Intelligent Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Architecture for IoT Systems

The conventional dynamic heterogeneous redundancy(DHR)architecture suffers from the security threats caused by the stability differences and similar vulnerabilities among the executors.To overcome these challenges,we propose an intelligent DHR architecture,which is more feasible by intelligently combining the random distribution based dynamic scheduling algorithm(RD-DS)and information weight and heterogeneity based arbitrament(IWHA)algorithm.In the proposed architecture,the random distribution function and information weight are employed to achieve the optimal selection of executors in the process of RD-DS,which avoids the case that some executors fail to be selected due to their stability difference in the conventional DHR architecture.Then,through introducing the heterogeneity to restrict the information weights in the procedure of the IWHA,the proposed architecture solves the common mode escape issue caused by the existence of multiple identical error output results of similar vulnerabilities.The experimental results characterize that the proposed architecture outperforms in heterogeneity,scheduling times,security,and stability over the conventional DHR architecture under the same conditions.

Microcontroller Design Based on Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Architecture

Redundancy control can effectively enhance the stability and robustness of a system.Based on the conventional redundancy control switchover and majority arbitration strategy,this paper introduces the concept of heterogeneity and dynamics,constructs a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy-based microcontroller architecture DHR-MCU,and designs a fixed-leader distributed consensus algorithm that satisfies the program running state control of this architecture.The theoretical analysis and actual measurement of the prototype system prove that this architecture has good anti-attack and self-recovery capabilities under normal functions and performances and meets the general robust features in terms of safety and security.

Universal basis underlying temperature, pressure and size induced dynamical evolution in metallic glass-forming liquids

The dramatic temperature-dependence of liquids dynamics has attracted considerable scientific interests and efforts in the past decades, but the physics of which remains elusive. In addition to temperature, some other parameters, such as pressure, loading and size, can also tune the liquid dynamics and induce glass transition, which makes the situation more complicated. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for Ni_(50)Zr_(50) bulk liquid and nanodroplet to study the dynamics evolution in the complex multivariate phase space, especially along the isotherm with the change of pressure or droplet size. It is found that the short-time Debye–Waller factor universally determines the long-time relaxation dynamics no matter how the temperature, pressure or size changes. The basic correlation even holds at the local atomic scale. This finding provides general understanding of the microscopic mechanism of dynamic arrest and dynamic heterogeneity.

QoS-Aware Dynamic Resource Management in Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing Networks

In mobile cloud computing(MCC) systems,both the mobile access network and the cloud computing network are heterogeneous,implying the diverse configurations of hardware,software,architecture,resource,etc.In such heterogeneous mobile cloud(HMC) networks,both radio and cloud resources could become the system bottleneck,thus designing the schemes that separately and independently manage the resources may severely hinder the system performance.In this paper,we aim to design the network as the integration of the mobile access part and the cloud computing part,utilizing the inherent heterogeneity to meet the diverse quality of service(QoS)requirements of tenants.Furthermore,we propose a novel cross-network radio and cloud resource management scheme for HMC networks,which is QoS-aware,with the objective of maximizing the tenant revenue while satisfying the QoS requirements.The proposed scheme is formulated as a restless bandits problem,whose "indexability" feature guarantees the low complexity with scalable and distributed characteristics.Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate the significant performance improvement of the proposed scheme compared to the existing ones.

Research on Cyberspace Mimic Defense Based on Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Mechanism

With the rapid growth of network technology, the methods and types of cyber-attacks are increasing rapidly. Traditional static passive defense technologies focus on external security and known threats to the target system and cannot resist advanced persistent threats. To solve the situation that cyberspace security is easy to attack and difficult to defend, Chinese experts on cyberspace security proposed an innovative theory called mimic defense, it is an active defense technology that employs “Dynamic, Heterogeneous, Redundant” architecture to defense attacks. This article first briefly describes the classic network defense technology and Moving Target Defense (MTD). Next, it mainly explains in detail the principles of the mimic defense based on the DHR architecture and analyzes the attack surface of DHR architecture. This article also includes applications of mimic defense technology, such as mimic routers, and mimic web defense systems. Finally, it briefly summarizes the existing research on mimic defense, expounds the problems that need to be solved in mimic defense, and looks forward to the future development of mimic defense.

Metabasin dynamics of supercooled polymer melt

We employ molecular dynamic simulation to investigate metabasin dynamics for supercooled polymer melt. We find that, in a small system, the α-relaxation process is composed of a few crossing events that the monomers hops from one metabasin to another. Each crossing event is very rapid and involves a democratic movement of many particles,whereas such collective motion is not string-like. Evaluation on the contributions of metabasin exploration and democratic movement shows that the structural relaxation is mostly governed by the latter. Our calculated results show that the metabasin–metabasin transitions are not the main reason of spatially dynamical heterogeneity. It is different from the binary Lennard–Jones mixture model in which the metabasin–metabasin transitions are relevant for the spatially dynamical heterogeneity.

Chain Dynamics Heterogeneity in Plasticized Poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB) as Elucidated by Solid-State NMR

The chain dynamics heterogeneity of the poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB) plasticized by triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexa noate)(TEG-EH) was investigated by various solid-state NMR techniques.The plasticized PVB shows two domains in distinct molecular dynamics differences,namely,rigid and soft domains,where the latter is the plasticizer-rich domain.The time domain low field NMR was first used to investigate the dynamics heterogeneity of the plasticized PVB,and the results show the decreasing activated energy of components in the soft domain of plasticized PVB(E_a=20.2 kJ/mol) as compared with that of the pristine one(E_a=24.3 kJ/mol).Detailed dynamics heterogeneity was obtained by high-field NMR with site-specific features.The quadrupole-echo ~2H-NMR was adopted to elucidate the dynamics heterogeneity of the vinyl alcohol(VA) units,where only the hydroxyl group of VA is deuterated.The ~1H-^(13)C WISE NMR spectra show that there is not much difference in the mobility of the VB unit in PVB with and without plasticizer,whereas the glass transition temperature differed by approximately 53℃.This is further supported by Torchia's T_1 relaxation measurements.The origin of such an unusual phenomenon is attributed to the critical role of the remaining VA(~22%) in the soft domain,where the VA units locally aggregate through hydrogen bonding.Also,the existence of a mobility gradient in the VB unit has been demonstrated.Moreover,the mobility difference for VB with different stereo-geometry(meso or racemic conformation) is observed for the first time.This indicates the importance of modulating the ratio of meso over racemic VB for controlling the macroscopic perfo rmance of PVB.

Quasi-two-dimensional strong liquid-like dynamics of surface atoms in metallic glasses

The fast dynamic properties of the surface of metallic glasses(MGs) play a critical role in determining their potential applications. However, due to the significant difference in thermal history between atomic simulation models and laboratory-made samples, the atomic-scale behaviors of the fast surface dynamics of MGs in experiments remain uncertain. Herein, we prepared model MG films with notable variations in thermal stability using a recently developed efficient annealing protocol, and investigated their atomic-scale dynamics systematically. We found that the dynamics of surface atoms remain invariant, whereas the difference in dynamical heterogeneity between surface and interior regions increases with the improvement of thermal stability. This can be associated with the more pronounced correlation between atomic activation energy spectra and depth from the surface in samples with higher thermal stability. In addition, dynamic anisotropy appears for surface atoms, and their transverse dynamics are faster than normal components, which can also be interpreted by activation energy spectra. Our results reveal the presence of strong liquid-like atomic dynamics confined to the surface of laboratory-made MGs, illuminating the underlying mechanisms for surface engineering design, such as cold joining by ultrasonic vibrations and superlattice growth.

Cyberspace Endogenous Safety and Security

Uncertain security threats caused by vulnerabilities and backdoors are the most serious and difficult problem in cyberspace.This paper analyzes the philosophical and technical causes of the existence of so-called"dark functions"such as system vulnerabilities and backdoors,and points out that endogenous security problems cannot be completely eliminated at the theoretical and engineering levels;rather,it is necessary to develop or utilize the endogenous security functions of the system architecture itself.In addition,this paper gives a definition for and lists the main technical characteristics of endogenous safety and security in cyberspace,introduces endogenous safety and security mechanisms and characteristics based on dynamic heterogeneous redundancy(DHR)architecture,and describes the theoretical implications of a coding channel based on DHR.

MimicCloudSim:An Environment for Modeling and Simulation of Mimic Cloud Service

In recent years,an increasing number of application services are deployed in the cloud.However,the cloud platform faces unknown security threats brought by its unknown vulnerabilities and backdoors.Many researchers have studied the Cyber Mimic Defense(CMD)technologies of the cloud services.However,there is a shortage of tools that enable researchers to evaluate their newly proposed cloud service CMD mechanisms,such as scheduling and decision mechanisms.To fill this gap,we propose MimicCloudSim as a mimic cloud service simulation system based on the basic functionalities of CloudSim.MimicCloudSim supports the simulation of dynamic heterogeneous redundancy(DHR)structure which is the core architecture of CMD technology,and provides an extensible interface to help researchers implement new scheduling and decision mechanisms.In this paper,we firstly describes the architecture and implementation of MimicCloudSim,and then discusses the simulation process.Finally,we demonstrate the capabilities of MimicCloudSim by using a decision mechanism.In addition,we tested the performance of MimicCloudSim,the conclusion shows that MimicCloudSim is highly scalable.

Numerical study on static and dynamic fracture evolution around rock cavities

In this paper,a numerical code,RFPA2D（rock failure process analysis）,was used to simulate the initiation and propagation of fractures around a pre-existing single cavity and multiple cavities in brittle rocks.Both static and dynamic loads were applied to the rock specimens to investigate the mechanism of fracture evolution around the cavities for different lateral pressure coefficients.In addition,characteristics of acoustic emission（AE） associated with fracture evolution were simulated.Finally,the evolution and interaction of fractures between multiple cavities were investigated with consideration of stress redistribution and transference in compressive and tensile stress fields.The numerically simulated results reproduced primary tensile,remote,and shear crack fractures,which are in agreement with the experimental results.Moreover,numerical results suggested that both compressive and tensile waves could influence the propagation of tensile cracks;in particular,the reflected tensile wave accelerated the propagation of tensile cracks.

Abnormal breakdown of Stokes–Einstein relation in liquid aluminium

We present the results of systematic molecular dynamics simulations of pure aluminium melt with a well-accepted embedded atom potential. The structure and dynamics were calculated over a wide temperature range, and the calculated results（including the pair correlation function, self-diffusion coefficient, and viscosity） agree well with the available experimental observations. The calculated data were used to examine the Stokes–Einstein relation（SER）. The results indicate that the SER begins to break down at a temperature Tx（-1090 K） which is well above the equilibrium melting point（912.5 K）.This high-temperature breakdown is confirmed by the evolution of dynamics heterogeneity, which is characterised by the non-Gaussian parameter α2（t）. The maximum value of α 2（t）, α（2,max）, increases at an accelerating rate as the temperature falls below Tx. The development of α（2,max） was found to be related to the liquid structure change evidenced by local fivefold symmetry. Accordingly, we suggest that this high-temperature breakdown of SER has a structural origin. The results of this study are expected to make researchers reconsider the applicability of SER and promote greater understanding of the relationship between dynamics and structure.

Nonperturbative effects of attraction on dynamical behaviors of glass-forming liquids

We investigate systematically the effects of the inter-particle attraction on the structure and dynamical behaviors of glass-forming liquids via molecular dynamics simulations.We find that the inter-particle attraction does not influence the structure,but greatly affects the dynamics and dynamical heterogeneity of the system.After the system changes from a purely repulsive glass-forming liquid to an attractive one,the dynamics slows down and the dynamical heterogeneity becomes greater,which is found interestingly to be associated with larger cooperative rearrangement regions(CRRs).Additionally,the structures of CRRs are observed to be compact in attractive glass-forming liquids but string-like in purely repulsive ones.Our findings constitute an important contribution to the ongoing study of the role of attractions in properties of glasses and glass-forming liquids.

An Algorithm for the Stochastic Simulation of Gene Expression and Heterogeneous Population Dynamics

We present an algorithm for the stochastic simulation of gene expression and heterogeneous population dynamics.The algorithm combines an exact method to simulate molecular-level fluctuations in single cells and a constant-number Monte Carlo method to simulate time-dependent statistical characteristics of growing cell populations.To benchmark performance,we compare simulation results with steadystate and time-dependent analytical solutions for several scenarios,including steadystate and time-dependent gene expression,and the effects on population heterogeneity of cell growth,division,and DNA replication.This comparison demonstrates that the algorithm provides an efficient and accurate approach to simulate how complex biological features influence gene expression.We also use the algorithm to model gene expression dynamics within"bet-hedging"cell populations during their adaption to environmental stress.These simulations indicate that the algorithm provides a framework suitable for simulating and analyzing realistic models of heterogeneous population dynamics combining molecular-level stochastic reaction kinetics,relevant physiological details and phenotypic variability.

The study on dynamic mechanical behaviors of welded joint

In this paper , by means of SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar),the impact tests have been carried out on every parts of welded joint with different strain rate. Relevant dynamic mechanical diagrams of curves have been obtained. The result shows that the dynamic mechanical heterogeneity of welded joint has its special behaviors and a higher sensibility with high strain rate.

Fault-Tolerant Formation Tracking Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems with Directed Topology

In this paper,the adaptive fault-tolerant formation tracking control problem for a set of heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and unmanned ground vehicle(UGV)systems with actuator loss of effectiveness faults is investigated.The cooperative fault-tolerant formation control strategy for UAV and UGV collaborative systems is classi-ed into the altitude consensus control scheme for follower UAVs and the position cooperative formation control scheme for all followers.The altitude consensus control algorithm is designed by utilizing backstepping control technique to drive all UAVs to a desired prede-ned height.Then,based on synchronization formation error information,the position cooperative formation control algorithm is proposed for all followers to reach the expected position and perform the desired formation con-guration.The adaptive fault estimation term is adopted in the designed fault-tolerant formation control algorithm to compensate for the actuator loss of effectiveness fault.Finally,a simulation example is proposed to reveal the validity of the designed cooperative formation tracking control scheme.

Aggregation in Intersection Region for Distributed Heterogeneous Mobile Sensor Networks

This paper presents two aggregation strategies in convex intersection region for the distributed mobile sensor network(MSN) with heterogeneous dynamics. First, the authors analyze individual local perception model and dynamics model, set the intersection of all the local perceptions as the region of interest(ROI). The MSN consists of sensors with first-order dynamics and second-order dynamics. Then, the authors design a control strategy to ensure that individuals aggregate at a point in the ROI relying on their local perceptions and the locations of neighbors within their communication scope. The authors describe this situation of aggregation as rendezvous. In addition, the authors introduce artificial potential field to make sensors deploy dispersedly in a bounded range near the ROI,which the authors call dispersed deployment. Finally, the authors prove the stability of the proposed strategies and validate the theoretical results by simulations. This research is applied for the cooperative deployment and data collection of mobile platforms with different dynamics under the condition of inaccurate perception.

Dissociative chemisorption dynamics of small molecules on metal surfaces

Much progress has been achieved for both experimental and theoretical studies on the dissociative chemisorption of molecules on surfaces.Quantum state-resolved experimental data has provided unprecedented details for these fundamental steps in heterogeneous catalysis,while the quantitative dynamics is still not fully understood in theory.An in-depth understanding of experimental observations relies on accurate dynamical calculations,in which the potential energy surface and adequate quantum mechanical implementation are desired.This article summarizes the current methodologies on the construction of potential energy surfaces and the quantum mechanical treatments,some of which are promising for future applications.The challenges in this field are also addressed.

Effects of pressure on structure and dynamics of metallic glass-forming liquid with miscibility gap

The metallic liquid with miscibility gap has been widely explored recently because of the increasing plastic deformation ability of phase-separated metallic glass. However, the poor glass-forming ability limits its application as the structural materials due to the positive mixing enthalpy of the two elements. Since high pressure is in favor of the formation of the glass, the effect of pressure on the structural and dynamical heterogeneity of phase-separated CusoAgso liquid is inves- tigated by molecular dynamics simulation in the pressure range of 0-16 GPa. The results clearly show that the pressure promotes the formation of metallic glass by increasing the number of fivefold symmetry cluster W and dynamical relaxation time; meanwhile, the liquid-liquid phase separation is also enhanced, and the homogenous atom pAlrs show stronger interaction than heterogeneous atom pAlrs with increasing pressure. The dynamical heterogeneity is related to the formation of fivefold symmetry clusters. The lower growing rate of W at higher pressure with decreasing temperature corresponds to the slow increase in dynamical heterogeneity. The pressured glass with miscibility gap may act as a candidate glass with improved plastic formation ability. The results explore the structural and dynamical heterogeneity of phase-separated liquid at atomic level.

TransCode:Uncovering COVID-19 transmission patterns via deep learning

Background The heterogeneity of COVID-19 spread dynamics is determined by complex spatiotemporal transmission patterns at a fine scale,especially in densely populated regions.In this study,we aim to discover such fine-scale transmission patterns via deep learning.Methods We introduce the notion of TransCode to characterize fine-scale spatiotemporal transmission patterns of COVID-19 caused by metapopulation mobility and contact behaviors.First,in Hong Kong,China,we construct the mobility trajectories of confirmed cases using their visiting records.Then we estimate the transmissibility of individual cases in different locations based on their temporal infectiousness distribution.Integrating the spatial and temporal information,we represent the TransCode via spatiotemporal transmission networks.Further,we propose a deep transfer learning model to adapt the TransCode of Hong Kong,China to achieve fine-scale transmission characterization and risk prediction in six densely populated metropolises:New York City,San Francisco,Toronto,London,Berlin,and Tokyo,where fine-scale data are limited.All the data used in this study are publicly available.Results The TransCode of Hong Kong,China derived from the spatial transmission information and temporal infectiousness distribution of individual cases reveals the transmission patterns(e.g.,the imported and exported transmission intensities)at the district and constituency levels during different COVID-19 outbreaks waves.By adapting the TransCode of Hong Kong,China to other data-limited densely populated metropolises,the proposed method outperforms other representative methods by more than 10%in terms of the prediction accuracy of the disease dynamics(i.e.,the trend of case numbers),and the fine-scale spatiotemporal transmission patterns in these metropolises could also be well captured due to some shared intrinsically common patterns of human mobility and contact behaviors at the metapopulation level.Conclusions The fine-scale transmission patterns due to the metapopulation level mobility(e.g.,travel across different districts)and contact behaviors(e.g.,gathering in social-economic centers)are one of the main contributors to the rapid spread of the virus.Characterization of the fine-scale transmission patterns using the TransCode will facilitate the development of tailor-made intervention strategies to effectively contain disease transmission in the targeted regions.