Projecting the Dynamic Trends of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome:Modeling the Epidemic in Sichuan Province, China

Objective Our study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status and dynamic trends of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)prevalence in Sichuan,the second most heavily affected province in China,and to explore future interventions.Methods The epidemiological,behavioral,and population census data from multiple sources were analyzed to extract inputs for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)epidemic model(AEM).Baseline curves,derived from historical trends in HIV prevalence,were used,and the AEM was employed to examine future intervention scenarios.Results In 2015,the modeled data suggested an adult HIV prevalence of 0.191%in Sichuan,with an estimated 128,766 people living with HIV/AIDS and 16,983 individuals with newly diagnosed infections.Considering current high-risk behaviors,the model predicts an increase in the adult prevalence to 0.306%by 2025,projecting an estimated 212,168 people living with HIV/AIDS and 16,555 individuals with newly diagnosed infections.Conclusion Heterosexual transmission will likely emerge as the primary mode of AIDS transmission in Sichuan.Furthermore,we anticipate a stabilization in the incidence of AIDS with a concurrent increase in prevalence.Implementing comprehensive intervention measures aimed at high-risk groups could effectively alleviate the spread of AIDS in Sichuan.

Decoding the Homosexuality of Western Culture in Archetypal Approach

Homosexuality is a special part of western gender studies, which has been studied by western intellectual ever since it was born. Owing to the different attitudes of various cultures in different spatial-times, it was more depressed rather than accepted, but as an objective being in histor）; it shows itself a static state accompanying the whole human history. Today homosexuality has been one of the mainstreams in western intellectual movement and it is vitally important for us to give it a reasonable, precise definition in order to build up a harmonious society. This article tries to break through the bondage of material determinism and economical monism. It will be guided by the principle to delve into the human sub-consciousness to find the same essence between homosexuality and heterosexuality, to trace back to the origin of homosexuality in archetypal approach in order to reveal the anxiety of the legality of human existence and its poetic construction, which is hidden behind the cultural phenomenon.

Queer Edna in The Awakening

As a celebrated American feminist writer,Kate Chopin and her novel The Awakening are always the signal texts for feminist crit icism.Going beyond feminist perspective,this paper tries to interpret the heroine Edna through queer lens,studying the setting of the Cre ole society and Edna' s relationship with Adele Ratignolle and Robert Lebrun,and therefore reveals the tragic woman as an unspoken queer.

On Platonic Love in Captain Corelli’s Mandolin——The Essence of Love:the Truth,Kindness and Beauty of love

The background of Captain Corelli's Mandolin is based on World War II. When the war provoked on the Greek Island, the Greeks fight against the Italian Fascist and live a tough life with their love. This article mainly talks about the essence of the Platonic love revealed in the book. By analyzing the description about homosexuality and heterosexuality in the book, this article acclaims the essence of the Platonic love——the noble abstention of lust-based love and the truth, kindness and beauty of love.

HIV prevalence in suspects attending Sir Sunder Lal Hospital

Objective:To assess the sero-positivity rate of HIV infection among clinically suspected subjects of reproductive age group(15-49 years),biological and behavioral characteristics of the subjects gender specific variation of sero-positivity rale,and the differentials of the sero-positivity rate for the history of blood transfusion or blood products or other organs,history of needle exposure and symptoms of morbidity.Methods:Study is based on the retrospective data of the calendar year 2005 obtained from Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre(VCTC)(now renamed as ICTC),Department of Microbiology,I.M.S.,B.H.U..Varanasi.These cases were either referred by the consultants of different OPD'S of Sir Sunderlal Hospital or came voluntarily for knowing their HIV status.About 2-3 mL of blood samples were collected in a plain vial and tested for HIV status by strategy Ⅱ/Ⅲ as per WHO/NACO guidelines.Results:Overall sero-positivity of HIV was 15.3%(18.1%in males and 12.2%in females) which increased 6-7 folds in the age group 35-49 years as compared to 15-24 years in both the sexes.Sero-positivity rate in male migrants was 43.1%,while in female migrants it was 18.7%.The history of multiple sexual contacts was about 3 times higher in males as compared to females;predominantly it was very high in male migrants(67.7%) as compared to male non-migrants(15.8%).History of multiple sexual contacts was not uncommon in females and it was 25.0%in female migrants and 9.7%in non-migrant females.The sero-positivity rate with the history of multiple sexual contacts was 45.4%in males and 60.3%in females,while without history of multiple sexual contacts these were only 2.8%and 5.3%respectively.Sero-positive cases had on an average 3.6±1.7 various morbidity symptoms as compared to 0.7±1.1 in sero-negatives.It is to be noted that sero-positivity rate was more in those females who seemed apparently healthy compared to those presenting with some of the symptoms;vice versa,in males presenting with some symptoms HIV infection was 7 times higher than those without symptoms.Conclusions:The findings indicate a high sero-positivity among both the genders.Multiple heterosexual contacts,especially,in migrants are the main root of transmission of HIV.These are causing spread of HIV to their spouses.The multiple sexual contacts in the society,especially,among non migrant females of this region are indicating the distortion of traditions and cultures which are a serious concern and may lead to HTV infection on the rise.Awareness program to the susceptible group is the need to reduce further spread of HIV.

Fighting Against Heterosexual Hegemony:Queerness in Nightwood

Djuna Barnes, an American writer, is most associated with the development of English modernist writing of the twentieth century. Barnes's reputation as a writer was made when her second novel Nightwood was published in 1936 with an enthusiastic introduction by T.S. Eliot. Grounded mainly on queer theory, this paper analyzes Nightwood with its focus on the breakdown of the only two heterosexual marriages of the novel and intends to demonstrate that one of many aspects of the novel reflect the very core of queer theory.

Women's Language or Powerless Language:A Study of Couples' Talk

The purpose of this essay is to study whether the linguistic behaviour of adult women using hedging and tags as indicative of an intrinsically tentative gender identity or of the effects of male dominant position through analyzing daily conversations of the heterosexual couples.The small scale study employs the methodology,namely,recording spontaneous and natural spoken conversation from authentic interaction with the permission of the ten male-female couples.Digital record pen with an omnidirectional microphone are placed in the central living area of each couple's home.Then discourse analysis provides data making it possible to support Fishman's claim that women use tag questions and 'you know' not because women are not being really sure of themselves,or are looking to the addressee for confirmation,but because men in a dominant position often refuse to take responsibility for the smooth conduct of interpersonal relations,women use tag questions and 'you know' to elicit and maintain conversations.

Adolescent Sexual Behavior in an Urban Area of a Resource-Limited African Country, Cameroon

Introduction: The substantial changes that occur in adolescence may lead to sexual behaviors that adversely affect their health. We have described sexual patterns in adolescents in various neighborhoods of Yaounde in order to underscore the sexual challenges that they face. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study in District number V of Yaounde from August 1st to 31st 2018. To characterize their sexual lives, we surveyed 1800 adolescents between 10 and 19, and analyzed the data using SPSS version 25.0. Results: In our study, 1023 (56.8%) adolescents were female, and 777 (43.2%) were male. Most of the adolescents were between ages 18 and 19 years (25.4%), unmarried (93.1%), had a secondary level of education (81.9%) and lived with their families (87.3%). One-third of the adolescents (30.7%) were sexually active and 41.1% had multiple sexual partners. The average age of coitarche was 15.1 years. Among the females, 17.1% reported one prior pregnancy and 30.8% had one abortion. Most of the sexual encounters were heterosexual (82.6%) and 30.2% regularly used male condoms. 66.0% and 47.7% obtained information about sexuality primarily from social media and mass media, respectively. Conclusion: Sexual encounters in adolescents of District V of Yaounde were premature, mostly heterosexual and often unprotected. The consequences were an increased incidence of early pregnancies and abortions.

Prevalence of HIV in a Tertiary Care Centre in Delhi: A Five-Year ICTC Based Study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection among the clients attending ICTC, LHMC of New Delhi, for a period of five years, i.e., from 2008 to 2012. Material & Method: A total of 25,413 clients attended ICTC, LHMC from the year 2008 to 2012. Serum samples were collected after taking informed consent and pre-test counseling. In India for all ICTCs, NACO (National AIDS Control Organization), a national guidelines has been followed for HIV testing, reporting and release of results with post test counseling. Results: Out of the total 25,413 clients tested for HIV infection, 963 (3.78%) were found to be HIV-1 seropositive. Seropositivity was higher in male clients i.e. 625 (64.4%) than female i.e. 336 (34.8%) followed by transgender (TG), i.e., 2 (0.2%). Heterosexual route of transmission was the major route seen in 676 clients (70.1%). Maximum HIV seropositivity was in the age group of 25 - 34 years (35.4%). No HIV-2 case was found among the studied population. Conclusion: HIV prevalence of 3.78% among the clients attending ICTC, LHMC, New Delhi, puts light on the burden on HIV in this part of the country and suggests the need for the scaling up of focused prevention efforts in high-risk groups.

Hart Crane:A Romantic Poet of the Complex Genre of High Modernism

For many decades Herold Hart Crane,an American poet,who played a very important role in the development of Modern American Literature in the early decades of 20th century,had been considered as a romantic poet by many critics for his romantic verses.His poetries are considered not only the reflection of the contemporary social phenomenon,ideology,and thoughts,rather they are prophetic.On the other hand,in the early decades of 20th century,in American society,modernism marked a simultaneous movement which tremendously affected the emergence of new values in field of politics,economy,lifestyle,literature,and literary thoughts.The influence of rapid industrializations and the First World War not only changed the philosophy of human life,but also changed the writing style of the contemporary American writers.The new crowded urban life,which is a result of rapid industrializations,and the fear of war made the human being selfish.Humans lost his romantic attitudes towards the literature.A complexity emerged.Hart Crane also could not avoid this complexity.If we study his life style,philosophy of life,and poetic diction,we will surely confine his intelligence not between romanticism and modernism separately.Rather,we can call him a Modernist Romantic poet.In short,Crane can be declared as a romantic poet of the complex genre of high modernism.

Trends of Seroprevalence, Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of HIV in North India: A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study

Introduction: HIV infection represents a major public health problem for both developing and developed countries as it has grown to global pandemic. Spectrum of clinical presentation of HIV can greatly vary with geopolitical, socioeconomic and cultural environment. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, socio-demographic conditions, clinical presentations, opportunistic infections and the possible associated risk factors for acquiring HIV infection. Materials and Methods: An observational prospective study was conducted from January 2010 to December 2014 at our centre situated in north India. As per the strategy and policy prescribed by NACO, tests were performed on the serum samples. Results: Out of the total 35369 clients tested for HIV infection, 292 were found to be HIV-1 seropositive. Two HIV-2 cases were found among the studied population. The seroprevalence of HIV was found to be 0.83% (294/35369). Mean age of the study group was 30 ± 5.65 (range: 02 - 80) years. Overall positivity rates among attendees were found to be 0.97% (138/14098), 0.96% (35/3610), 0.82% (7/850), 0.78% (22/2810) and 0.65% (92/14001) in the years 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. Heterosexual route of transmission was the major route of infection in 78.2 % patients. At the time of presentation, it was observed that Tuberculosis (14.9%) was the most common opportunistic infection. Conclusion: The study shows that there is a decreasing trend in the HIV prevalence in North India. However, the number of HIV cases is still significant and suggests the need for focused prevention efforts in high-risk groups.

Heterosexually Acquired HIV Infection in a Chinese Population in Malaysia-HIV/AIDS control policy recommendations

HIV infection and AIDS has emerged as a major public health problem all over the world. In the1980s,the infection was first found to be transmitted through homosexual activity and blood product transfusion. Now it is spreading among heterosexuals and injection drug users, and can be transmitted from mothers to infants.

Resistances in “A White Heron”

"A White Heron"provided an alternative to a civilized world dominated by men and their values.Jewett has weaved several irreconcilable conflicts between the masculine world and an artificial women Utopian world.The conflicts between two competing sets of values are material and spiritual,industrial and rural,sophisticated and innocent,and masculine and feminine.Sylvia unconsciously finished her spiritual journey by choosing the latter ones over the formers.

A mathematical modelling study of HIV infection in two heterosexual age groups in Kenya

The control of HIV demands different interventions for different age groups.In the present manuscript,we formulate and analyze a mathematical compartmental models of HIV transmission within and between two age groups in Kenya.We fitted the model to data using MCMC technique and inferred the parameters.We also estimate the reproduction numbers,namely within age group transmission and between age groups transmission basic reproduction numbers.The analysis of the data revealed that there is significant difference in mean number of new HIV infections between males and females within the two age groups.More,particularly,females are highly infected with HIV as compared to their male counterparts.Calculation of the reproduction numbers within and between age groups provides insights into control that cannot be deduced simply from observations on the prevalence of infection.More specifically,the analysis showed that the per capita rate of HIV transmission was highest when there is interaction between young adults to adults and most HIV infections occurred in adult population.Furthermore,the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the reproduction numbers depend mainly on the probabilities of infection.This results can be used to guide HIV interventions,condom distribution and antiretroviral therapy.Precisely,the results can be used to educate the young adults on practicing safe sex with their partners in order to contain the occurrence of new infections.

Heterosexual risk of HIV infection in China： systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Heterosexual sex has become the dominant transmission route in China. Recently studies reported high heterogeneity in heterosexual transmission risk in resource-limited countries. The aim of this study was to summarize the risk of HIV transmission among Chinese serodiscordant couples. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of heterosexual HIV transmission among serodiscordant couples in China was conducted. Two reviewers conducted a literature search using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）, Chinese Medical Current Contents （CMCC）, and Medline databases. Pooled transmission estimates per 100 person-years （PY） were calculated using a random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis stratified by study design, transmission direction and period of antiretroviral therapy （ART） availability were conducted to assess the factors associated with transmission. Results Eleven eligible studies were identified reporting on 11 984 couples and 405 HIV transmission events. HIV transmission risk from HIV-positive individuals to heterosexual partners was 1.68 （95% Cl 0.74-2.62） per 100 PY. Study design did not reach statistical significance in meta-regression analysis. The pooled female-to-male transmission estimate was 1.11 （95% CI 0.09-2.14） per 100 PY and male-to-female transmission estimate was 1.43 （95% Cl 0.19-2.68） per 100 PY. The pooled estimate for those before the availability of the Chinese National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program （2.13 （95% Cl 0.00-4.63） per 100 PY） was higher than that for those after the implementation of this program （1.44 （95% CI 0.62-2.26） per 100 PY）. Conclusions Transmission estimates in China were lower than other developing countries, but higher than developed countries. Research that better defines HIV secondary transmission rates and the associated behavioral, treatment adherence, and health-related risk factors among heterosexual serodiscordant couples in China is needed.

MODELING THE SPREAD OF HIV IN A STAGE STRUCTURED POPULATION： EFFECT OF AWARENESS

Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is a lenti-virus （a member of the retrovirus family） that causes acquired immunodeficieney syndrome （AIDS）, a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunis- tic infections. Over the past few years HIV has been spreading rapidly in the popula- tion. Almost, everyday there are thousands of new human cases of HIV infection being recorded in the world and these occur in almost every country of the world. However, the spread of HIV is relatively faster in the developing countries as compared to developed countries because developing countries have limited resources. Worldwide, 70% of HIV infections in the adults have been transmitted through heterosexual contact and vertical transmission accounts for more than 90~ of global infection in infants and children. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact and vertical transmission. A stage structured model is proposed and analyzed by considering the total population variable and dividing the whole population under consideration into three stages： chil- dren, adults and old. Also, in this paper it is assumed that the rates of recruitment are different in different groups of population. Equilibria of the model and their stability are also discussed. Using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simu- lation, it is shown that due to the increase in the awareness of the disease in the adult class the total infective population decreases in the region under consideration.

Analysis of a sex-structured HIV/AIDS model with the effect of screening of infectives

This paper presents a nonlinear sex-structured mathematical model to study the spread of HIV/AIDS by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact. The epidemic threshold and equilibria for the model are determined, local stability and global stability of both the “Disease-Free Equilibrium” （DFE） and “Endemic Equilibrium” （EE） are discussed in detail. The DFE is shown to be locally and globally stable when the basic reproductive number R0 is less than unity. We also prove that the EE is locally and globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. Finally, numerical simulations are reported to support the analytical findings.