Evaluation of Weed Control Efficacy and Seed Cotton Yield in Glyphosate Tolerant Transgenic Cotton

Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the experimental site of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with the objective, to find out the weed control efficacy and yield of transgenic cotton hybrid with the application of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied as post-emergence application on 25 and 65 DAS at 900, 1350, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha in MRC 7347 BG-II RRF test hybrid. These treatments were compared with hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS and unweeded control. In both sprays, post-emergence application of glyphosate 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency in transgenic cotton hybrid compared with other treatments. Seed cotton yield (3195 and 3092 kg·ha-1 during 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively) was significantly higher in post-emergence application of glyphosate at 2700 g a.e./ha. Increased use of transgenic cotton with herbicide and pest resistance has resulted in more efficient insect and weed management practices.

Control Effect Evaluation of Herbicides for Malignant Weed Nut Grass in Sugarcane Field

In order to screen herbicides with ideal safety characteristics to control malignant weed nut grass in sugarcane field, 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP were selected for the field efficacy trial. The results showed that 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP had good control effect on nut grass. The optimum dosage of 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA.ametryne-diuron WP was 1 125 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 225 g） and 3 150 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 2 047.5 g）, respectively. These two herbicides should be dissolved in 675 kg water per hectare and applied in the vigorous growth period of nut grass （height 10-15 cm） with oriented stem leaf spraying. The control effect after 15 days could be above 87.9%.

Weed and insect control affected by mixing insecticides with glyphosate in cotton

Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate weed and insect control efficacy with glyphosate at 1 230 g ai（active ingredient） ha^（-1） and the insecticides acephate（728 g ai ha^（-1））,carbosulfan（135 g ai ha^（-1））,endosulfan（683 g ai ha^（-1））,imidacloprid（32 g ai ha^（-1））,or lambda-cyhalothrin（23 g ai ha^（-1））,as well as glyphosate tank-mixed with these insecticides.Four of the most common weeds in cotton,common purslane,false daisy,goosegrass,and lambsquarters,were manually sown in the cotton field and treated with glyphosate alone or in combination with insecticides.Glyphosate efficacy,based on visual estimates of control and weed fresh weight at 21 d after treatment（DAT）,was unaffected by the addition of insecticides.Four weeds were controlled by 93-97%and 86-100%（visual rating） and reduced weed fresh biomass by98-99%and 96-100%with glyphosate alone and its combination with insecticides,respectively.Addition of glyphosate to acephate improved cotton aphid control compared with acephate alone.However,addition of glyphosate to carbosulfan,endosulfan,imidacloprid,or lambda-cyhalothrin did not affect the aphid control when compared with the insecticide alone treatments.These results indicate that cotton producers could potentially integrate weed and insect management strategies by choosing suitable insecticide mixing partners with glyphosate,thereby reducing the application costs without sacrificing the efficacy of the glyphosate or the insecticides.

Agronomic Efficiency of Herbicide Tolerant Crops in Peninsular India——A Review

Crops made resistant to herbicides by biotechnology are being widely adopted in various parts of the world and several herbicide resistant crops have become available in many countries for commercial cultivation.But in India,the technology of herbicide tolerant crops is in initial stage of field evaluation.Hence,field trials have been carried out to evaluate and consolidate the agronomic advantages of herbicide tolerant transgenic cotton and maize.Herbicide tolerant stacked traits of maize and cotton have been evaluated under Bio-safety Research Level(BRL I)as confined field trials for its agronomic efficiency on weed control and enhanced crop productivity at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University(TNAU),Coimbatore and Punjab Agricultural University(PAU),Ldhiana for many years.In both crops,potassium salt formulation of glyphosate was sprayed at different doses(900,1,350,1,800,2,700,3,600 and 5,400 g a.e./ha twice at 25 days after sowing(DAS)and 60 DAS in cotton and 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha at 25 DAS in maize).Evaluation was made on weed control efficiency,phyto-toxicity on crops,yield and economics and carry over effects on the succeeding crops.Application of glyphosate at 2,700 g a.e./ha recorded lower weed density,dry weight and higher weed control efficiency(WCE)in cotton.Post-emergence(POE)glyphosate at 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density,dry weight and higher WCE in transgenic Hishell and 900 M Gold and in 30V92 and 30B11 corn hybrids.Post-emergence application of glyphosate in transgenic maize hybrids did not affect the germination percent,vigour and yield of succeeding green gram in the transgenic maize trials and sunflower,soybean and pearl millet in cotton trials.Phytotoxicity symptoms were not observed in cotton with glyphosate at lower doses viz.,900,1,350,1,800 and 2,700 g a.e./ha.Higher doses viz.3,600 g a.e./ha and 5,400 g a.e./ha were noticed with phytotoxicity symptoms at early stages of herbicide application.Glyphosate applied at 900,1,350,1,800 and 2,700 g a.e./ha recorded more number of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes compared to atrazine treatments.Higher grain yield was recorded with POE application of glyphosate at 900,1,800 and 3,600 g a.e./ha in Hishell and 900 M Gold transgenic hybrids and higher net return and benefit cost ratio were recorded in glyphosate at 1,800 g a.e./ha in transgenic 900 M Gold in all the four seasons.Post-emergence application of glyphosate at 900 g a.e./ha and 1,800 g a.e./ha registered higher grain yield in transgenic 30V92 and 30B11 corn hybrids.In maize and cotton transgenic crops,post-emergence weed management with glyphosate proved to be the better management option for the control of weeds.

Weed control through allelopathic crop water extracts and S-metolachlor in cotton

Weeds are one of the most important biological constraint to cotton production,and result-ing in a yield losses of up to 90%.The evolution of hundreds of resistant weed species,the lack of new herbicide chemistries,and the increase in weed management costs are all mak-ing weed management more arduous for the growers.Hence,a field experiment was con-ducted to investigate the efficacy of allelopathic crop water extracts(ACWEs)alone and in combinaton with one third rate of S-metolachlor 717g ai.ha-1for effective weed man-agement in cotton.The treatments investigated were;weedy check,sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5Lha 1,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-,sorghum+bras-sica+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1,sorghum+brassica WE at 15L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-l,sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5L ha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha-1,sor-ghum+brassica WE+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717 gaiha-,and S-metolachlor at recommended rate of 2.15 kg ai.ha-1.Results revealed that pre-emergent application of sorghum+brassica water extract(WE)at 1.5L ha-1 was the best treatment in terms of effective dry biomass reduction(40%)of Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus,and increase in seed cotton yield(12%).The second best treatment was sorghum+sunflower WE at 1.5Lha-1+S-metolachlor at 717g ai.ha-1 with yield increase of 11%over the weedy control.In comparison,S-metolachlor at recommended rate 2.15kg a.i.ha-1 recorded only 4%decrease in weeds dry biomass reduction and 8%increase in seed cotton yield.Hence,it can be predicted that binary combinaton of sorghum and brassica WE at 1.5 Lha-1 or binary combination of sorghum+sunflower WE at 15Lha-1 with one third dose of S-metolachlor (717g aiha-l)can be used for effective weed management and increase in seed cotton yield.Furthermore,adoption of this technique will also reduce the herbicide application,which is not only benefcial for the ecosystem but,also minimize the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species.

植保无人机喷施封闭除草剂对稻田杂草的防效研究

为探究植保无人机喷施除草剂对直播稻田杂草防效,采用50%丁草胺乳油、26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂、300 g/L丙草胺乳油4种封闭除草剂,在飞行高度2 m和3 m,用水量22.5、45.0 L/hm^(2)条件下设置不同处理,考察播前施药结合水层管理及播后干封对水稻安全性及对直播稻田不同种类杂草的防除效果。结果表明,26%噁草酮悬浮剂2个用水量处理的成苗率和苗高显著低于其余处理,播后30 d各处理水稻分蘖数均显著高于空白对照,各处理5株苗茎基宽与空白对照无差异。药后15 d,3种除草剂供试浓度下高用水量处理对稗草、千金子、多花水苋、异型莎草等杂草的防效均优于低用水量;播前水封与播后干封效果整体上差异不大。药后40 d,整体上各处理防效均降低,26%噁草酮悬浮剂、350 g/L异噁草松微囊悬浮剂在高用水量时对稗草的株数防效显著优于低用水量,3种药剂在高用水量时对千金子的株数防效均显著高于低用水量,鲜重防效与株数防效趋势基本一致。3种药剂不同飞防参数下对异型莎草和多花水苋的防效有差异,且效果较差。同一药剂在用水量45 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度3 m时对不同杂草的防效优于用水量22.5 L/hm^(2)和飞行高度2 m处理。不同除草剂对不同种类杂草的防效存在差异,高用水量播前施药结合水层管理对不同杂草的防效均优于播后干封处理。后期应适时进行茎叶处理,以提升施药对田间杂草的治理效果。

不同土壤处理除草剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为筛选出适宜本地区土壤处理的除草剂。通过大田小区试验,采用土壤封闭处理,对比分析了7种土壤处理除草剂对棉花安全性和杂草防除的效果。结果显示,与对照相比,不同药剂处理对‘冈棉11号’出苗率和第一果枝结位均没有显著性差异,但鲜重、株高和果枝数有增加趋势,表明试验药剂对棉花安全。田间药效结果显示,复配剂50%扑草净可湿性粉剂(WP)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(EC)、50%扑草净WP+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC和50%扑草净WP+50%乙草胺EC对禾本科和阔叶杂草均具有较好防效,45 d平均鲜重防效分别为83.32%、84.08%、80.57%,与单剂处理均存在极显著差异,且持效期较长,建议3种复配剂作为土壤处理除草剂用于棉田杂草防除。

12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田阔叶杂草防效及安全性评价

为筛选可用于花生棉花间作田的高效、安全除草剂,采用室内生物活性测定法评价了84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂等12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田常见的6种阔叶杂草的防除效果及对花生和棉花的安全性。结果表明,120 g/噁草酮乳油、240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油在田间推荐剂量下可有效控制供试6种杂草;40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂在棉花和杂草间的选择性指数均大于2,杂草防除效果良好。25%噻吩磺隆可湿性粉剂、84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、20%乙羧氟草醚乳油等对棉花安全性相对较差。

几种土壤封闭处理除草剂对大豆-玉米带状复合种植田杂草防效及安全性的影响

为了探明大豆-玉米带状复合种植模式下的有效化学除草技术,采用室内生测结合田间试验,通过土壤喷雾处理方法,调查除草剂720 g/L异丙甲草胺乳油、70%嗪草酮可湿性粉剂、75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂、41%氟噻草胺悬浮剂对大豆、玉米的安全性以及在田间的杂草防除效果。结果显示,唑嘧磺草胺、噻吩磺隆、嗪草酮与氟噻草胺、异丙甲草胺两两混用后,田间杂草药后30 d防效达87%以上,药后45 d防效达93%以上,持效期也相对较长。受环境影响,5种除草剂虽在室内试验表现出一定抑制作用,但田间各单剂混用后与对照的表现相差不大,说明对大豆、玉米安全。综上,异丙甲草胺、嗪草酮、噻吩磺隆、唑嘧磺草胺、氟噻草胺单用或混用,可在大豆-玉米带状复合种植田块中于大豆、玉米播种后1~2 d内进行土壤喷雾处理防除杂草。

不同药械喷施33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC防控小麦田杂草的效果

为进一步优化麦田杂草防控器械使用技术,2022年选用多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机、担架式植保机、背负式电动喷雾器喷施土壤封闭除草剂33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC,比较防控小麦田杂草的效果和作业效率。结果表明:药后30、100 d,4种施药器械处理阔叶杂草的防效分别为96.94%~98.98%、91.84%~95.92%,多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机和背负式电动喷雾器处理禾本科杂草的防效分别为84.36%~94.40%、74.00%~84.53%,均显著高于担架式植保机处理。综合自走式喷杆喷雾机防效及安全性较好、作业效率较高的优势,应作为规模化小麦生产封闭除草剂喷施主要器械。

碎米知风草对不同环境因子的适应性及化学防治药剂的筛选

碎米知风草(Eragrostis japonica)是稻田恶性禾本科杂草之一。为明确影响碎米知风草种子萌发的主要环境因子,并筛选有效的化学防除药剂,采用培养皿法和盆钵法分别测定了温度、光照、pH、盐胁迫、渗透势、埋土深度对碎米知风草种子萌发的影响,并评价了27种稻田除草剂对碎米知风草的活性。结果表明,碎米知风草种子在20~40℃内均能萌发,恒温条件下最适萌发温度为35℃,变温条件下为35℃/25℃;其种子对光照较为敏感,黑暗条件下无法萌发;pH在4~10时种子萌发率在80.67%以上;随着NaCl浓度的升高,种子萌发率呈下降趋势,当NaCl浓度达到160 mmol·L^(-1)时种子停止萌发;碎米知风草种子对水势较为敏感,抑制萌发率50%时水势为-0.35 MPa;当埋土深度达到0.8 cm时可完全抑制种子萌发。活性结果表明,在推荐剂量下,土壤处理乙氧氟草醚、噁草酮、丁草胺、异噁草松、硝磺草酮、丙草胺、莎稗磷、二甲戊灵、仲丁灵、扑草净、环戊噁草酮11种药剂对碎米知风草的抑制效果较强,鲜重抑制率在96.28%以上;茎叶处理药剂噁唑酰草胺、禾草丹、敌稗、吡唑喹草酯、苯丙草酮5种药剂对碎米知风草的鲜重抑制率在92.16%~99.36%。该结果可为稻田碎米知风草的化学防治提供参考依据。

7种选择性除草剂对草本化杂交桑园阔叶杂草的防效及安全性

杂草防除是草本化杂交桑大规模种植的关键技术。本试验在草本化杂交桑春季发芽前施药,比较了7种选择性除草剂对阔叶杂草的防除效果,以及对桑树生长的安全性。结果表明:240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油700倍液、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂4000倍液对阔叶杂草的鲜草质量防效达到100%和99.75%,但桑树发芽推迟,生长前期新梢短,叶片扭曲、黄化,对后期枝条长度、枝叶产量都有一定影响,在草本化杂交桑园中不建议使用乙氧氟草醚和丙炔氟草胺;10%苯唑草酮可分散油悬浮剂2000倍液、30%草除灵悬浮剂600倍液对阔叶杂草的鲜草质量防效分别为94.35%和84.06%,桑树未见明显药害症状,杂交桑的枝条长度和枝叶产量与空白对照差异不显著;其余3种除草剂对阔叶杂草的防效不理想。因此,苯唑草酮、草除灵是适宜用于草本化杂交桑园防除阔叶杂草的除草剂品种。

几种除草剂对棉田田旋花的防效

试验结果表明,20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油以150～300ga.i./hm2,41%草甘膦水剂以923ga.i./hm2定向喷雾,20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油+41%草甘膦水剂(1∶1)20倍液茎叶涂抹可有效地防除棉田田旋花,防效为77%～97%。

不同除草剂对水稻水直播田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

于2014年水稻生长季选择10种常用的水稻直播田除草剂在安徽省马鞍山市当涂县水稻田进行田间试验,研究不同时期施用不同除草剂对直播稻田杂草的防除效果及对水稻产量和安全性的影响。结果表明:水稻5叶1心时施用11%噁唑·五氟磺可分散油悬浮剂、水稻3叶1心时施用21%苄·五氟·氰氟草油悬浮剂和6%五氟·氰氟草可分散油悬浮剂均可高效防除直播稻田禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草,总草株防效和鲜重防效均在90%以上。测产结果表明,以上3种药剂对水稻的增产率较高,分别为22.4%、22.1%和21.7%。3种药剂在水稻生长期施用没有产生药害,起到了稳产、增收的作用。

几种茎叶处理除草剂防除棉田龙葵的研究

【目的】龙葵是新疆棉田近年来主要危害杂草之一,筛选高效防治药剂对控制其危害。【方法】采用大田随机区组设计,对8种新疆大田常用茎叶处理除草剂对龙葵进行田间药效试验。【结果】灭草松、扑草净和草甘膦对龙葵的防效最佳,施药后第1 d灭草松的防效达52.65%显著高于其他处理组,灭草松和扑草净在药后5 d的防效可达到100%,而草甘膦和氯氟吡氧乙酸药后9 d对龙葵也能达到100%的防治效果,其对龙葵的生物量抑制效果均在70%以上;三氟啶磺隆和苯磺隆的药效较好(在第9 d防效>85%),但药效缓慢。【结论】杂草危害不重时可喷施三氟啶磺隆钠盐进行防治,而灭草松、草甘膦、扑草净和氯氟吡氧乙酸可作为应急防治棉田杂草龙葵的除草剂。

三氟啶磺隆除草活性及对棉花的安全性评价

三氟啶磺隆是一种新型、高效、低毒的棉田除草剂,为明确其在我国棉田的应用前景,以嘧草硫醚为对照药剂,采用温室盆栽法对三氟啶磺隆的杀草谱、除草活性及对棉花的安全性进行了评价。结果表明:在有效成分11.25 g/hm2剂量下,三氟啶磺隆对香附子、狗尾草、鳢肠、小藜、画眉草、小飞蓬、千金子、鬼针草、苍耳、鹅肠菜和反枝苋的鲜重防效均在90%以上,且对棉田杂草香附子、苘麻、狗尾草、反枝苋和马齿苋的除草活性均高于嘧草硫醚,以ED50值计,其毒力分别是嘧草硫醚的171、13.6、12.6、10.5和3.82倍;三氟啶磺隆在华棉5号棉花与香附子、狗尾草、苘麻间的选择性指数分别为13.0、2.80和1.13,高于嘧草硫醚的2.29、1.78和0.86,但其在华棉5号与反枝苋和马齿苋间的选择性指数分别为2.80和1.74,低于嘧草硫醚的4.75和3.38;两种药剂在山农棉8号棉花与杂草间的选择性指数与华棉5号的相似。

除草剂对棉田杂草群落结构的影响

1996～ 1999年连续 4年用棉田常用三类除草剂盖草能、乙草胺、草甘膦按常规方法防除棉田杂草 ,观察单一除草剂连续使用后棉田杂草种群结构变化。结果表明 ,连续使用单一除草剂对棉田杂草种群结构影响显著。盖草能使用后 ,禾本科杂草的发生量逐年下降 ,至第四年已不再发生 ;而阔叶草的发生量在禾本科杂草被防除的当年即迅速上升 ,且大大超过对照 (不用药 )杂草发生总量。乙草胺处理能显著控制杂草的发生量 ,但残存杂草尤其是阔叶杂草逐年增多 ,到第三、第四年 ,田间生物量也接近对照。草甘膦连续使用后 ,虽当年除草效果良好 ,但次年田间杂草发生基数并未得到控制 ,禾本科草、阔叶草逐年略有上升 ,且结构有所变化 ,阔叶杂草上升量略快于禾本科杂草。

除草剂对旱直播稻田杂草防效和水稻幼苗的影响

本试验研究了播前灭生性除草剂草甘膦、通杀1号,播后苗前土壤封闭除草剂稻草闭、扫茀特对旱直播稻田杂草的防除效果及其对水稻的安全性。结果表明:草甘膦、通杀1号、稻草闭,扫茀特对总草的株防效分别达到91.42%、89.77%、85.63%、77.87%,其中稻草闭处理的株防效显著高于扫茀特;成秧率分别达到72.3%、68.7%、65.0%,64.8%,草甘膦、通杀1号处理的成秧率均显著高于对照。草甘膦、通杀1号处理显著提高了秧苗茎基宽、地上部鲜重、地上部干重和单位苗高干重等指标,稻草闭与扫茀特处理的秧苗在这些指标上与对照无显著差异。草甘膦处理降低了秧苗POD活性、MDA含量,通杀1号处理则相反,两处理均升高了秧苗CAT活性;稻草闭与扫茀特处理均降低了秧苗POD、CAT活性,升高了MDA含量。这4种除草剂的安全性均较好。

8种除草剂对烟草的安全性及倍创对砜嘧磺隆的减量增效作用

为筛选出高效安全的烟田茎叶除草剂,该文采用喷雾法研究了8种除草剂对烟田杂草的防除效果及烟草的安全性和增效剂"倍创"对砜嘧磺隆的减量增效作用.结果表明15%精吡氟禾草灵EC 750mL/hm2、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 1 200mL/hm2、5%精喹禾灵EC 750mL/hm2和12%烯草酮EC 600mL/hm2对单子叶杂草具有良好的除草效果,药后30d的株防效均达80%以上,鲜质量防效均达75%以上;25%氟磺胺草醚AS 1 500mL/hm2、24.1%三氟羧草醚AS 1 125mL/hm2和75%三氟啶磺隆钠盐WP 225g/hm2对阔叶杂草具有良好的除草效果,药后30d的株防效均达80%左右;25%砜嘧磺隆WG 75g/hm2总体防效最高,药后30d的总体株防效和鲜质量防效均达70%左右.对烟草最为安全的除草剂是25%砜嘧磺隆WG,其处理后对烟草生长各项指标的影响由药后15d虽低于对照但差异不显著,到药后30d与对照差异不显著且高于对照;10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、15%精吡氟禾草灵EC和12%烯草酮EC对烟草也较为安全;5%精喹禾灵EC、25%氟磺胺草醚AS、24.1%三氟羧草醚AS和75%三氟啶磺隆钠盐WP对烟草不安全.倍创是砜嘧磺隆较为适合的增效剂,0.02%(W/W)的倍创同减少砜嘧磺隆常规用药量的20%混配处理的防效与砜嘧磺隆常规用药量处理不存在极显著性差异,此配方可推荐为砜嘧磺隆田间使用的减量增效配方.

七种除草剂防除冬油菜田杂草的效果比较

比较研究了3种土壤封闭型除草剂和4种茎叶处理型除草剂防除油菜（Brassica campestris）田杂草的效果。结果表明,3种土壤封闭型除草剂中乙草胺对杂草的防治效果最好,其次为异松·乙草胺和异丙甲草胺。乙草胺525 g/hm2和1 050 g/hm2喷药60 d后杂草综合株防效和鲜重防效均在92.0%以上。4种茎叶处理型除草剂中,氟吡甲禾灵和精喹禾灵对禾本科杂草的防效稳定,2009、2010年喷药60 d后株防效达94.9%～99.3%。烯草酮和草除灵·精喹禾灵对杂草防效受土壤类型和环境因素影响较大,2009年在鄂州市沙窝村喷药60 d后综合株防效和鲜重防效分别达85.9%～100.0%和89.9%～100.0%;2010年在中国农业科学院油料作物研究所试验基地喷药60 d后综合株防效和鲜重防效仅为47.6%～64.3%和53.5%～72.3%。