Scale effect removal and range migration correction for hypersonic target coherent detection

The detection of hypersonic targets usually confronts range migration(RM)issue before coherent integration(CI).The traditional methods aiming at correcting RM to obtain CI mainly considers the narrow-band radar condition.However,with the increasing requirement of far-range detection,the time bandwidth product,which is corresponding to radar’s mean power,should be promoted in actual application.Thus,the echo signal generates the scale effect(SE)at large time bandwidth product situation,influencing the intra and inter pulse integration performance.To eliminate SE and correct RM,this paper proposes an effective algorithm,i.e.,scaled location rotation transform(ScLRT).The ScLRT can remove SE to obtain the matching pulse compression(PC)as well as correct RM to complete CI via the location rotation transform,being implemented by seeking the actual rotation angle.Compared to the traditional coherent detection algorithms,Sc LRT can address the SE problem to achieve better detection/estimation capabilities.At last,this paper gives several simulations to assess the viability of ScLRT.

Coherent change detection of fine traces based on multi-angle SAR observations

Coherent change detection(CCD) is an effective method to detect subtle scene changes that occur between temporal synthetic aperture radar(SAR) observations. Most coherence estimators are obtained from a Hermitian product based on local statistics. Increasing the number of samples in the local window can improve the estimation bias, but cause the loss of the estimated images spatial resolution. The limitations of these estimators lead to unclear contour of the disturbed region, and even the omission of fine change targets. In this paper, a CCD approach is proposed to detect fine scene changes from multi-temporal and multi-angle SAR image pairs. Multi-angle CCD estimator can improve the contrast between the change target and the background clutter by jointly accumulating singleangle alternative estimator results without further loss of image resolution. The sensitivity of detection performance to image quantity and angle interval is analyzed. Theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the performance of the proposed algorithm.

Automatic fovea detection and choroid segmentation for choroidal thickness assessment in optical coherence tomography

AIM:To develop an automated model for subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)detection in optical coherence tomography(OCT)images,addressing manual fovea location and choroidal contour challenges.METHODS:Two procedures were proposed:defining the fovea and segmenting the choroid.Fovea localization from B-scan OCT image sequence with three-dimensional reconstruction(LocBscan-3D)predicted fovea location using central foveal depression features,and fovea localization from two-dimensional en-face OCT(LocEN-2D)used a mask region-based convolutional neural network(Mask R-CNN)model for optic disc detection,and determined the fovea location based on optic disc relative position.Choroid segmentation also employed Mask R-CNN.RESULTS:For 53 eyes in 28 healthy subjects,LocBscan-3D’s mean difference between manual and predicted fovea locations was 170.0μm,LocEN-2D yielded 675.9μm.LocEN-2D performed better in non-high myopia group(P=0.02).SFCT measurements from Mask R-CNN aligned with manual values.CONCLUSION:Our models accurately predict SFCT in OCT images.LocBscan-3D excels in precise fovea localization even with high myopia.LocEN-2D shows high detection rates but lower accuracy especially in the high myopia group.Combining both models offers a robust SFCT assessment approach,promising efficiency and accuracy for large-scale studies and clinical use.

Digital coherent detection research on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry with simplex pulse codes

The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.

An improved arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for heterodyne detection system

We present an ameliorated arctangent algorithm based on phase-locked loop for digital Doppler signal processing,utilized within the heterodyne detection system. We define the error gain factor given by the approximation of Taylor expansion by means of a comparison of the measured values and true values. Exact expressions are derived for the amplitude error of two in-phase & quadrature signals and the frequency error of the acousto-optic modulator. Numerical simulation results and experimental results make it clear that the dynamic instability of the intermediate frequency signals leads to cumulative errors, which will spiral upward. An improved arctangent algorithm for the heterodyne detection is proposed to eliminate the cumulative errors and harmonic components. Depending on the narrow-band filter, our experiments were performed to realize the detectable displacement of 20 nm at a detection distance of 20 m. The aim of this paper is the demonstration of the optimized arctangent algorithm as a powerful approach to the demodulation algorithm, which will advance the signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy of the heterodyne detection system.

Performance Analysis of Temperature and Strain Simultaneous Measurement System Based on Heterodyne Detection of Brillouin Scattering

Microwave heterodyne detection can be used to measure the temperature and strain distribution along a fiber with high accuracy in a Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR） system. This method involves simultaneous measurement of Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering in fiber, and scanning of Brillouin spectrum to obtain the desired information. This paper presents a simultaneous measurement system of temperature and strain based on microwave detection and analyzed the system performances such as measurement accuracy, dynamic range, and spatial resolution theoretically. The analysis shows that the system can achieve a temperature resolution of 1°C and a strain resolution of 100 μs.

Terahertz coherent detection via two-color laser pulses of various frequency ratios

The mechanism of terahertz(THz) pulse coherent detection via two-color laser pulses of various frequency ratios in gas plasma is theoretically investigated.Our investigations demonstrate that except for the commonly used frequency ratio of 2, other uncommon frequency ratios can also be utilized to detect THz pulse, such as 2 n, n + 1/2(n ≤ 3, n is a positive integer).The well-developed transient photocurrent model is extended to our terahertz detection process.Based on this model, our simulation results can be explained by analyzing the process of asymmetric electron ionization and electron acceleration.

Frequency response range of terahertz pulse coherent detection based on THz-induced time-resolved luminescence quenching

It has been proposed previously that the coherent detection of a terahertz（THz） pulse can be achieved based on the time-resolved luminescence quenching. In this paper, we investigate the frequency response range of this novel detection technology by simulating the motion of carriers in gallium arsenide（GaAs） by the ensemble Monte Carlo method. At room temperature, for a direct-current（DC） voltage of 20 kV/cm applied to the semiconductor（GaAs） and sampling time o140 fs, the luminescence quenching phenomena induced by terahertz pulses with different center frequencies are studied The results show that the quenching efficiency is independent of the THz frequency when the frequency is in a range o0.1 THz–4 THz. However, when the frequency exceeds 4 THz, the efficiency decreases with the increase of frequency Therefore, the frequency response range is 0.1 THz–4 THz. Moreover, when the sampling time is changed to 100 fs the frequency response range is extended to be approximately 0.1 THz–5.6 THz. This study of the frequency-dependen characteristics of the luminescence response to the THz pulse can provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of THz detection technology.

Non-coherent sequence detection scheme for satellite-based automatic identification system

The satellite-based automatic identification system (AIS) receiver has to encounter the frequency offset caused by the Doppler effect and the oscillator instability. This paper proposes a non-coherent sequence detection scheme for the satellite-based AIS signal transmitted over the white Gaussian noise channel. Based on the maximum likelihood estimation and a Viterbi decoder, the proposed scheme is capable of tolerating a frequency offset up to 5% of the symbol rate. The complexity of the proposed scheme is reduced by the state-complexity reduction, which is based on per-survivor processing. Simulation results prove that the proposed non-coherent sequence detection scheme has high robustness to frequency offset compared to the relative scheme when messages collision exists.

Unsupervised change detection of man-made objects using coherent and incoherent features of multi-temporal SAR images

Constrained by complex imaging mechanism and extraordinary visual appearance,change detection with synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images has been a difficult research topic,especially in urban areas.Although existing studies have extended from bi-temporal data pair to multi-temporal datasets to derive more plentiful information,there are still two problems to be solved in practical applications.First,change indicators constructed from incoherent feature only cannot characterize the change objects accurately.Second,the results of pixel-level methods are usually presented in the form of the noisy binary map,making the spatial change not intuitive and the temporal change of a single pixel meaningless.In this study,we propose an unsupervised man-made objects change detection framework using both coherent and incoherent features derived from multi-temporal SAR images.The coefficients of variation in timeseries incoherent features and the man-made object index(MOI)defined with coherent features are first combined to identify the initial change pixels.Afterwards,an improved spatiotemporal clustering algorithm is developed based on density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)and dynamic time warping(DTW),which can transform the initial results into noiseless object-level patches,and take the cluster center as a representative of the man-made object to determine the change pattern of each patch.An experiment with a stack of 10 TerraSAR-X images in Stripmap mode demonstrated that this method is effective in urban scenes and has the potential applicability to wide area change detection.

Simulation Analysis of Balance Detection Technique in Coherent Optical Receiver

This paper introduces the working principle of the balanced heterodyne detection system, establishes the corresponding mathematical model, deduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) formula of the balanced heterodyne detection. By comparing balance heterodyne detection with general coherent detection with MATLAB numerical simulation, the superiority of balance heterodyne detection system is proved theoretically. Finally, the simulation models of ordinary heterodyne detection, balance detection and double balance detection system are built by OptiSystem. The simulation results are consistent with the conclusions derived from the mathematical analysis, which provides a new method for the research of weak laser detection technology.

Radar fast long-time coherent integration via TR-SKT and robust sparse FRFT

Long-time coherent integration(LTCI)is an effective way for radar maneuvering target detection,but it faces the problem of a large number of search parameters and large amount of calculation.Realizing the simultaneous compensation of the range and Doppler migrations in complex clutter back-ground,and at the same time improving the calculation efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved.The sparse transformation theory is introduced to LTCI in this paper,and a non-parametric searching sparse LTCI(SLTCI)based maneuvering target detection method is proposed.This method performs time reversal(TR)and second-order Keystone transform(SKT)in the range frequency&slow-time data to complete high-order range walk compensation,and achieves the coherent integra-tion of maneuvering target across range and Doppler units via the robust sparse fractional Fourier transform(RSFRFT).It can compensate for the nonlinear range migration caused by high-order motion.S-band and X-band radar data measured in sea clutter background are used to verify the detection performance of the proposed method,which can achieve better detection performance of maneuvering targets with less computational burden compared with several popular integration methods.

RFI Detection for Multichannel HRWS SAR System Based on Spatial Cross Correlation

Multichannel high-resolution and wide-swath(HRWS)imaging is an advanced digital beamforming technique for future synthetic aperture radar(SAR)systems.However,radio frequency interference(RFI)is a critical concern for HRWS SAR missions,which distorts measure-ments and produces image artifacts.In this paper,the spatial cross-correlation coefficients of multichannel HRWS SAR signals are investigated for RFI detection.It is found when the two channels are correlated,RFI-polluted areas present lower coherence values than non-polluted areas in the same scenarios,which makes previous methods fail.Further,this paper studies the case of two fully decorrelated channels to maximize the coherence difference among RFI and target echoes,and RFI detection is realized by exploiting the anomaly value of coherence.Experimental results of real air-borne multichannel SAR data demonstrate that the RFI can be detected successfully.

影响相干检测灵敏度的因素

【目的】相干光通信是一种高速、高质量和高保密的通信方式,而相干检测在相干光通信中有着极其重要的作用。高灵敏度的相干检测系统可以大幅提升相干光通信的距离,通过研究影响相干检测灵敏度的因素可以针对性地做出校正,从而提高检测的灵敏度。【方法】文章简要阐述了相干检测的原理,总结了该领域的国内外研究进展,分析了无线光相干检测系统产生的热噪声、散粒噪声、波前畸变、偏振失配角、光斑尺寸偏差和光轴偏转、耦合效率、探测器的性能和前置光放大器等方面对相干检测灵敏度的影响。【结果】结果表明,系统的热噪声和散粒噪声对检测灵敏度的影响可以通过控制本振光功率使其达到最小;信号光的波前畸变可以通过增加自适应校正系统来抑制;信号光与本振光的偏振失配角可以采用偏振控制补偿装置来补偿;光斑尺寸偏差和光轴偏转需要提高硬件的加工水平来减小这种误差;使用新型的探测器可以在一定程度上提升探测器的性能;前置光放大器能够对微弱的信号光进行放大,对提升检测灵敏度十分重要。【结论】文章分析了影响无线光相干检测灵敏度的因素,总结了近年来国内外学者提高检测灵敏度的方法,为实际应用中检测系统灵敏度的提升提供了理论参考,对相干光通信系统性能的提升有着重要的意义。

高分辨太赫兹衰减全反射频域光谱系统

由于水对太赫兹(THz)波具有强烈的吸收,含水样本的太赫兹光谱检测面临重大挑战。为解决太赫兹光谱对含水样本的高灵敏检测问题,本文提出并实验验证了一种太赫兹衰减全反射(ATR)的高分辨频域光谱系统。该系统采用创新式光混频相干检测技术,获得了出色的动态范围和分辨力性能,在0.3~1.2 THz范围内,峰值动态范围超过100 dB,频率分辨力高达100 MHz。创新式的ATR架构有效提升了灵敏度,在对不同浓度α-乳糖水溶液的实验测量中,实现了对水溶液样本的直接、精确定量检测。

基于近红外单元单光子雪崩二极管的相干测速实验分析

为分析死时间、暗计数等因素对单光子相干测速性能的影响,搭建了基于近红外单元单光子雪崩二极管探测器的外差相干测速实验系统,实验分析了探测器暗计数率和信号探测光子计数率对多普勒信息重建的影响,以及由探测器死时间决定的饱和计数率限制下的最优信号探测光子计数率。在1μs探测器死时间、1 ms采集时间下,分别对1.8 kHz、52.4 kHz和194.4 kHz探测器暗计数率影响下的光子到达时间序列进行快速傅里叶变换,从频谱数据中提取拍频信号。实验结果表明,随着光子计数率的增加,相干拍频信号频谱信噪比逐渐增大而后趋于平稳,当接近饱和计数率时,在相干拍频信号频谱低频区域和拍频频率两侧出现了谐波分量,谐波频率间距与光子计数率数值基本相等,受谐波影响较小的最优光子计数率约为单光子探测器饱和计数率的90%。研究结果可为全光纤单光子多普勒测速雷达技术的发展和应用提供参考。

基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT外差探测器的太赫兹线阵列矢量探测系统

为了研究AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(High-Electron-Mobility Transistor,HEMT)外差探测器应用于太赫兹来波方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计领域的可行性及量化性能指标,基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT 243GHz外差探测器搭建了太赫兹波线阵列矢量探测系统,实现了太赫兹连续波的相位分布和来波方向的测量。该系统的核心器件为准光-波导耦合的太赫兹外差探测器线阵列组件,阵元平均噪声等效功率(Noise-Equivalent-Power,NEP)为-123.89dBm/Hz。通过测试,表明该系统相位解析稳定度优于0.6°,线阵列组件法线(阵列芯片的垂线)方向左右11°以内的太赫兹来波方向的检测误差小于0.25°。讨论了存在误差的原因及可能的解决方案,为后续基于AlGaN/GaN HEMT面阵列的太赫兹相控阵雷达及定向通信系统的研制提供了基础。

基于硬件同步的四态离散调制连续变量量子密钥分发

在连续变量量子密钥分发系统中,同步技术是确保通信双方时钟和数据一致的关键技术.本文通过巧妙设计发送端和接收端仪器的硬件时序,采用时域差拍探测方式和峰值采集技术,实验实现了可硬件同步的四态离散调制连续变量量子密钥分发.通信双方在设计好的硬件同步时序下可实现时钟的恢复和数据的自动对齐,无需借助软件算法实现数据的对齐.本文采用了加拿大滑铁卢大学Norbert Lütkenhaus研究组提出的针对连续变量离散调制协议的安全密钥速率计算方法.该方法需计算出接收端所测各种平移热态的一阶矩和二阶(非中心)矩,以此为约束条件结合凸优化算法可计算出安全密钥速率.计算过程中无需假设信道为线性信道,无需额外噪声的估算.密钥分发系统重复频率为10 MHz,传输距离为25 km,平均安全密钥比特率为24 kbit/s.本文提出的硬件同步方法无需过采样和软件帧同步,减小了系统的复杂度和计算量,在一定程度上降低了系统所需的成本、功耗和体积,有效地增强了连续变量量子密钥分发的实用性.

可移动光学超稳腔的研制及其稳定性测试

可移动超稳腔可以减小环境振动对激光稳定性带来的影响,适合振动强度较大的运输条件。本文展示了一种由低膨胀系数玻璃制作的光学谐振腔,并测试了激光锁定到该可移动超稳腔的频率稳定性。支杆固定于金属热屏蔽罩内的机械设计使其具有良好的稳定性和可移动性。采用短延迟自外差干涉法测量了激光器锁定到超稳腔后的线宽,并且借助振动平台测试其稳定性。实验发现锁定后的激光器线宽和振动频率存在线性关系,激光器线宽会随着振动加速度增大出现饱和效应。去除振动时激光线宽可以恢复到无振动时的数值,证实该超稳腔具有较高稳定性。

基于SOA光纤环形激光器的分布式声传感系统

为了降低传统分布式声学传感器(DAS)系统复杂度并提高信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于半导体光放大器的光纤环形激光器(SOA-FRL)的DAS系统。该系统用SOA-FRL取代了传统的DAS系统中的窄线宽激光器和脉冲调制器,实现了高稳定的光脉冲输出;采用双脉冲外差探测方法,实现了精确的声信号探测和声源定位。实验结果表明:在频率为1 kHz、幅值为1.14 rad的声信号作用下,所提系统的解调SNR高达38.25 dB,空间分辨率为12 m。