the species distributed in the Hengduan Mountains have not diverged completely and that the Hengduan Mountains are a relatively young and active area for the evolution of Heracleum. Polyploidization in Heracleum may be an important evolutionary mechanisms for some species, generating diversity. The biological attributes, distribution range, and the geological history of the genus have all played a part in accelerating the evolution through polyploidization or aneuploidization. It is known that as the distribution latitude of Heracleum decreases from north to south, the chromosome number, ploidy level, and asymmetry structure appear to increase. In the Hengduan Mountains, these tendencies are also evident. Finally, based on all the available cytogeographic data, we speculate that the more advanced tetraplont or aneuploid species of Heracleum in India may be derived from early diplont species that were distributed in the Caucasus region and Hengduan Mountains. The dispersal of Heracleum was from Eurasia to India, because this correlates with the emergence of the Himalayan Mountains through tectonic movement. Thus, the Hengduan Mountains are not only a center of diversity for Heracleurn, but also a center of active speciation in modern times.

A new trimeric furanocoumarin from Heracleum rapula

A new trimeric linear-type furanocoumarin, rapultririn A （1）, was isolated from the underground part ofHeracleum rapula. The structure of this new compound was elucidated by NMR, MS spectroscopic methods. 2009 Yong Qing Xiao. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of Heracleum persicum L. extract on rats with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Heracleum persicum L.against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.Methods:Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups including control(normal saline),gentamicin(80 mg/kg/d for 10 d),Heracleum persicum(750 mg/kg/d),and gentamicin(10 d)+Heracleum persicum extract at three different doses(250,500,and 750 mg/kg/d for 40 d).Urine creatinine,urea,protein,and albumin levels were determined.In addition,serum urea,creatinine,sodium,potassium,cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-10),glutathione peroxidase activity,total antioxidant capacity,kidney malondialdehyde,stereological parameters,and expressions of apoptosis-related genes(p53,Bax,Bcl-2,and caspase-3)were measured.The LD50 of Heracleum persicum extract was determined based on Lorke’s method.Histopathological evaluation was also performed.Results:In addition to decreased urine protein and albumin,and increased creatinine and urea,co-treatment with gentamicin and Heracleum persicum significantly reduced levels of creatinine and urea,and increased sodium and potassium in serum.Heracleum persicum treatment also improved stereological parameters and serum inflammatory cytokines.There was a significant increase in serum glutathione peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity as well as a reduction in malondialdehyde level.Furthermore,treatment with Heracleum persicum extracts downregulated p53,caspase-3,and Bax and upregulated Bcl-2 expressions.In histopathological evaluation,Heracleum persicum extracts showed protection against gentamicin-induced renal damages.Conclusions:Heracleum persicum exhibits protective effects against gentamicin-induced structural and functional renal impairments.

Effect of Ploughing Depth on the Growth and Yield of Heracleum candicans:a Threatened Medicinal Herb and a Less-explored Potential Crop of the Himalayan Region

This paper examines the effect of ploughing depths （A -- 60 cm, B -- 45 cm and C -- 30 cm） on the growth and yield of Heracleum candicans Wall （Apiaceae）, a threatened medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. This less-explored plant is being suggested as a potential crop for the mountain agriculture. The study was carried out in an orchard in Himachal Pradesh, India at 2500 m altitude, for two successive growth years. During the first year, all plants remained in juvenile state; in the second year, nearly 65 % plants produced flowers only under 60cm ploughing depth. Among its morphological traits, plant height, collar diameter and aboveground flesh weight were found to be strongly correlated （P 〈 0.01） with the belowground biomass during the first year （r =0.968, 0.925 and 0.973, respectively） and during the second year （r=0.945, 0.928 and 0.775, respectively）. Increase in the ploughing depth was significantly correlated （P〈0.01） with all growth parameters, including the belowground dry weight, marketable portion of the produce. The belowground biomass （commercial yield; 16.28 Qt/hec） at depth A was about 2.6 and 4.7 times higher than those recorded at depths B and C, respectively. The results clearly justify the importance of deep ploughing and this paper strongly recommends it for economically sustainable cropping.

Prenylated Coumarins from Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata

Four hitherto unknown prenylated coumarins,namely 600-O-b-D-apiofuranosylapterin(1),40-O-isobutyroylpeguangxienin(2),6-(3-methyl-2-oxobutyroyl)-7-methoxycoumarin(3),and 6-hydroxycoumurrayin(4),were isolated from the ethanol extract of Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata,respectively.Their chemical structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.Compound 2 exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines(HL-60,A-549,SMMC-7721,MCF-7,and SW-480)with IC50 values ranging from 15.9 to 23.2μM.

Study on the Quality Standard of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the quality standard of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance.,so as to provide data support for the 2003 version of Quality Standards for Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province.[Methods]H.moellendorffii was subjected to character identification and microscopic identification.Referring to Chinese Pharmacopoeia,TCL thin-layer identification and extract determination were carried out on 10 batches of H.moellendorffii from 6 habitats in Guizhou.[Results]The characters and microscopic characteristics of H.moellendorffii were described in detail.The TLC thin-layer identification spots were clear,with strong specificity.The limit of the medicinal material extract was determined to be not less than 22.0%.[Conclusions]This study can provide data support for the quality evaluation and standard improvement of the medicinal material H.moellendorffii.

Phytochemistry and biological activities of Heracleum persicum: a review

Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch is used in Iranian traditional medicines, for the treatment of various diseases including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, rheumatological and urinary tract diseases. In phytochemical analysis of H. persicum, several classes of natural chemicals including volatile （aliphatic esters, carbonyls, phenyl propenes and terpenes） and nonvolatile （flavonoids, furanocoumarins, tannins and alkaloids） constituents as well as different minerals have been identified. Scientific studies on H. persicum proved that it has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. This article has provided comprehensive information on Iranian traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacolog- ical activities of H. persicum.

老山芹层积前后种子差异代谢物分析

为深入探索老山芹种子休眠机理,以老山芹层积前后种子为研究对象,采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry,GC-TOF/MS)对其非层积种子(non-lamellarized seeds,NS)和层积后达到发芽状态种子(germination seeds,GS)的差异代谢物进行分析。结果表明,共检测到995种代谢产物,NS和GS的代谢物存在明显分离,差异代谢物有126种,其中极显著差异代谢物75种,包括35种上调,40种下调。对极显著差异代谢物所在代谢通路分析表明,涉及10条关键代谢通路。和弦图分析表明,差异代谢物中脂质类化合物(含类脂分子)与苯类化合物呈极显著正相关;苯丙烷类化合物(含聚酮类化合物)与有机氧类化合物呈极显著负相关。以上研究结果为探索老山芹种子成熟后萌发提供了代谢组学理论基础,为更好地研究老山芹种子后成熟及休眠机制提供了依据和支撑。

白亮独活化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

白亮独活(Heracleum candicans)因其丰富的药效成分被广泛用于杀虫、止血、散风止咳、治风湿痹痛等方面。该文综述了白亮独活的不同化学成分及其药理作用,以期为白亮独活推广应用提供新思路,也为白亮独活药用质量标准的制定提供依据。

独活总香豆素类成分的纯化工艺研究

利用大孔吸附树脂对独活（Heracleum hemsleyanum Diels）中的总香豆素类成分进行纯化。采用静态与动态吸附-解吸相结合的方法,以解吸量及解吸率为主要指标对工艺条件进行优化,确定了最佳纯化工艺条件。结果表明,采用LX-36型大孔吸附树脂纯化效果较好,其最佳工艺条件为上柱药液浓度相当于原药0.1 g/m L,上柱药液p H为2.5-5.5,吸附速率为5 BV/h,上样量相当于树脂量的50%,解吸液乙醇体积分数为95%,解吸速率为1 BV/h,解吸液用量为5 BV,经LX-36型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化后的独活干浸膏中总香豆素的含量由原来的8.42%升高到27.09%。表明LX-36型大孔吸附树脂适于独活总香豆素的初步纯化。

独活种苗质量分级标准研究

以19个采样点采集的1791株独活种苗为研究材料,测定了其主根长、主根粗、侧根数、芽体长度、芽数和单株根重6个主要质量指标,利用K-均值聚类分析法,并结合种苗实际生产情况对独活种苗进行等级划分。根据单株根重、主根长、主根粗3个指标将独活种苗分为3个等级:Ⅰ级,单株根重≥16.0 g,主根长≥22 cm,主根粗≥17 mm;Ⅱ级,8.0 g≤单株根重<16.0 g,18 cm≤主根长<22 cm,12 mm≤主根粗<17 mm;Ⅲ级,3.6 g≤单株根重<8.0 g,14 cm≤主根长<18 cm,9 mm≤主根粗<12 mm。

黔产狭叶短毛独活挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析及其体外抗菌活性

目的:分离和分析狭叶短毛独活挥发油的化学成分,并考察其体外抗菌活性。方法:水蒸气蒸馏法提取狭叶短毛独活挥发油,采用GC-MS技术对挥发油化学成分进行分析鉴定,采用归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果:鉴定了51个化合物,占总离子流图峰面积的79.65%。狭叶短毛独活挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和沙门菌示出不同抗菌活性。结论:狭叶短毛独挥发油的主要化学成分是萜类化合物(47.27%),对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和沙门菌显示出不同的抗菌活性。

老山芹生长发育规律及主要性状相关性分析

试验研究老山芹植株生长发育过程及各性状间相关关系,为老山芹人工大面积栽培提供理论依据。观察老山芹植株物候期,测量从展叶期至种子发育期植株和种子主要形态学指标,分析主要性状相关性。结果表明,老山芹植株生长发育过程可分为宿根萌发期、展叶期、现蕾期、抽薹期、开花期、种子发育期及种子收获期七个阶段;依据株高和最大叶片面积生长发育变化曲线,将展叶后植株形态发育过程划分为缓慢增长期、迅速增长期和停滞增长期三个阶段,其中展叶第10~20天是老山芹嫩茎叶可大量采摘食用适宜时期;依据种子形态变化,可将种子发育过程划分为迅速膨大期、缓慢生长期和收获期三个时期,其中种子发育第5~20天是种子干物质迅速积累重要时期,35 d后即开始分批采收种子,种子发育过程种皮颜色经历深绿、翠绿、枯黄和褐色四个阶段。老山芹叶轴-叶面积之间存在异速生长关系,老山芹植株冠幅是多个形态指标共同调节结果,这些形态指标对种子干物质积累及种子形态影响显著。

中国独活属叶柄的解剖学研究

本文首次观察了我国独活属（Ｈｅｒａｃｌｅｕｍ）１５种植物叶柄解剖结构的基本特征和变异幅度。根据叶柄的维管束排列，结合横切面形状，近轴面沟槽的有无及形状，周缘的变化及髓腔的有无等特征，把１５种独活的叶柄解剖分为５个类型．依据各类型的结构特点结合其植物的外部形态，以及细胞学和花粉形态等特征，讨论了这５个类型可能的演化关系和独活属的属下分类问题。作者认为我国西南部的横断山区不仅独活属植物的种类丰富，是该属的频度中心，而且形态分化活跃．也是其最大变异中心。

中国伞形科独活属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科独活属15个种的果实表面微形态特征进行了比较观察.结果表明:(1)多数种的外果皮表面细胞为凹陷型,细胞形状为4～6边形、不规则形和细胞轮廓不可见.(2)外果皮纹饰可分为网状纹饰和条状纹饰两类;多数种类具有尖囊状或带状表皮毛以及鳞片状或颗粒状的分泌物.(3)其微形态特征在独活属属下种间表现出丰富的多样性,可为种的划分提供重要的分类学依据.(4)结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和解剖学等特征对钝叶独活(H.candicans var.obtusifolium)和长裂叶独活(H.millefolium var.longilobum)的系统位置分析认为:将钝叶独活作为白亮独活的变种处理较恰当;将长裂叶独活作为种(H.longilobum)处理,系统位置在裂叶独活(H.millefolium)之后.

不同层积条件下老山芹种子形态后熟的研究

以老山芹种子为试验材料,研究低温及变温层积处理对种子形态后熟过程影响,为揭示老山芹种子休眠机理,终止种子休眠提供依据。结果表明,两种层积处理种胚胚长、胚宽、胚剖面面积及胚率等指标均随层积时间延长不断增加,而胚附近胚乳空腔面积在层积过程中随着种胚逐渐增大而减小;变温层积处理效果优于低温层积处理。变温层积可加速老山芹种子后熟过程,缩短种子休眠时间。

老山芹根中亲脂性化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的分析老山芹根的亲脂性化学成分。方法采用GC-MS法对其亲脂性化学成分进行分析,面积归一化法计算其相对含量。结果从老山芹根中鉴定出了33个化合物,并确定了其相对含量,其中石油醚部分鉴定出19个化合物,氯仿部分鉴定出14个化合物。结论老山芹根中亲脂性化学成分主要为长链醇、甾醇和香豆素类化合物。

白云花根的化学成分研究Ⅰ

目的:研究白云花根的化学成分。方法:用各种现代色谱方法分离白云花根化学成分,用波谱技术(IR,UV,MS,1D和2D NMR)鉴定结构。结果:从白云花根中分离得到8个香豆素类成分,分别鉴定为甲氧基欧芹酚(ostholⅠ),佛手苷内酯(bergaptenⅡ),花椒毒素(xanthotoxinⅢ),异虎耳草素(isopimpinellinⅣ),欧前胡素(imperatorinⅤ),异欧前胡素(isoimperatorinⅥ),cnidilinⅦ,珊瑚菜内酯(phellopterinⅧ)。1个双香豆素类成分,鉴定为rivulobirinA(Ⅸ)。结论:其中Ⅵ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅸ等4个成分为首次从该植物中分离。

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析。结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性。表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异。近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构。气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征。研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表。

不同遮阴处理对老山芹幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以2年生老山芹幼苗为试材,研究了不同遮阴条件(遮阴程度为30%、62%、92%)对其生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:在不同的遮阴条件下,老山芹幼苗会表现出不同的生长状况及生理特性;62%的遮阴条件会有效促进老山芹幼苗的生长及生理特性的变化,影响植物细胞内活性氧与自由基之间的动态平衡,使叶绿素含量显著增加,老山芹保护酶系活性降低,导致细胞内质膜透性、MDA含量减少,使可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量降低,游离脯氨酸含量增加;62%的遮阴条件更有利于老山芹幼苗的正常生长发育,所以老山芹幼苗在生产应用中应适当遮阴。