Toward a better understanding of typeⅠinterferonopathies:a brief summary,update and beyond

Backgrounds TypeⅠinterferonopathy is a group of autoinflammatory disorders associated with prominent enhanced typeⅠinterferon signaling.The mechanisms are complex,and the clinical phenotypes are diverse.This review briefly summarized the recent progresses of typeⅠinterferonopathy focusing on the clinical and molecular features,pathogeneses,diagnoses and potential therapies.Data sources Original research articles and literature reviews published in PubMed-indexed journals.Results TypeⅠinterferonopathies include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome,spondyloenchondro-dysplasia with immune dysregulation,stimulator of interferon genes-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy,X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder,ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 deficiency,chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatitis with lipodystrophy,and Singleton-Merten syndrome originally.Other disorders including interferon-stimulated gene 15 deficiency and DNAseⅡdeficiency are believed to be interferonopathies as well.Intracranial calcification,skin vasculopathy,interstitial lung disease,failure to thrive,skeletal development problems and autoimmune features are common.Abnormal responses to nucleic acid stimuli and defective regulation of protein degradation are main mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.First generation Janus kinase inhibitors including baricitinib,tofacitinib and ruxolitinib are useful for disease control.Reverse transcriptase inhibitors seem to be another option for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome.Conclusions Tremendous progress has been made for the discovery of typeⅠinterferonopathies and responsible genes.Janus kinase inhibitors and other agents have potential therapeutic roles.Future basic,translational and clinical studies towards disease monitoring and powerful therapies are warranted.