Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies(TSEs)are a group of progressive and ultimately fatal neurologic diseases of man and animals,all resulting from the propagated misfolding of the host's normal cellular prio...Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies(TSEs)are a group of progressive and ultimately fatal neurologic diseases of man and animals,all resulting from the propagated misfolding of the host's normal cellular prion protein.These diseases can be spontaneous,heritable,anthropogenic/iatrogenic,or in some cases horizontally transmissible,and include such notable TSEs as bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)of cattle and chronic wasting disease(CWD)of cervids.Although they are both unequivocally protein misfolding disorders,they differ markedly in their pathogenesis,transmissibility,and zoonotic potential.While the BSE epidemic has largely abated over the past three decades following global feed bans on ruminant meat and bone meal,CWD,which is readily transmitted through various forms of excreta,has rapidly expanded from its original endemic zone to encompass much of North America,along with recently identified foci in Scandinavia.Most importantly,although the classical form of BSE has proven transmissible to humans consuming contaminated beef or beef products,so far there have been no conclusive reports on the zoonotic transmission of cWD to humans.The underlying basis for these differences-whether host or agent directed-are not well understood,though may be due to inherent differences in the three-dimensional structure of the misfolded BSE or CWD prion proteins or the expression levels and tissue distribution of respective cellular prion proteins.With the uncontrolled geographic spread of CWD,it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the factors governing prion disease pathogenesis,transmission,and zoonotic potential.展开更多
Objective: To study the CT and MR imaging features of spongiform leukoencephalopathy after heroin vapor inhalation. Method,: The CT and MR imaging features and pathologic findings of 13 patients with heroin-induced sp...Objective: To study the CT and MR imaging features of spongiform leukoencephalopathy after heroin vapor inhalation. Method,: The CT and MR imaging features and pathologic findings of 13 patients with heroin-induced spongiform leukoencephalopathy were analyzed. Results: CT scanning and MRI of all the patients showed diffuse, symmetric lesion in the cerebellar and cerebral white matter, and the cerebellum was invariably involved in all cases. Symmetric round or butterfly-like lesions lateral to the midline of the cerebellum with clear border was the most distinct feature in CT and MRI examination. The lesions were not found in the anterior limbs of the internal capsules. CT scanning showed low-density changes while MRI TIWI imaging presented low-signal and T2WI high-signal lesions without space-occupying mass. The pathologic findings showed spongiform degeneration of the white matter in the central nervous system, but necrotic lesions were not observed. Conclusions: Spongiform leukoencephalopathy should be considered when acute. cerebellar signs are present in patients who admitted a history of heroin inhalation. The CT and MRI manifestation of this disease is typical and the diagnosis can thus be made.展开更多
A 22-year-old man with a 2-year history of heroin vapor inhalation developed spongiform leukoencephalopathy and underwent clinical and home-based rehabilitative treatments. Activities of daily living were measured usi...A 22-year-old man with a 2-year history of heroin vapor inhalation developed spongiform leukoencephalopathy and underwent clinical and home-based rehabilitative treatments. Activities of daily living were measured using the Functional Independence Measure at discharge and at 6, 12, and 24 months after discharge. His neurological symptoms gradually disappeared with rehabilitative treatment, and the functional scale scores increased from 55 on admission to 105 at 24 months after discharge. These results suggest that home-based rehabilitation was effective in ameliorating the pathology and improving activities of daily living in this patient with heroin-induced spongiform leukoencephalopathy.展开更多
This works intends to provide numerical solutions based on the nonlinear fractional order derivatives of the classical White and Comiskey model(NFD-WCM).The fractional order derivatives have provided authentic and acc...This works intends to provide numerical solutions based on the nonlinear fractional order derivatives of the classical White and Comiskey model(NFD-WCM).The fractional order derivatives have provided authentic and accurate solutions for the NDF-WCM.The solutions of the fractional NFD-WCM are provided using the stochastic computing supervised algorithm named Levenberg-Marquard Backpropagation(LMB)based on neural networks(NNs).This regression approach combines gradient descent and Gauss-Newton iterative methods,which means finding a solution through the sequences of different calculations.WCM is used to demonstrate the heroin epidemics.Heroin has been on-growth world wide,mainly in Asia,Europe,and the USA.It is the fourth foremost cause of death due to taking an overdose in the USA.The nonlinear mathematical system NFD-WCM discusses the overall circumstance of different drug users,such as suspected groups,drug users without treatment,and drug users with treatment.The numerical results of NFD-WCM via LMB-NNs have been substantiated through training,testing,and validation measures.The stability and accuracy are then checked through the statistical tool,such asmean square error(MSE),error histogram,and fitness curves.The suggested methodology’s strength is demonstrated by the high convergence between the reference solutions and the solutions generated by adding the efficacy of a constructed solver LMB-NNs,with accuracy levels ranging from 10?9 to 10?10.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effect of M5 muscarinic receptor subtype on the locomotor sensitization induced by heroin priming, and it＇s effect on the FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens （NAc） and the hippocam...Objective To investigate the effect of M5 muscarinic receptor subtype on the locomotor sensitization induced by heroin priming, and it＇s effect on the FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens （NAc） and the hippocampus in the heroin sensitized rats. Methods Locomotor activity was measured every 10 min for 1 h after subcutaneous injection of heroin. FosB expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry, and the antisense oligonucleotides （AS-ONs） targeting M5 muscarinic receptor was transferred with the lipofectin. Results Microinjection of AS-ONs targeting M5 muscarinic receptor in the ventral tegmental area （VTA） blocked the expression of behavioral sensitization induced by heroin priming in rats. Meanwhile, the expression of FosB-positive neurons in either the NAc or the dentate gyrus （DG） of the hippocam- pus increased in heroin-induced locomotor sensitized rats. The enhancement of FosB-positive neurons in the NAc or DG could be inhibited by microinjection of M5 muscarinic receptor AS-ONs into the VTA before the heroin-induced locomotor sensitization was performed. In contrast, microinjection of M5 muscarinic receptor sense oligonucleotide （S-ONs） into the VTA did not block the expression of behavioral sensitization or the expression of FosB in the NAc or DG in the heroin sensitized rats. Conclusion Blocking M5 muscarinic receptor in the VTA inhibits the expression of heroin-induced locomotor sensitization, which is associated with the regulation of FosB expression in the NAc and hippocampus neurons. M5 muscarinic receptor may be a useful pharmacological target for the treatment of heroin addiction.展开更多
Far from the financial gains of cyber crooks, the informed observer will see in cyber crookery a complex field of psychopathological expression where addictions and ritualistic practices intermingle. We thus carried o...Far from the financial gains of cyber crooks, the informed observer will see in cyber crookery a complex field of psychopathological expression where addictions and ritualistic practices intermingle. We thus carried out a qualitative observational study, focusing on a young Ivorian cyber-escroc, hard drug user and follower of mystical practices taken in charge by a multidisciplinary team during a resocialization course for children in conflict with the law from November to December 2022. The aim was to describe the difficulties experienced by a young Ivorian cyber crook in escaping the clutches of occult practices, internet addictions and psychoactive substances encountered in the field of cyber crookery. KA is confronted with the problem of cybercrime associated with occult practices and drug addiction. He is a heroin addict and secondary internet addict, undergoing de facto detoxification and presenting risky consumption behaviors. His fear is fuelled by the sudden death of his childhood friend, who introduced him to cyber-scams and occult practices, and the impossibility of returning his “Agbaladai” fetish when he can no longer honor the weekly sacrifices. Our results show an interweaving of psychopathological entities, namely cyberaddiction and addiction to psychoactive substances, against a backdrop of mystico-cultural practices and interpretations.展开更多
Willa Cather is one of the most famous female writers in American literary history.The Song of the Lark is the early work of Willa Cather.The thesis intends to offer a thorough study on the heroine's image of The ...Willa Cather is one of the most famous female writers in American literary history.The Song of the Lark is the early work of Willa Cather.The thesis intends to offer a thorough study on the heroine's image of The Song of the Lark with the myth and archetypal criticism to have an elaborate discussion on how the heroine of this work is embodied by the archetypal goddess of Muse so as to explore how Cather suggests her deep themes and expresses her permanent pursuit of art.展开更多
Acupuncture at Baihui （GV20） and Dazhui （GV14） reduces neuronal loss and attenuates ultra- structural damage in cerebral ischemic rats. However, whether acupuncture can treat addiction and prevent readdiction thro...Acupuncture at Baihui （GV20） and Dazhui （GV14） reduces neuronal loss and attenuates ultra- structural damage in cerebral ischemic rats. However, whether acupuncture can treat addiction and prevent readdiction through changes to brain cell ultrastructure remains unknown. In this study, cell apoptosis was observed in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of heroin readdicted rats by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining displayed a reduction in Bcl-2 ex- pression and an increase in Bax expression in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. After rats were given acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui, the pathological damage in the hippocampus and frontal lobe was significantly reduced, Bcl-2 expression was upregulated and Bax expression was downregulated. Acupuncture exerted a similar effect with methadone, a commonly used drug for clinical treatment of drug addiction. Experimental findings suggest that acupuncture at Dazhui and Baihui can prevent brain cell apoptosis in heroin readdicted rats.展开更多
Based on the model provided by the Mulone and Straughan [1], we relax the population which are constant and obtain the drug-free equilibrium which is global asymptotically stable under some conditions. The system has ...Based on the model provided by the Mulone and Straughan [1], we relax the population which are constant and obtain the drug-free equilibrium which is global asymptotically stable under some conditions. The system has only uniqueness positive endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable by using the second compound matrix.展开更多
Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of hero...Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of heroin relapse, and acupuncture may inhibit craving. In this study, we performed functional MRI in heroin addicts and control subjects. We compared differences in brain activation between the two groups during heroin cue exposure, heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point （ST36） without twirling of the needle, and heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle. Heroin cue exposure elicited significant activation in craving-related brain regions mainly in the frontal lobes and callosal gyri. Acupuncture without twirling did not significantly affect the range of brain activation induced by heroin cue exposure, but significantly changed the extent of the activation in the heroin addicts group. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle significantly decreased both the range and extent of activation induced by heroin cue exposure compared with heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture without twirling of the needle. These experimental findings indicate that presentation of heroin cues can induce activation in craving-related brain regions, which are involved in reward, learning and memory, cognition and emotion. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving, supporting its potential as an intervention for drug craving.展开更多
Drugs can cause obvious damage to the brain. To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes, this study established a rat model of heroin relapse using...Drugs can cause obvious damage to the brain. To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes, this study established a rat model of heroin relapse using intramuscular injection of increasing amounts of heroin. During the detoxification period, rat models received acupuncture at Baihui （DU20） and Dazhui （DU14）. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the structure of the ventral tegmental area in heroin relapse rats gradually became normalized after acupuncture treatment. Immunohistochem- ical staining exhibited that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increased in the ventral tegmental area following acupuncture. Moreover, the effects were similar to that of methadone, a type of medicine called an opioid. Results suggested that acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui protected brain neurons against injury in rats with heroin relapse by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-de-rived neurotrophic factor expression.展开更多
The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of heroin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats was investigated. The model of ALI was established by intravenous injection of heroin ...The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of heroin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats was investigated. The model of ALI was established by intravenous injection of heroin into tail vein in rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into heroin-treated groups (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 24 h) and normal control group. Changes in histopathologic morphology and biological markers of ALI were measured. The expression of ICAM-1 in lung tissue was detected by using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The results showed that the W/D ratio and protein contents in BALF of the heroin-treated groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). The histopathological changes in the lung tissue were more obvious in heroin-treated groups. The ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression in the lung tissue of heroin-treated groups were significantly increased as compared with that of the control group (P<0.01), and correlated with the ALI parameters in a time-dependent manner. Increasing of ICAM-1 expression was involved in the formation of heroin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, the level of expression was positively correlated with the severity of lung injury.展开更多
基金funded in part by the Center on Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases(CEZID)of the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences underaward number P20GM130448.
文摘Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies(TSEs)are a group of progressive and ultimately fatal neurologic diseases of man and animals,all resulting from the propagated misfolding of the host's normal cellular prion protein.These diseases can be spontaneous,heritable,anthropogenic/iatrogenic,or in some cases horizontally transmissible,and include such notable TSEs as bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)of cattle and chronic wasting disease(CWD)of cervids.Although they are both unequivocally protein misfolding disorders,they differ markedly in their pathogenesis,transmissibility,and zoonotic potential.While the BSE epidemic has largely abated over the past three decades following global feed bans on ruminant meat and bone meal,CWD,which is readily transmitted through various forms of excreta,has rapidly expanded from its original endemic zone to encompass much of North America,along with recently identified foci in Scandinavia.Most importantly,although the classical form of BSE has proven transmissible to humans consuming contaminated beef or beef products,so far there have been no conclusive reports on the zoonotic transmission of cWD to humans.The underlying basis for these differences-whether host or agent directed-are not well understood,though may be due to inherent differences in the three-dimensional structure of the misfolded BSE or CWD prion proteins or the expression levels and tissue distribution of respective cellular prion proteins.With the uncontrolled geographic spread of CWD,it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the factors governing prion disease pathogenesis,transmission,and zoonotic potential.
文摘Objective: To study the CT and MR imaging features of spongiform leukoencephalopathy after heroin vapor inhalation. Method,: The CT and MR imaging features and pathologic findings of 13 patients with heroin-induced spongiform leukoencephalopathy were analyzed. Results: CT scanning and MRI of all the patients showed diffuse, symmetric lesion in the cerebellar and cerebral white matter, and the cerebellum was invariably involved in all cases. Symmetric round or butterfly-like lesions lateral to the midline of the cerebellum with clear border was the most distinct feature in CT and MRI examination. The lesions were not found in the anterior limbs of the internal capsules. CT scanning showed low-density changes while MRI TIWI imaging presented low-signal and T2WI high-signal lesions without space-occupying mass. The pathologic findings showed spongiform degeneration of the white matter in the central nervous system, but necrotic lesions were not observed. Conclusions: Spongiform leukoencephalopathy should be considered when acute. cerebellar signs are present in patients who admitted a history of heroin inhalation. The CT and MRI manifestation of this disease is typical and the diagnosis can thus be made.
基金supported by Project of Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province, No. 2009SK3171
文摘A 22-year-old man with a 2-year history of heroin vapor inhalation developed spongiform leukoencephalopathy and underwent clinical and home-based rehabilitative treatments. Activities of daily living were measured using the Functional Independence Measure at discharge and at 6, 12, and 24 months after discharge. His neurological symptoms gradually disappeared with rehabilitative treatment, and the functional scale scores increased from 55 on admission to 105 at 24 months after discharge. These results suggest that home-based rehabilitation was effective in ameliorating the pathology and improving activities of daily living in this patient with heroin-induced spongiform leukoencephalopathy.
基金National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)and Khon Kaen University:N42A650291.
文摘This works intends to provide numerical solutions based on the nonlinear fractional order derivatives of the classical White and Comiskey model(NFD-WCM).The fractional order derivatives have provided authentic and accurate solutions for the NDF-WCM.The solutions of the fractional NFD-WCM are provided using the stochastic computing supervised algorithm named Levenberg-Marquard Backpropagation(LMB)based on neural networks(NNs).This regression approach combines gradient descent and Gauss-Newton iterative methods,which means finding a solution through the sequences of different calculations.WCM is used to demonstrate the heroin epidemics.Heroin has been on-growth world wide,mainly in Asia,Europe,and the USA.It is the fourth foremost cause of death due to taking an overdose in the USA.The nonlinear mathematical system NFD-WCM discusses the overall circumstance of different drug users,such as suspected groups,drug users without treatment,and drug users with treatment.The numerical results of NFD-WCM via LMB-NNs have been substantiated through training,testing,and validation measures.The stability and accuracy are then checked through the statistical tool,such asmean square error(MSE),error histogram,and fitness curves.The suggested methodology’s strength is demonstrated by the high convergence between the reference solutions and the solutions generated by adding the efficacy of a constructed solver LMB-NNs,with accuracy levels ranging from 10?9 to 10?10.
基金This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China （No.30470554）the National Basic Research Development Program of China（No.2003CB515404）.
文摘Objective To investigate the effect of M5 muscarinic receptor subtype on the locomotor sensitization induced by heroin priming, and it＇s effect on the FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens （NAc） and the hippocampus in the heroin sensitized rats. Methods Locomotor activity was measured every 10 min for 1 h after subcutaneous injection of heroin. FosB expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry, and the antisense oligonucleotides （AS-ONs） targeting M5 muscarinic receptor was transferred with the lipofectin. Results Microinjection of AS-ONs targeting M5 muscarinic receptor in the ventral tegmental area （VTA） blocked the expression of behavioral sensitization induced by heroin priming in rats. Meanwhile, the expression of FosB-positive neurons in either the NAc or the dentate gyrus （DG） of the hippocam- pus increased in heroin-induced locomotor sensitized rats. The enhancement of FosB-positive neurons in the NAc or DG could be inhibited by microinjection of M5 muscarinic receptor AS-ONs into the VTA before the heroin-induced locomotor sensitization was performed. In contrast, microinjection of M5 muscarinic receptor sense oligonucleotide （S-ONs） into the VTA did not block the expression of behavioral sensitization or the expression of FosB in the NAc or DG in the heroin sensitized rats. Conclusion Blocking M5 muscarinic receptor in the VTA inhibits the expression of heroin-induced locomotor sensitization, which is associated with the regulation of FosB expression in the NAc and hippocampus neurons. M5 muscarinic receptor may be a useful pharmacological target for the treatment of heroin addiction.
文摘Far from the financial gains of cyber crooks, the informed observer will see in cyber crookery a complex field of psychopathological expression where addictions and ritualistic practices intermingle. We thus carried out a qualitative observational study, focusing on a young Ivorian cyber-escroc, hard drug user and follower of mystical practices taken in charge by a multidisciplinary team during a resocialization course for children in conflict with the law from November to December 2022. The aim was to describe the difficulties experienced by a young Ivorian cyber crook in escaping the clutches of occult practices, internet addictions and psychoactive substances encountered in the field of cyber crookery. KA is confronted with the problem of cybercrime associated with occult practices and drug addiction. He is a heroin addict and secondary internet addict, undergoing de facto detoxification and presenting risky consumption behaviors. His fear is fuelled by the sudden death of his childhood friend, who introduced him to cyber-scams and occult practices, and the impossibility of returning his “Agbaladai” fetish when he can no longer honor the weekly sacrifices. Our results show an interweaving of psychopathological entities, namely cyberaddiction and addiction to psychoactive substances, against a backdrop of mystico-cultural practices and interpretations.
文摘目的探索美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)对海洛因依赖(heroin dependence,HD)患者大脑拓扑特性度中心性(degree centrality,DC)的影响及其与心理行为学的相关性。材料与方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月于西安市灞桥区美沙酮门诊招募的41名正在接受MMT的HD患者,采集静息态功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)数据,评估稽延性戒断症状与渴求评分,纵向随访一年。对影像数据进行DC分析,并采用配对样本t检验进行纵向比较,差异脑区与心理学指标进行相关分析。结果HD患者入组时与MMT一年后稽延性戒断症状评分差异存在统计学意义(Z=3.004,P=0.003),渴求评分差异无统计学意义(Z=0.872,P=0.383)。与基线相比,HD患者经过MMT一年后,双侧丘脑、尾状核、壳核与左侧苍白球的DC降低;右侧舌回与距状回的DC值升高(Gaussian random field校正,单体素水平P<0.001,团块体素水平P<0.01,团块体素>95)。双侧尾状核及左侧苍白球DC值与戒断症状呈负相关性(r=-0.417,P=0.030;r=-0.392,P=0.043;r=-0.383,P=0.049),双侧壳核及左侧苍白球DC值的变化量与渴求的变化量呈正相关性(r=0.410,P=0.008;r=0.332,P=0.034;r=0.395,P=0.011)。结论美沙酮可能通过降低HD患者纹状体在成瘾奖赏脑网络中的中心性,从而调节HD患者戒毒后的稽延性戒断症状与心理渴求;同时可能抑制了冲动性,增强了视觉核心脑区的活动。该研究结果可以为美沙酮对HD患者治疗的神经机制提供影像学依据。
文摘Willa Cather is one of the most famous female writers in American literary history.The Song of the Lark is the early work of Willa Cather.The thesis intends to offer a thorough study on the heroine's image of The Song of the Lark with the myth and archetypal criticism to have an elaborate discussion on how the heroine of this work is embodied by the archetypal goddess of Muse so as to explore how Cather suggests her deep themes and expresses her permanent pursuit of art.
基金financially sponsored by the Foundation for Excellent Young Talents in Universities of Anhui Province in China,No.2010SQRL105the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81173325
文摘Acupuncture at Baihui （GV20） and Dazhui （GV14） reduces neuronal loss and attenuates ultra- structural damage in cerebral ischemic rats. However, whether acupuncture can treat addiction and prevent readdiction through changes to brain cell ultrastructure remains unknown. In this study, cell apoptosis was observed in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of heroin readdicted rats by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining displayed a reduction in Bcl-2 ex- pression and an increase in Bax expression in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. After rats were given acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui, the pathological damage in the hippocampus and frontal lobe was significantly reduced, Bcl-2 expression was upregulated and Bax expression was downregulated. Acupuncture exerted a similar effect with methadone, a commonly used drug for clinical treatment of drug addiction. Experimental findings suggest that acupuncture at Dazhui and Baihui can prevent brain cell apoptosis in heroin readdicted rats.
文摘Based on the model provided by the Mulone and Straughan [1], we relax the population which are constant and obtain the drug-free equilibrium which is global asymptotically stable under some conditions. The system has only uniqueness positive endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable by using the second compound matrix.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,No. 2011zr001Athe Key Project for Science and Technology of Anhui Province, No. 07010302205
文摘Previous research using functional MRI has shown that specific brain regions associated with drug dependence and cue-elicited heroin craving are activated by environmental cues. Craving is an important trigger of heroin relapse, and acupuncture may inhibit craving. In this study, we performed functional MRI in heroin addicts and control subjects. We compared differences in brain activation between the two groups during heroin cue exposure, heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point （ST36） without twirling of the needle, and heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle. Heroin cue exposure elicited significant activation in craving-related brain regions mainly in the frontal lobes and callosal gyri. Acupuncture without twirling did not significantly affect the range of brain activation induced by heroin cue exposure, but significantly changed the extent of the activation in the heroin addicts group. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point with twirling of the needle significantly decreased both the range and extent of activation induced by heroin cue exposure compared with heroin cue exposure plus acupuncture without twirling of the needle. These experimental findings indicate that presentation of heroin cues can induce activation in craving-related brain regions, which are involved in reward, learning and memory, cognition and emotion. Acupuncture at the Zusanli point can rapidly suppress the activation of specific brain regions related to craving, supporting its potential as an intervention for drug craving.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81173325the Anhui Provincial Higher Learning School Excellent Youth Project,No.2010SQRL105Anhui Provincial Higher Learning Natural Science Project,No.KJ2013Z180
文摘Drugs can cause obvious damage to the brain. To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes, this study established a rat model of heroin relapse using intramuscular injection of increasing amounts of heroin. During the detoxification period, rat models received acupuncture at Baihui （DU20） and Dazhui （DU14）. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the structure of the ventral tegmental area in heroin relapse rats gradually became normalized after acupuncture treatment. Immunohistochem- ical staining exhibited that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increased in the ventral tegmental area following acupuncture. Moreover, the effects were similar to that of methadone, a type of medicine called an opioid. Results suggested that acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui protected brain neurons against injury in rats with heroin relapse by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-de-rived neurotrophic factor expression.
文摘The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of heroin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats was investigated. The model of ALI was established by intravenous injection of heroin into tail vein in rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into heroin-treated groups (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 24 h) and normal control group. Changes in histopathologic morphology and biological markers of ALI were measured. The expression of ICAM-1 in lung tissue was detected by using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The results showed that the W/D ratio and protein contents in BALF of the heroin-treated groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). The histopathological changes in the lung tissue were more obvious in heroin-treated groups. The ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression in the lung tissue of heroin-treated groups were significantly increased as compared with that of the control group (P<0.01), and correlated with the ALI parameters in a time-dependent manner. Increasing of ICAM-1 expression was involved in the formation of heroin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, the level of expression was positively correlated with the severity of lung injury.
